Does severity of dermatochalasis in aging affect corneal biomechanical properties?

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of a relationship between corneal biomechanical properties and different grades of dermatochalasis.

Patients and methods

Patients were assigned to four groups according to the severity of their dermatochalasis: normal (Group 1), mild (Group 2), moderate (Group 3), and severe (Group 4). An Ocular Response Analyzer device was used to measure corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), and corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOP_cc).

Results

We found no significant differences in the mean values of the CH, CRF, and IOP_cc of all groups (P=0.75, P=0.93, and P=0.11, respectively). However, CH and IOP_cc were negatively correlated in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 patients (P=0.013, r=−0.49; P=0.015, r=−0.52; and P=0.011, r=−0.47, respectively), but this correlation was not apparent in the Group 4 patients (P=0.57, r=0.12). CRF and IOP_cc were correlated, but only in Group 4 (P=0.001, r=0.66).

Conclusion

Severe dermatochalasis was associated with altered corneal biomechanical properties. Some of the important visual consequences of dermatochalasis and related diseases (such as floppy eyelid syndrome) can be understood by considering corneal biomechanical alterations.

Keywords:

• cornea
• dermatochalasis
• corneal hysteresis
• corneal resistance factor
• corneal biomechanical properties

Introduction

The eyelid and anterior segment of the eye are related both developmentally and functionally.^1,2 Loosening of the skin around the eye, which is also called dermatochalasis, can be seen to occur genetically or is acquired with different associations such as aging and floppy eyelid syndrome (FES).^3–6 Dermatochalasis causes differences in biomechanical properties of the skin, and histologic samples of the connective tissue show related alterations in the skin and the ocular surface of patients with this condition.^7,8 However, a gap exists in the evaluation of biomechanical properties of the cornea – a major optical tissue of anterior segment – in dermatochalasis patients. In this study, we examined the corneal biomechanical alterations associated with dermatochalasis. We tried to investigate the possibility of a relationship between corneal biomechanical properties and different grades of dermatochalasis.

The skin of the eyelid and the ocular surface both contain large amounts of collagen and elastic fibers. The biomechanical alterations seen in the dermis and the cornea of dermatochalasis patients may therefore result from disruptions of these collagen and elastin fibers.^4,9–11 The corneal biomechanical properties are also related to several connective tissue and eyelid diseases such as Marfan syndrome (MS) and FES.^12,13

Corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factors (CRFs) are two important biomechanical properties that can be analyzed in vivo and are related to the viscous properties of the cornea. The viscoelastic mechanical damping ability of the cornea is described as CH, while the CRFs determine the overall viscoelastic resistance of the cornea. Previous studies^14–16 show a wide range of CH and CRF results in normal eyes and in eyes with different pathologies. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the corneal biomechanical changes associated with dermatochalasis.

Patients and methods

General information

This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital between July 2014 and July 2015. Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital ethics committee provided approval for the study. Patients were informed about the study protocol and written consent was obtained. The patients and the control group underwent best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurement with a Snellen chart, evaluation with biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement with calibrated Goldmann applanation tonometry (IOP_GAT), and mydriatic funduscopic examination. Patients with previous ocular surgery, pterygium, pinguecula, or corneal scarring, in addition to those who wore contact lenses, were excluded. Patients showing signs of keratoconus and glaucoma underwent additional tests, such as corneal topography, optic coherence topography, and visual field analysis. If the additional tests confirmed suspicions of keratoconus and glaucoma, these patients were also excluded. Refractive error was another exclusion criterion. Patients with myopia greater than −3.0 diopters and hyperopia greater than +3.0 diopters were also eliminated. The spherical equivalents of the refractive errors were used for analysis of refractive error in the patients.

Patient selection

Phenotypic classification of the patients was made according to the suggestions of Jacobs et al.¹⁷ Four groups were generated: normal (the upper eyelid skin does not touch the eyelashes, Group 1), mild (the upper eyelid skin just touches the eyelashes, Group 2), moderate (the upper eyelid skin hangs over the eyelashes, Group 3), and severe (the upper eyelid skin hangs over the eye, Group 4). Two ophthalmologists (AK, CG) evaluated the phenotypic findings of the patients. An expert opinion was obtained from an oculoplastic surgeon (KC) when any debate arose regarding the classification of a patient.

Instrumentation

The central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured with an ultrasonographic pachymeter (AccuPach; Accutome Ultrasound Inc., Malvern, PA, USA). Three measurements were recorded by the same physician (AK) and the mean value was reported. All measurements were taken between 10 am and 4 pm to minimize the diurnal effect. A drop of topical anesthetic (proparacaine HCl: 0.5%) was instilled before the examination.

The biomechanical properties of the cornea were measured with the Ocular Response Analyzer^® (ORA) (Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Buffalo, NY, USA). The measurement technique and characteristics of the ORA are described elsewhere.^18,19 Briefly, the device uses a rapid air impulse for inward and outward applanation of the cornea. Because the cornea is a viscoelastic tissue, it dissipates some of the energy generated by the air impulses. Thus, the two applanation points occur at different levels. As corneal shape changes by inward and outward applanation, an electro-optical system monitors the complete process and calculates two independent IOP values, P1 and P2. The difference P1 – P2 gives the CH. A software program embedded in the hardware of the ORA calculates CRF using the following formula: CRF = P1 – kP2, where k is a constant generated from the analysis of the relationship between CCT and P1/P2. The device gives two IOP measurements: the first is IOP_g, which is equivalent to IOP_GAT; the second one is corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOP_cc), which is obtained from the calculation of the specific linear combination of P1 and P2.²⁰ Thus, the IOP_cc obtained with ORA shows more accurate IOP results than Goldmann applanation tonometry. The ORA gives a wave score for assessing the quality of the measurement. At least three measurements were obtained in this study. The eye having the best wave score was included in the study. All measurements were done before mydriatic eyedrop instillation. The IOP_GAT and ORA measurements were performed by the same physician (KA).

Statistical tests

The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 21.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical testing. All continuous variables were tested for normality. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the mean values of continuous variables among groups. The Tukey’s honest significant difference test was used for post hoc comparisons after ANOVA. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to test bivariate correlations among variables. All results are given as mean ± standard deviation. A P-value ≤0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

Results

Ninety-five eyes of 95 patients were evaluated. The number of control patients (Group 1) was 25. The numbers of mildly (Group 2), moderately (Group 3), and severely (Group 4) affected patients were 21, 27, and 22, respectively. All data except the BCVA showed a normal distribution in all groups (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for BCVA in all groups; P=0.000). Some of the descriptive data are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Some descriptive values for the groups in this study

Descriptive parameters	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	P-value*
Sex
Male (n)	4	6	4	8	P1=0.23
Female (n)	21	15	23	14
Age, years
Mean ± SD	48.7±13.8	50.9±11.1	54.2±10.7	56.8±9.7	P2=0.084
Range, minimum–maximum	18–81	28–72	29–70	39–83
Spherical equivalents, diopters
Mean ± SD	0.23±1.01	0.3±0.89	0.25±0.9	0.36±1.06	P3=0.96
Range, minimum/maximum	−2.5/2.0	−1.5/1.0	−1.0/2.0	−2.0/1.75
BCVA
Mean ± SD	0.96±0.12	0.97±0.1	0.97±0.09	0.93±0.13	P4=0.25
Range, minimum/maximum	1/1	1/1	1/1	1/1
CCT, µm
Mean ± SD	556.2±38.6	554.8±25.6	532.0±37.0	545.1±33.3	P5=0.052
Range, minimum/maximum	508/655	517/618	478/621	483/599

Notes:

* The value of P₁ was obtained with the chi-square test. P₄ was gained with Kruskal–Wallis test. The P₂-, P₃-, and P₅-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA test.

Abbreviations: BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; CCT, central corneal thickness; ANOVA, analysis of variance.

The CH and CRF showed no significant differences in all groups based on one-way ANOVA analysis (P=0.75 and P=0.93, respectively). The comparison of IOP_GAT and IOP_cc values in all groups also showed no significant differences with a one-way ANOVA test (P=0.91 and P=0.11, respectively). The mean values of IOP_GAT, IOP_cc, CH, and CRF are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 The descriptive statistics of IOP_GAT, IOP_cc, CH, and CRF

	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD
Group 1 (n=25)
IOPGAT, mmHg	11	20	16.24	2.29
IOPcc, mmHg	12.1	22.6	16.05	2.59
CH	8.3	12.6	10.02	1.35
CRF	7	12	9.98	1.45
Group 2 (n=21)
IOPGAT, mmHg	11	23	15.90	3.06
IOPcc, mmHg	11.3	26.8	18.16	3.62
CH	6.9	13.9	9.67	1.59
CRF	8	15	10.26	1.62
Group 3 (n=27)
IOPGAT, mmHg	10	21	15.70	2.47
IOPcc, mmHg	11.4	22.7	17.04	2.98
CH	7.5	13.2	9.80	1.34
CRF	8	13	10.06	1.44
Group 4 (n=22)
IOPGAT, mmHg	12	22	15.91	2.95
IOPcc, mmHg	13.4	22.5	17.42	2.66
CH	7.4	11.2	9.65	1.01
CRF	7	13	10.01	1.64

Abbreviations: IOP, intraocular pressure; IOP_GAT, IOP measurement with calibrated Goldmann applanation tonometry; IOP_cc, corneal-compensated IOP; CH, corneal hysteresis; CRF, corneal resistance factor.

A matrix analysis was conducted for correlation analysis and some statistically significant correlations calculated with Pearson correlation analysis are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 The correlation analysis of all groups

	Statistical results	IOPGAT	IOPcc	CH	CRF
Group 1
IOPGAT	R	1	0.20	0.34	0.52
	P	–	0.33	0.09	0.007
IOPcc	R	0.20	1	−0.49	0.06
	P	0.33	–	0.013	0.76
CH	R	0.34	−0.49	1	0.83
	P	0.09	0.013	–	0.00
CRF	R	0.52	0.06	0.83	1
	P	0.00	0.76	0.00	–
Group 2
IOPGAT	R	1	0.38	0.41	0.78
	P	–	0.08	0.05	0.00
IOPcc	R	0.38	1	−0.52	0.15
	P	0.08	–	0.015	0.50
CH	R	0.41	−0.52	1	0.76
	P	0.056	0.015	–	0.00
CRF	R	0.78	0.15	0.76	1
	P	0.000	0.509	0.00	–
Group 3
IOPGAT	R	1	0.27	0.44	0.68
	P	–	0.17	0.02	0.00
IOPcc	R	0.27	1	−0.47	0.15
	P	0.17	–	0.011	0.42
CH	R	0.44	−0.47	1	0.78
	P	0.02	0.011	–	0.00
CRF	R	0.68	0.15	0.78	1
	P	0.000	0.42	0.00	–
Group 4
IOPGAT	R	1	0.71	0.18	0.54
	P	–	0.00	0.41	0.008
IOPcc	R	0.71	1	0.12	0.66
	P	0.000	–	0.57	0.001
CH	R	0.18	0.12	1	0.82
	P	0.41	0.57	–	0.00
CRF	R	0.54	0.66	0.82	1
	P	0.008	0.001	0.00	–

Notes: Data in bold indicates statistical significance. “–” Indicates not applicable.

Abbreviations: IOP, intraocular pressure; IOP_GAT, IOP measurement with calibrated Goldmann applanation tonometry; IOP_cc, corneal-compensated IOP; CH, corneal hysteresis; CRF, corneal resistance factor.

Our study showed a significant association between the severity of dermatochalasis and corneal biomechanical properties. First, we found a negative correlation between CH and IOP_cc in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3, but no correlation in Group 4. Second, CRF and IOP_cc were positively correlated, but only in Group 4. Third, IOP_GAT and IOP_cc were correlated, but again only in Group 4.

Discussion

The cornea, as a biomechanically measurable viscoelastic tissue, is composed of 90% connective tissue stroma.^19,21 Different aspects of the cornea show different characteristics in normal and pathological conditions. For example, some studies^22,23 have shown alterations in the corneal topographies of dermatochalasis patients. Other studies have revealed corneal biomechanical changes in diseases related to connective tissue and skin, such as MS and FES.^12,13 We evaluated the biomechanical aspects of the cornea in dermatochalasis patients.

Several studies^22,23 have been conducted on corneal topography in an attempt to explain the improved visual functions expressed by patients following surgical treatment of dermatochalasis. These studies mainly show clinically insignificant, but statistically relevant, corneal topographic alterations. Some reports^24,25 also indicate improved contrast sensitivity, with alterations only in the high-order aberrations. The CCT, an important value for corneal structure, was unchanged in these studies. Our study also showed no statistical difference between all groups in terms of CCT, CH, and CRF. However, we found a negative correlation between CH and IOP_cc in Groups 1, 2, and 3, but no correlation in Group 4. The CRF was also not correlated with IOP_cc in Groups 1, 2, and 3, but a positive association was present in Group 4. It has been known that the IOP level may affect the function of corneal endothelium, resulting in alterations in the measurement of CCT.^26,27 However, no differences were noted in the CCT of all groups. Corneal shape is related to its biomechanical properties; therefore, an increased severity of dermatochalasis may contribute to the contrast sensitivity alterations observed in these patients.

Current literature contains limited data regarding the biomechanical associations of the genetically inherited form of dermatochalasis and corneal biomechanical properties.⁴ The genetically heritable diseases of connective tissues, such as MS, may affect the biomechanics of these tissues. Kara et al¹² reported a difference in the CH and CRF of MS patients with ectopia lentis, which is a severe ophthalmic presentation of this disease. We did not find any differences in our groups of patients; we only found some alterations in the correlations between CH, CRF, and IOP_cc in advanced dermatochalasis. This result may explain the more severe biomechanical findings seen in congenital connective tissue diseases such as MS, when compared to acquired diseases such as acquired dermatochalasis.

FES is another disease commonly seen with dermatochalasis.²⁸ A recent report by Muniesa et al¹³ speculated that the patients with the most advanced FES may have major alterations in corneal biomechanics due to CH. Adjustment of their patients for age and apnea–hypopnea index revealed a significant difference in the CH of FES patients.

An increase in matrix metalloproteinase activity is also a common finding in dermatochalasis, FES, and keratoconus.^29–31 FES causes more extensive damage in the anterior segment of the eye, including the eyelid skin and the tarsus.³ Additionally, tarsal plate biomechanics plays an important role in the normal function of the eyelid and the anterior segment of the eye.³² A recent report by Kymionis et al³³ described the failure of a corneal cross-linking treatment in a keratoconus patient with FES. Several studies^28,34 have found some relationship between FES and keratoconus, which is also a degenerative disease of the cornea with distinct biomechanical alterations.

One previous report indicated the importance of corneal stromal hydration in successful corneal cross-linking treatment.³⁵ Moreover, epidermal dehydration leads to mechanobiological dysregulation, together with the decreased elasticity and viscoelasticity seen in dermatochalasis patients.⁶ According to our study, dermatochalasis may not be the only reason for CH alterations in FES patients; instead, the CH alterations may be due to extensive ophthalmic manifestations of FES. We evaluated only dermatochalasis patients without FES and found no differences in the CH and CRF of all groups. This finding may support the speculation of Muniesa et al.¹³

We should acknowledge some limitations of our study. First, we classified patients only according to their phenotypical appearance. The genotypical classification of patients may give a more extensive insight into the biomechanical findings of the cornea in dermatochalasis. Second, age is an important predisposing factor for dermatochalasis. A slight, gradual increment was present in the mean ages of the groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. Therefore, additional studies focusing on the age of dermatochalasis patients may improve the present findings.

Conclusion

Our study showed a positive correlation between CRF and IOP_cc in severe dermatochalasis patients and a negative correlation between CH and IOP_cc in normal people and patients with mild-to-moderate degrees of dermatochalasis. This study may explain why some of the dermatochalasis patients declare improved visual quality after blepharoplasty. Additionally, corneal biomechanical properties appeared not to be affected by dermatochalasis, as we found no significant differences in CH and CRF in all groups of patients.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.