Electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in elderly women – a pilot study

Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of age and chosen factors related to aging such as dentition, muscle strength, and nutrition on masticatory muscles electromyographic activity during chewing in healthy elderly women.

Background

With longer lifespan there is a need for maintaining optimal quality of life and health in older age. Skeletal muscle strength deteriorates in older age. This deterioration is also observed within masticatory muscles.

Methods

A total of 30 women, aged 68–92 years, were included in the study: 10 individuals had natural functional dentition, 10 were missing posterior teeth in the upper and lower jaw reconstructed with removable partial dentures, and 10 were edontoulous, using complete removable dentures. Surface electromyography was performed to evaluate masticatory muscles activity. Afterwards, measurement of masseter thickness with ultrasound imaging was performed, body mass index and body cell mass index were calculated, and isometric handgrip strength was measured.

Results

Isometric maximal voluntary contraction decreased in active masseters with increasing age and in active and passive temporalis muscles with increasing age and increasing body mass index. In active masseter, mean electromyographic activity during the sequence (time from the start of chewing till the end when the test food became ready to swallow) decreased with increasing age and during the cycle (single bite time) decreased with increasing age and increasing body mass index. In active and passive temporalis muscles, mean electromyographic activity during the sequence and the cycle decreased with increasing age, increasing body mass index, and loss of natural dentition. Individuals with natural dentition had significantly higher mean muscle activity during sequence and cycle in active temporalis muscles than those wearing full dentures and higher maximal activity during cycle in individuals with active and passive temporalis muscles than in complete denture wearers.

Conclusion

Decrease in electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in elderly women is related to age, deterioration of dental status, and body mass index.

Keywords:

• electromyographic activity
• masseters
• temporalis muscles
• masticatory muscles
• mastication
• elderly women

Background

Age-related loss of muscle strength and function may lead to decline in physical performance. It results from the loss of muscle mass and the qualitative impairment of the muscle tissue with increasing age.¹ Similar changes are observed in mastica-tory muscles. Palinkas et al recorded a gradual decrease in thickness of masseters at rest and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in a study group consisting of people aged >60 years.² Cecilio et al stated that electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles decreases in adulthood with advancing age.³

Raadsheer et al suggest the same general influences on the size of jaw muscles and limb muscles, but direct relationship between the strength of those muscles was not confirmed.⁴

The influence of an inflammatory component and nutrition is discussed in this study. Low physical performance and inflammatory states are associated with decreased hand grip strength (HGS). Additionally, significant positive correlation between HGS and body mass index (BMI) was found.⁵ Handheld dynamometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis provide a valid and reliable measurement of muscle strength and muscle mass, respectively.⁶ Missing teeth might be the measure of the past appearance of oral inflammation.⁷ One of the most commonly applied measurements of nutritional status is BMI. As the greater compartment of fat mass is recorded in the body composition of older individuals, more precise measurements of the metabolically active component of fat-free mass, calculated as a body cell mass index (BCMI), were applied in our study. A decrease in body cell mass in the elderly is greater than fat-free mass and appendicular skeletal muscle mass.⁸ Moreover, low BCMIs are observed in some pathological conditions with muscle mass depletion.⁹

In the present study, we want to assess to what extent those factors affect masticatory muscles and if there exists a relationship between impaired masticatory muscle function and other muscles, observed in advanced age. To keep the study more uniform, we decided to use a female population aged >65 years.

Objectives

To investigate the effect of age and chosen factors related to aging, such as dentition, muscle strength, and nutrition on masticatory muscles electromyographic activity during chewing in healthy elderly women.

Methods

Subjects

Participants were recruited from the students of The University of the Third Age in Zgierz in 2014. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Patients inclusion and exclusion criteria in the study

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Age >65 years	Dental pathology such as active caries or periodontal disease
Female gender	Unacceptable retention of dentures
Normal occlusion (I class angle)	Orofacial pain or having evidence of temporomandibular joint pathology
Unilateral chewing pattern	Taking medications that affect muscle function such as myorelaxants (eg, Baclofen, Tizanidine, and Tolperisone) and psychotropic drugs Diabetes mellitus Musculoskeletal dysfunction Stroke Parkinson’s disease Depression

From 73 volunteers, 30 women, aged 68–92 years were included in the study. In the first stage 10 individuals with natural functional dentition, fulfilling inclusion criteria, were selected. In the second stage, 10 participants with missing posterior teeth in upper and lower jaws reconstructed with removable partial dentures and 10 edentulous participants using complete removable dentures, fulfilling the above-mentioned criteria, as well as being similar in age to those with natural dentition, were matched.

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Medical University of Lodz, Poland, decision number RNN/181/13/KB. All participants provided their written informed consent to participate in the study.

Protocol

Surface electromyography

To start each trial, the test food was placed on the tongue by the examiner. The subject then closed the teeth into occlusion keeping the test food between the tongue and started unilateral chewing when the signal was given. The test food was chewed until the participant decided it was ready to swallow. This phase is one sequence. Participants were asked not to move their heads during the recordings, controlled by three observers. Two 15-minute sessions were held for each individual. The first session was held to familiarize subjects with the experimental protocol. Only data from the second session were analyzed. During each session, the participant chewed three samples of test food (blanched California almond). Blanched almond in standard one size (23×11 mm) was chosen as the test food for the study because it has a convenient size and texture, as well as being natural and better accepted by participants than Optosil tablets.

The skin over the left and right masseter and anterior tem-poralis muscles was shaved and cleaned with alcohol. The electromyography sensors were placed on the skin with the use of pediatric electrocardiogram round Ag/AgCl pre-gelled surface electrodes of 30 mm diameter. Electrodes placement was consistent with SENIAM recommendations.¹⁰ Muscle activity was evaluated with BTS FREEEMG300 (BTS Bioengineering, Milan, Italy) and data were subsequently processed with the SMART analyzer version 1.10.0225 using a 20-Hz high-pass Butterworth filter, 450-Hz low-pass Butterworth filter, full-wave rectification, and root mean square with a time window of 300 milliseconds. The patients were examined three times: during rest – without chewing, during isometric MVC, and during chewing. Prior to the test, resting values were collected for a period of 10 seconds. Single isometric MVC was examined over a period of 20 seconds. The maximum peak during MVC was calculated. The seating position was standardized. The chewing movement was tested three times (three sequences were recorded).

The following parameters were calculated for each masseter and pterygoid muscle: mean, minimum, maximum muscle activity at rest; muscle activity during isometric MVC; mean muscle activity in relation to MVC; chewing sequence time (time from the start of chewing till the end when the test food became ready to swallow); cycle time (single bite time); the number of bites during chewing sequence; mean, minimum, maximum muscle activity during single bite; and mean, minimum, maximum muscle activity during chewing sequence.

The difference between masseter muscle thickness at rest and MVC (DMMT)

Measurements of masseter muscles thickness at rest and in MVC with ultrasound imaging were performed unilaterally at the active side (preferred for chewing). The subject sat in an armchair without head support, so the Frankfurt surface was parallel to the ground and the 6-MHz linear-array transducer was placed perpendicular to the mandible ramus over the thickest part of the masseter, previously found by palpation, using a real-time ultrasound scanner (Micromaxx SonoSite Inc., Bothell, WA, USA). The difference between masseter muscle thickness at rest and MVC was calculated and analyzed.

BMI

BMI was calculated using body mass in kilograms divided by the square of body height in meters. Height was calculated using demi-span measurement protocol.¹¹

BCMI

With Bodycomp MF Plus Akern, according to the manufacturer’s guidelines, body impedance was measured. Electrodes were placed on a single foot and hand on the same side of the patient who was in a relaxed supine position. The device operated in frequencies ranging from 5 to 50–100 kHz.

In order to calculate BMI and BCMI, impedance values, height, and body mass were introduced into Bodygram MF Plus v. 1.2 for Windows program.

HGS

HGS was measured with a handheld dynamometer (DynEx I, Akern SRL; MD Systems Inc., Westerville, OH, USA) in subjects sitting with a bent upper extremity at 90°. Mean values of two consecutive measurements of dominant HGS were recorded.

Statistical analysis

Using STATISTICA version 10.0 software, analyses were performed to assess the association between masticatory muscles electromyographic activity and the following factors: age, dentition, BMI, BCMI, HGS, and DMMT.

Multivariate models were constructed with forward variable selection with Akaike’s criterion. The following models were tested with one explanatory variable, and from these models one with the lowest values of the Akaike’s criterion was chosen. Next, using the previously chosen model with one of the explanatory variables another variable was added. The procedure added the following variable to the model, until the moment the following variables did not diminish the Akaike’s criterion. In the model the remaining respective variables with a P-value from Student’s t-test of >0.05 were added, providing that their presence improve the model.

Results

Demographic data and mean values of studied parameters are presented in Table 2. There were no statistically significant differences in BMI between dental categories groups. Six subjects were classified as obese class I (≥30.00–<35 kg m²), 9 were overweight (≥25–<30 kg/m²), and 15 were of normal range (≥18.50–<25 kg/m²) according to the classification of BMI by the World Health Organization.¹²

Table 2 Studied parameters in relation to dental status categories

Variable	Complete removable dentures wearers	Partial removable dentures wearers	Individuals with natural dentition
Age (years), mean ± SD	84.40±6.08	80.11±9.10	79.78±7.63
Hand grip strength (kg), mean ± SD	13.65±3.87	13.18±5.05	14.84±4.79
Body mass index (kg/m^2), mean ± SD	24.69±4.03	27.85±3.89	28.67±4.20
Body cell mass index (kg/m^2), mean ± SD	6.09±0.83	6.33±0.86	6.50±1.18
Difference of masseter muscle tension (mm), mean ± SD	3.70±1.70	3.67±2.18	3.67±1.73

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Mean DMMT decreases with age. Each year it diminishes by 0.089 mm (P=0.049). There were no statistically significant differences in DMMT between dental categories groups (Table 2).

MVC decreased in the active masseter with increasing age and in active and passive temporalis muscles with increasing age and increasing BMI (Table 3).

Table 3 Maximal voluntary contraction in masseters and temporalis muscles in relation to descriptive variables: multivariate models with Akaike’s criterion of variables selection

Variable	Maximal voluntary contraction
	Active masseter	Active temporalis muscle	Passive temporalis muscle
Age	−2.501, P=0.054	−4.055, P=0.001	−3.589, P=0.002
Body mass index		−3.368, P=0.120	−3.897, P=0.057

Notes: Data are presented as coefficient and P-value. Variables that have not been included in the model are omitted. The level of significance was set at 0.05. In the model variables with a P-value from Student’s t-test of >0.05 were also added, providing that their presence improve the model.

Mean muscle activity (μV)

Mean electromyographic activity during the sequence decreased in the active masseter with increasing age and in active and passive temporalis muscles with increasing age, increasing BMI, and loss of natural dentition (Table 4).

Table 4 Mean muscle activity during chewing in masseters and temporalis muscles in relation to descriptive variables: multivariate models with Akaike’s criterion of variables selection

Variable	Mean muscle activity during sequence			Mean muscle activity during cycle
	Active masseter	Active temporalis muscle	Passive temporalis muscle	Active masseter	Active temporalis muscle	Passive temporalis muscle
Age	−0.812, P=0.111	−1.600, P=0.017	−0.924, P=0.070	−1.184, P=0.045	−1.677, P=0.002	−0.986, P=0.060
Body mass index		−2.693, P=0.023	−2.064, P=0.027	−1.491, P=0.171	−2.813, P=0.021	−2.160, P=0.023
Complete removable denture		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference
Partial removable denture		15.995, P=0.146	14.799, P=0.091		15.430, P=0.169	14.910, P=0.095
Natural dentition		25.692, P=0.044	18.386, P=0.065		25.908, P=0.047	18.204, P=0.073

Notes: Data are presented as coefficient and P-value. Variables that have not been included in the model are omitted. The level of significance was set at 0.05. In the model variables with a P-value from Student’s t-test of >0.05 were also added, providing that their presence improve the model.

Similarly, mean electromyographic activity during the cycle decreased in the active masseter with increasing age and increasing BMI and in active and passive temporalis muscles with increasing age, increasing BMI, and loss of natural dentition (Table 4).

Maximal muscle activity (µV)

Maximal electromyographic activity during the sequence decreased in the active temporalis muscle with increasing age, increasing BMI, and loss of natural dentition and also at the same time, decreased in passive temporalis muscle with increasing age and decreasing BCMI (Table 5).

Table 5 Maximal muscle activity during chewing in masseters and temporalis muscles in relation to descriptive variables: multivariate models with Akaike’s criterion of variables selection

Variable	Maximal muscles activity during sequence		Maximal muscles activity during cycle
	Active temporalis muscle	Passive temporalis muscle	Active masseter	Active temporalis muscle	Passive temporalis muscle
Age	−3.849, P=0.017	−2.305, P=0.083		−2.256, P=0.034	−1.338, P=0.084
Body mass index	−6.912, P=0.017			−4.199, P=0.027	−3.533, P=0.014
Body cell mass index		21.858, P=0.067
Complete removable denture	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Partial removable denture	42.027, P=0.115		3.389, P=0.823	23.329, P=0.187	21.295, P=0.109
Natural dentition	59.177, P=0.054		26.935, P=0.086	43.839, P=0.034	30.411, P=0.047

Notes: Data are presented as coefficient and P-value. Variables that have not been included in the model are omitted. The level of significance was set at 0.05. In the model variables with a P-value from Student’s t-test of >0.05 were also added, providing that their presence improve the model.

Maximal electromyographic activity during the cycle decreased in the active masseter with loss of natural dentition and at the same time, decreased in active and passive temporalis muscles with increasing age, increasing BMI, and loss of natural dentition (Table 5).

Individuals with natural dentition had significantly higher mean muscle activity during sequence and cycle in active temporalis muscles (50.856±23.746 and 51.752±24.113) than those wearing full dentures (25.164±13.001 and 25.844±13.291) and higher maximal activity during cycle in individuals with active and passive temporalis muscles (77.701±34.246 and 59.803±48.997) than in complete denture wearers (33.862±19.411 and 29.392±13.948).

Statistically significant associations were not found between mean muscle activity in the sequence (%MVC), sequence time, single bite time, mean number of bites in the sequence nor the following descriptive variables: age, dentition, DMMT, BMI, BCMI, and HGS.

Discussion

Surface electromyography is a good objective method of masticatory muscles activity evaluation.¹³ Masticatory performance (food break down in a bolus ready to swallow) is not correlated with muscle effort, but is correlated with MVC.¹⁴ However, numerous studies have shown that direct influence of age on masticatory performance is limited, but electromyographic activity decreased with advanced age.^2,3,15,16 In our study, we observed MVC and mean activity during the chewing sequence and single bite, decrease with advanced age. This suggests masticatory performance deterioration with increased age of the studied elderly women, also in those with natural dentition.

With advanced age, muscle mass and muscle mechanical performance are impaired.¹⁷ Additionally, diminishing of cross-sectional area of masseters and medial pterygoids with age has been reported.¹⁸ We also noticed a gradual decrease in masseter muscle thickness at rest and MVC with increasing age. Muscle cross-sectional area is more strongly affected by age and sex than diabetes.⁹ Moreover, with decreasing cross-sectional area of the masseters a maximum bite force decreases.¹⁵ There were no statistically significant DMMT differences between dental categories groups; in complete removable denture wearers, we observed lower muscle activity during chewing than in individuals with functional natural dentition.

However, the effect of post-canine tooth units and bite force on masticatory performance is significant (mastica-tory performance is worse in subjects wearing complete or partial removable dentures); individuals with missing teeth and impaired masticatory function do not chew longer than individuals with no missing teeth. This suggests compensation by swallowing larger particles of food or avoiding difficult-to-chew foods.¹⁵ This statement is in agreement with our results. The number of cycles and duration of sequence did not change with increasing age.¹³

Besides age and compromised dentition, mastica-tory muscles activity in elderly women is related to their nutritional status. Our results suggest that having BMI in normal range can be associated with higher muscle activity during chewing. In our study, BCMI did not appear to be as important a factor as BMI concerning masticatory muscle activity. Body cell mass measurement with electrical bioimpedance has been used by other authors to assess skeletal muscle function, and this has shown that low body cell mass is associated with poor nutrition, low muscle strength, and reduced functional performance.¹⁹ A relationship between masticatory function, dietary selection, and nutritional intake is essential for maintaining musculoskeletal function.²⁰ A positive relationship has been shown to occur between body cell mass and HGS.^21,22 Moreover, HGS was found to be significantly correlated with the strength and power of the muscles of the lower limbs, the cross-sectional size of the Achilles tendon, and knee bending torque.²³ Hämäläinen et al observed a correlation between HGS and the number of teeth present in a group of elderly men, but they did not find an association between the number of teeth and change in HGS over the course of 5 years of follow-up.⁷ We have not found association between masticatory muscles activity and HGS, although in our previously conducted study, HGS was positively correlated with strong masseter muscle tension.²⁴

Conclusion

Decrease in electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in elderly women is related to age, deterioration of dental status, and body mass index. Age and dental status influence masticatory muscle activity mainly at the active chewing side.

Further study is needed to verify our preliminary results as to whether being obese or overweight is associated with lower temporalis muscles activity during chewing.

Acknowledgments

The study was funded by Medical University of Lodz grant number 502-03/6-024-01/502-64-073.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.