The effect of phosphatidylserine-containing omega-3 fatty acids on memory abilities in subjects with subjective memory complaints: a pilot study

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate for the first time the efficacy of safe-sourced phosphatidylserine-containing omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PS-omega-3) in improving memory abilities.

Methods

PS-omega-3 was administered daily for 6 weeks to eight elderly volunteers with subjective memory complaints. The Cognitive Drug Research test battery was used to assess the effect on their cognitive abilities.

Results

PS-omega-3 supplementation resulted in 42% increase in the ability to recall words in the delayed condition.

Conclusion

PS-omega-3 may have a favorable effect on memory in subjects with subjective memory complaints. PS-omega-3 may serve as a safe alternative to phosphatidylserine extracted from bovine cortex.

Keywords:

• cognitive
• memory
• omega-3
• phosphatidylserine

Introduction

Declines in cognitive functions, such as memory, are characteristic of normal aging.^1,2 Several age-related neurochemical changes have been associated with biochemical, structural, and functional neuronal membrane alterations, such as changes in the composition and/or content of lipids, leading to a loss in membrane fluidity.³ There is a growing body of scientific findings supporting the crucial role of phosphatidylserine (PS) in improving and reversing this neurochemical damage caused by age and/or disease.⁴

Indeed, PS has been shown to play a key role in the functioning of neuron membranes, such as signal transduction, secretory vesicle release, cell-to-cell communication, and cell growth regulation.⁵

Early observations associated the administration of PS extracted from bovine cortex (BC-PS) with positive effect on brain function. Supplementation of BC-PS (300 mg PS/d) to subjects with age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) resulted in improved performance in tests related to attention, learning, and memory tasks of daily life. Interestingly, some of the tested parameters improved even following short-term administration (3 weeks).⁶ Providing BC-PS (300 mg PS/d) to geriatric patients significantly enhanced behavioral and cognitive parameters.⁷ Importantly, BC-PS supplementation to patients with Alzheimer’s disease had positive effect on their cognitive performance.^8,9 The abovementioned clinical evidence is supported by numerous preclinical studies in which supplementation with BC-PS has been shown to attenuate neuronal effects of aging and restoring normal memory on a variety of tasks. In these studies, BC-PS has been shown to affect multiple neurochemical systems, neuronal membranes,¹⁰ cell metabolism,⁴ and neurotransmitter systems including acetylcholine,¹¹ norepinephrine,¹² serotonin, and dopamine.¹³

Due to safety concerns of the risk for prion contamination in BC-PS, soybean-derived PS (SB-PS) was established as a safe alternative. SB-PS, however, differs considerably from BC-PS, mainly in the absence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is the predominant omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) in the mammalian central nervous system. Indeed, inconclusive results have been obtained following interventions of SB-PS to AAMI subjects.^14,15

In the present exploratory open trial, we evaluated for the first time the efficacy of a safe-sourced PS with omega-3 LC-PUFA attached to its backbone (PS-omega-3), in treating subjective memory complaints following short-term administration.

Methods

Subjects

A total of eight men and women volunteers aged ≥60 years with subjective memory complaints were recruited through an advertisement in the local newspaper in Haifa, Israel. Subjects were excluded from the study if used coexisting medication or supplement, which influences cognitive performance, had history of hypersensitivity or allergy to soy or fish, or were unable to perform the cognitive tests in Hebrew. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Haifa, Israel.

Study design and supplement

The study was designed as a single-center, open-label study. Duration of treatment was 6 weeks. All participants received three PS-omega-3 capsules (Sharp-PS^® GOLD; Enzymotec LTD, Migdal HaEmeq, Israel) per day. The daily dosage contained 300 mg PS and 37.5 mg Eicosapentaenoic acid + DHA. For treatment adherence monitoring, the treatment packs were returned at the end of the study, and compliance was calculated based on number of capsules remaining.

Outcome measures

Cognitive outcome measures

Subjects were evaluated for their cognitive performance at baseline and at study termination (6 weeks) using the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerized assessment battery.¹⁶ Participants were engaged in a training session for a week before baseline measures and treatment initiation, in order to generate a common level of familiarity with the task. On each testing session, parallel but equivalent forms of the tests were presented.

The CDR battery includes nine separate tasks and five composite factors calculated from the results on the single tasks.¹⁷ “Power of attention” factor is derived by combining the reaction times of the three attentional tasks (simple and choice reaction time and digit vigilance). “Continuity of attention” factor is derived by calculating the combined percentage accuracy across the choice reaction time and digit vigilance tasks. “Quality of working memory” factor is derived by combining the percentage accuracy scores from the two working memory tests (spatial and numeric working memory). “Quality of episodic secondary memory” factor is derived by combining the composite score working memory with the percentage accuracy scores from all secondary memory tests (recognition and recall tests). “Speed of memory” factor is derived by combining the reaction times of the four memory tasks (delayed picture and word recognition, numeric working memory, and spatial memory).

Subjective mood measure

Mood was assessed by the Bond-Lader Visual Analog Scales of Mood and Alertness (computerized version of the test), consisting of 16 analog scales which are combined, as recommended by Bond and Lader¹⁸ to form three assessments: alertness, contentment, and calmness.

Statistical methods

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test the improvement from baseline to follow-up visit at 6 weeks. This nonparametric test was selected due to the small numbers and the deviation from normality of the cognitive measures. P < 0.05 was considered significant, without correction for multiple comparisons.

Analysis was done using SPSS software (version 17; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).

Results

A total of eight elderly volunteers (three men and five women) with subjective memory complaints were enrolled in the study. The mean age of subjects was 69.3 years (standard deviation 3.2). The treatment was well tolerated, and no adverse events were reported. All subjects completed the study and were, therefore, eligible for statistical analyses.

CDR outcome measures

Task outcomes in the order they were undertaken, and performance data are presented in Table 1. Following treatment with PS-omega-3, the immediate word recall capability was generally unaffected; nonetheless, the ability to recall the words after a delay displayed a statistically significant (P = 0.041) improvement, which resulted in a significant decrease (P = 0.027) in the decay in memory loss from immediate to delayed recall.

Table 1 Effect of PS-omega-3 on individual task outcome measures and cognitive factor scores from the CDR battery. Mean baseline and study termination scores are presented (with standard errors of the mean)

CDR measure	Baseline	Six weeks	P
Individual task
Immediate word recall (% accuracy)	36.67 ± 4.36	36.67 ± 6.42	0.854
Simple reaction time (ms)	338.80 ± 23.82	346.20 ± 8.16	0.889
Digit vigilance targets detected (%)	98.33 ± 0.91	97.22 ± 1.17	0.414
Digit vigilance false alarms (#)	2.00 ± 0.57	1.50 ± 0.42	0.518
Digit vigilance reaction time (ms)	467.40 ± 17.56	491.50 ± 18.65	0.036
Choice reaction time accuracy (%)	97.00 ± 1.13	96.75 ± 1.19	0.783
Choice reaction time (ms)	554.30 ± 18.68	544.60 ± 16.07	0.484
Spatial working memory sensitivity index (#)	0.97 ± 0.01	0.96 ± 0.02	0.786
Spatial working memory reaction time (ms)	1199.00 ± 107.00	1084.00 ± 61.08	0.161
Numeric working memory sensitivity index (#)	0.96 ± 0.02	0.94 ± 0.04	0.588
Numeric working memory reaction time (ms)	932.20 ± 56.28	979.20 ± 74.50	0.401
Delayed word recall (% accuracy)	20.00 ± 4.36	28.33 ± 7.43	0.041
Decay immediate to delayed word recall (% accuracy)	16.67 ± 3.09	8.335 ± 3.51	0.027
Word recognition sensitivity index (#)	0.66 ± 0.06	0.76 ± 0.05	0.141
Word recognition reaction time (ms)	1063.00 ± 79.51	1108.00 ± 77.45	0.484
Picture recognition sensitivity index (#)	0.76 ± 0.05	0.74 ± 0.06	0.484
Picture recognition reaction time (ms)	1203.00 ± 79.83	1254.00 ± 55.94	0.674
Cognitive factor
Power of attention	1360.5 ± 51.9	1382.3 ± 36.2	0.484
Continuity attention	90.8 ± 1.0	90.6 ± 0.8	0.916
Quality of working memory	1.93 ± 0.03	1.90 ± 0.04	0.612
Quality of episodic secondary memory	189.8 ± 13.1	205.6 ± 21.5	0.208
Speed of memory	4397.3 ± 270.0	4425.1 ± 198.6	0.889

Note: The sensitivity index is calculated from formulae presented by Frey and Colliver²¹ and combines the accuracy scores to the original and the novel distracter information.

No significant effect was obtained for the rest of CDR composite scores; however, a statistically significant (P = 0.036) decline in the speed of detections in the vigilance task was observed.

Mood assessment

None of the mood parameters (alertness, contentment, and calmness) were affected by the treatment (data not shown).

Discussion

This present pilot study tested the effect of PS-omega-3 consumption on the memory abilities of subjects with subjective memory complaints. The key finding of this exploratory study indicates that PS-omega-3 may have a favorable effect on memory recall in subjects with subjective memory complaints, specifically on the ability to store, hold, and retrieve information of an episodic nature. PS-omega-3 supplementation resulted in a significant increase of 42% in the ability to recall words in the delayed condition. As immediate word recall for the group remained unchanged over the period, the increase in delayed recall would reflect a decline in the decay of information held in episodic memory.

The study group was well trained on the tasks prior to the study, and thus, we would not expect training effects to be responsible for any changes. Though the trial was not placebo controlled, data from a previously reported clinical study on healthy middle-aged volunteers showed a mean change from baseline score of 3.5 points in delayed recall following 4 weeks treatment in the placebo group, which dropped to 1.9 points at week 8.¹⁷ This is clearly smaller than the mean change of 8.3 points observed in the present study. Together, this may provide support for the effects being genuine; though, of course, placebo-controlled data are the gold standard.

It is important to note the decline in the speed of detection in the vigilance task; however, this increase in reaction time is hard to interpret, since no other attention parameters were affected.

The observed benefit of PS-omega-3 on memory is consistent with previous clinical studies in which administration of PS resulted in significant benefits on memory skills in cognitively impaired population following a short supplementation period⁴ and with recent studies which demonstrated the beneficial effects of PS with omega-3 LC-PUFA attached to its backbone.^19,20

Although the results of this pilot study are encouraging, we acknowledge certain limitations in the study design. First, due to the exploratory nature of this study, we chose not to correct for multiple testing; therefore, the study findings should be tested in a confirmatory study. Second, the study sample was small on one hand, and lacking a control group on the other, an issue which again emphasizes the need for a following confirmatory study. Lastly, the inclusion criteria did not determine any prerequisite of a tested memory impairment of the subject, but rather was based on participants’ subjective memory complaints.

To conclude, the current exploratory study shows for the first time that consumption of safe source PS-omega-3 might have ameliorating effect on memory capabilities of the elderly population. The results of this pilot trial could assist in planning a future, larger scale placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of PS-omega-3 on cognitive impairment in elderly population.

Acknowledgements

We thank Country Life (Hauppauge, New York, USA) for kindly supplying SharpThought™, the commercial product of Sharp-PS GOLD.

Disclosure

This study was funded by Enzymotec Ltd, Israel. Yael Richter, Yael Herzog, and Tzafra Cohen are employees of Enzymotec Ltd.