The impact of age and preoperative health-related quality of life on patient-reported improvements after total hip arthroplasty

Abstract

Background

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common surgical procedure and approximately 9,500 of these surgeries are performed annually in Denmark. The operation is considered effective and successful with respect to complications, mortality, and implant survival. However, using patient-reported outcome measures, up to 10% of patients are not satisfied with the outcome of their operation. To address this, it is important to find out why some patients experience impaired outcomes after THA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of age and preoperative health-related quality of life (HRQoL) on improvements in HRQoL after THA.

Methods

A cohort study was conducted with follow-up at 3 and 12 months. Patients were included from September 2008 to December 2013. We analyzed 1,283 THA cases. HRQoL was measured using the EuroQol-5 Domain. Analyses were carried out with multiple linear regression and adjusted for relevant variables available in the data set.

Results

A significant positive association was found between age and HRQoL outcomes for patients who underwent THA at both 3 (β [regression coefficient] 0.0026, confidence interval [CI] 0.0013; 0.0039, p<0.001) and 12 (β 0.0020 CI 0.0008; 0.0032, p=0.001) months of follow-up. A clinically relevant change was achieved with an increase in age of 12–15 years. A significant negative association was found between preoperative HRQoL and HRQoL outcomes at both 3 (β −0.841 CI −0.886; −0.795, p<0.001) and 12 (β −0.804 CI −0.844; −0.764, p<0.001) months of follow-up.

Conclusion

Contrary to our expectations, older patients had more improvements in HRQoL outcomes after THA. A high preoperative HRQoL seems to inhibit improvements in HRQoLs after THA.

Keywords:

• total hip arthroplasty
• THA
• health-related quality of life
• HRQoL
• EuroQol-5D
• patient-reported outcome

Plain language summary

Hip replacement is a common procedure with approximately 9,500 surgeries performed annually in Denmark. The operation is considered effective and successful with respect to complications, mortality, and implant survival. However, up to 10% of patients are not satisfied with the results of the operation. To address this, it is important to determine why some patients experience impaired benefits, and the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of age and preoperative health-related quality of life (HRQoL) on patient improvement after the operation. Information was collected via questionnaires provided to the patients between September 2008 and December 2013. This study included 1,283 patients.

Contrary to our expectations, we found that older patients had a better improvement in HRQoL than younger patients with respect to hip replacement. Moreover, high preoperative HRQoL seems to inhibit improvement in HRQoL after THA. Our results suggest that age should not be a concern with respect to the HRQoL benefits when considering hip replacement in older patients. Conversely, surgeons should be aware of the risk of limited improvement in HRQoL when offering surgery to people with high preoperative HRQoL.

Introduction

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common surgical procedure with approximately 9,500 procedures performed annually in Denmark.¹ This corresponds to an incidence of 165 per 100,000 citizens. The aim of the procedure is to improve function and quality of life. The procedure is considered effective and successful with regard to complications, mortality, and prosthesis survival.¹ However, using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), approximately 10% of patients report some degree of dissatisfaction after surgery.^2–4 To address this, it is important to determine why some patients experience impaired outcomes after this operation.

Sex, age, and preoperative quality of life are factors that appear to have an effect on patient reported outcomes after surgery.^5–9 In addition, conditions such as pain,⁵ function,^10,11 comorbidity,^12,13 BMI,^14–16 and underlying diseases prior to the operation^17,18 seem to play a role. Furthermore, expectations before surgery^4,19,20 and socioeconomic status^21,22 may influence patients’ reporting postoperatively. However, there are conflicting results regarding existing research and therefore more study is needed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of age and preoperative health-related quality of life (HRQoL) on the improvement in HRQoL after primary elective THA. Our hypothesis was that older patients experienced fewer benefits from THA than younger patients due to other conditions limiting the patients’ performance after surgery. Furthermore, the high preoperative HRQoL was hypothesized to decrease patients’ overall improvements after the operation.

Materials and methods

Study design

A cohort study was conducted with a baseline preoperative registration, and follow-up was performed at 3 and 12 months. Data were collected by questionnaires completed by patients at the Regional Hospital West Jutland in Denmark from September 2008 to December 2013.

Population

During the study period, 2,166 primary elective THAs resulting from osteoarthritis were performed at the hospital. Of these patients, 1,086 and 1,283 were available for analysis at 3 and 12 months, respectively (Figure 1). Inclusion criteria were first primary THA, an age of 35 years or older, and the ability to read and understand Danish. If an individual received a revision or a counter-lateral THA within 1 year, data from first primary THA were excluded.

Figure 1 Flowchart over study population.

Abbreviation: THA, total hip arthroplasty.

EuroQol-5 Domain

HRQoL was measured using the EuroQol-5 Domain (EQ-5D). EQ-5D is a short generic questionnaire, which consists of five questions regarding mobility, personal care, activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression.²³ We used the three-level version. The possible answers indicating magnitude of symptoms included no problems, moderate problems, or extreme problems. Responders’ answers were converted to a score from -0.6 to 1.0, where 1.0 was the best possible HRQoL. Furthermore, the responses were converted into a single weighted Danish index score.²⁴

THA

THA patients were assigned to a well-defined fast-track program,²⁵ without receiving any formalized physiotherapy after discharge from hospital except in patients who mentally or physically were not able to follow a self-training program. Fast-track surgery was defined as the synergistic beneficial effect on convalescence achieved by adding multimodal evidence-based care principles and combining these with optimized logistics.^26,27 Both cemented and uncemented arthroplasties were included in the study, and all operations were performed through a posterior approach by consultants or residents under direct supervision of consultants.

Exposures

Exposures included age measured as a continuous variable and preoperative EQ-5D scores.

Outcomes

Outcomes were changes in patient-reported HRQoL measured as the difference between preoperative and postoperative EQ-5D scores at 0–3 and 0–12 months, respectively.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive characteristics were presented as means with standard deviations (SD) if data were normally distributed and as medians with interquartile range if data were not normally distributed. Analyses were carried out with multiple linear regressions. Analyses regarding the impact of age were adjusted for sex. Analyses regarding impact of preoperative HRQoL were adjusted for sex and age. Results were presented as regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and p-values. p-values <0.05 were considered significant. The minimum clinically relevant difference was set at 0.03.²⁸

Analyses were performed using the Stata Statistical Software, Release 14.0 (StatCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA).

Ethics

Trial registration

The study was approved by the research ethics committee of Central Region Denmark, and no further specific approval was required. The study was registered with the Danish Data Protection Agency (j.nr. 2007-41-1197). The patients provided written informed consent.

Results

Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. Of the 1,610 patients undergoing THAs, 47.8% were women. The mean age was 68.9 years (SD 10.15). The median EQ-5D index score was 0.72 (CI 0.59; 0.77) preoperatively, but this reached 0.82 (CI 0.77; 1.00) and 1 (CI 0.78; 1.00) at 3 and 12 months of follow-up.

Table 1 Patient characteristics for THA operated at Regional Hospital West Jutland, Denmark September 2008–December 2013, who answered one or more of three questionnaires

	Total	Age <60 years	Age 60–69 years	Age 70–79 years	Age >79 years
Total, n (%)	1,610 (100)	329 (100)	571 (100)	548 (100)	169 (100)
Women	769 (47.8)	129 (39.2)	251 (44)	277 (50.6)	113 (66.9)
Men	841 (52.2)	200 (60.8)	320 (56)	271 (49.4)	56 (33.1)
Age, mean (SD)	68.9 (10.15)
EQ-5D index score
Preoperatively
Mean	0.63	0.64	0.65	0.63	0.52
SD	0.20	0.18	0.19	0.20	0.23
Median	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.59
3 months
Mean	0.85	0.82	0.86	0.89	0.81
SD	0.15	0.17	0.14	0.14	0.15
Median	0.82	0.82	0.83	0.84	0.82
12 months
Mean	0.89	0.88	0.91	0.90	0.82
SD	0.14	0.16	0.13	0.14	0.15
Median	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.82

Abbreviations: EQ-5D, EuroQol-5 Domain; SD, standard deviation; THA, total hip arthroplasty.

Impact of age

Significant associations between age and change in HRQoL were found at both 3 and 12 months of follow-up (Table 2). Estimates from adjusted analysis were 0.0026 (CI 0.0013; 0.0039) at 3 months of follow-up and 0.0020 (CI 0.0008; 0.0032) at 12 months of follow-up. Interpretations of these estimates corresponded to the difference in HRQoL scores between two persons of the same sex and 1 year of age difference. Levels of minimal clinically relevant EQ-5D-differences were determined by an age difference of 12 years at 3 months of follow-up and 15 years at 12 months of follow-up. Because the estimates were positive, this meant that HRQoLs were higher in an older individual compared to a younger person.

Table 2 Association between age and change between preoperative and postoperative patient-reported HRQoL

	Unadjusted analysis		Adjusted analysisa
	Coefficients (95% CI)	p-value	Coefficients (95% CI)	p-value
0–3 months, n=1,086	0.0026	<0.001	0.0026	<0.001
	(0.0013–0.0039)		(0.0013; 0.0039)
0–12 months, n=1,283	0.0021	<0.001	0.0020	0.001
	(0.0009–0.0033)		(0.0008; 0.0032)

Note:

a Analysis adjusted for sex.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HRQoL, health-related quality of life.

Impact of preoperative HRQoL

Significant associations between preoperative HRQoL and changes in HRQoL were also found at both 3 and 12 months of follow-up (Table 3). Estimates from adjusted analyses were −0.841 (CI −0.886; −0.795) at 3 months of follow-up and −0.804 (CI −0.844; −0.764) at 12 months of follow-up. Example of interpretations include the following: at a difference at 1.0 in preoperative EQ-5D between two individuals of the same sex and gender, there was a difference in EQ-5D change at approximately 0.8 at 12 months of follow-up. Estimates that were negative indicated that, when a difference in preoperative HRQoL appears between two individuals, the case with the highest score achieved the minimum HRQoL outcome.

Table 3 Association between preoperative HRQoL and change between preoperative and postoperative patient-reported HRQoL

Follow-up	Unadjusted analysis		Adjusted analysisa
	Coefficients (95% CI)	p-value	Coefficients (95% CI)	p-value
0–3 months, n=1,086	−0.842	<0.001	−0.841	<0.001
	(−0.887; −0.797)		(−0.886; −0.795)
0–12 months, n=1,283	−0.799	<0.001	−0.804	<0.001
	(−0.839; −0.759)		(−0.844; −0.764)

Note:

a Analysis adjusted for sex and age.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HRQoL, health-related quality of life.

Discussion

Contrary to our expectations, we found that older THA patients had a higher HRQoL change compared to younger individuals at both 3 and 12 months of follow-up. A significant change was achieved at 12 years (3 months follow-up) and 15 years (12 months follow-up) for the age differences. Moreover, we found a lower HRQoL change with increasing preoperative HRQoL at both 3 and 12 months of follow-up.

This study confirms data regarding PROMs, which are highly sought when evaluating outcomes and degrees of successfully completed operations. Moreover, we investigated a relatively large population from a large catchment area, which increased the value of the data.

However, a substantial number of patients were not included in this analysis. This was partly due to missing answers in questionnaires and patients who declined to participate or were lost during follow-up. In terms of age, sex, and preoperative EQ-5D scores, these patients were not significantly different from the study group. Therefore, this dropout rate was considered to be a non-differentiated selection, leading only to a weakening of the estimates. We did not have any information about those who declined to participate. However, they represent only a relatively small proportion of the total population, and are therefore assessed to have only limited impacts on these estimates.

EQ-5D has been criticized for problems regarding floor and ceiling effects when used for measuring changes over time or in relation to a specific intervention. For example, patients with a high score before surgery only have limited room for improvement on the scale. This may cause a ceiling effect, and may partly explain our findings with limited improvements in patients with a high preoperative HRQoL. Conversely, patients with low scores before surgery have greater opportunities for improvement on the EQ-5D scale. This allows the size of EQ-5D change to be conditional on the preoperative score. A newer version of EQ-5D with five instead of three answering options has been developed to address these problems, but this tool was not available at the start of this cohort. Nevertheless, EQ-5D is generally considered a valid tool for measuring HRQoL.^29–31

Different factors seem to affect PROMs after THA operations. In this study, it was not possible to adjust our analyses for all of these factors. Other factors, such as pain, comorbidity, and expectations, might therefore explain some of the association we found. This is a substantial limitation of this study and leads to the risk of residual confounding. To what extent this has been the case was not possible to clarify in our study.

In a nationwide cohort of more than 27,000 THA patients from the Swedish registry of arthroplasty, Gordon et al⁷ did not find a positive association between age and HRQoL change measured with EQ-5D. The results were based on patients operated on the basis of primary osteoarthritis, who had a follow-up at 12 months postoperatively. Their analysis showed a nonlinear relationship with a tendency towards negative effects of age on HRQoL changes at the age of 70 years. The analysis was adjusted for sex, previous contralateral hip surgery, pain, Charnley classification, and preoperative HRQoL. It tested for conditions that are not contained in the current study, which may explain some of the differences between the results and the findings in our study.

However, it should be mentioned that another study by Gordon et al³² found that Danish THA patients had an overall higher EQ-5D index 1 year after surgery compared to a similar Swedish population. This was the case despite the fact that Danish and Swedish populations are culturally comparable. Distributions between age groups did not appear in their study, but this country difference may help explain these contradictory results.

Regarding the impact of preoperative HRQoL, Gordon et al⁷ found that patients with low preoperative EQ-5D scores had the greatest EQ-5D-change, even though they did not obtain the absolute level of patients with higher preoperative EQ-5D scores. As higher preoperative EQ-5D scores decreased in patients whose score was close to the ceiling of the measuring instrument, there was an average estimated decline in their EQ-5D at 1-year follow-up postoperatively. Alzahrani et al³³ found that both patients with high and low preoperative function had significant improvements in the HRQoL scores. However, this improvement was substantially greater in the low function group, resulting in no difference in the HRQoL outcomes of the two groups at final follow-up at 2 years after the operation.

Vogl et al⁹ conducted a prospective cohort study of 321 THA patients with 6 months of follow-up. The lower the preoperative score, the greater the changes in the EQ-5D score. The follow-up time was not directly comparable. However, the results support our findings in the current study.

The present study has several limitations. As described by Shan et al,³⁴ there are many factors that can influence mid-to long-term HRQoL that we did not include in our study. In particular, comorbidities, medication use, psychological profile, and social support factors impact HRQoL outcomes and are likely to worsen with time after the 12 months that we used as time frame. Also, implant failure leading to revision occurs later, which may possibly lead to a negative long-term effect on HRQoL. However, as 10-years failure rate of THA is below 5%, the effect may be limited.

Conclusion

Contrary to our expectations, age seems to increase improvements in HRQoL after THA operations. High preoperative HRQoL scores seem to limit the improvement in HRQoL after THA. Our results suggest that age should not be a concern with respect to the benefits measured in terms of HRQoL when considering hip arthroplasty surgery for older patients. Conversely, surgeons should be aware of the risks of limited improvements in HRQoL when offering surgery to people with high preoperative HRQoL.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.