Feasibility and efficacy of enhanced recovery after surgery protocol in Chinese elderly patients with intracranial aneurysm

Abstract

Objective

Intracranial aneurysm is a kind of severe intracranial disease mainly responsible for subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the rupture of intracranial aneurysm results in a mortality rate of 30%–40%. For the first time in the world, this study aimed to assess the feasibility and efficacy of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol in Chinese elderly patients with intracranial aneurysm.

Methods

In this study, 300 elderly patients with intracranial aneurysm were recruited and divided into two groups as follows: ERAS group (n=150, ERAS protocol) and control group (n=150, conventional management).

Results

Age of whole cohort was 65 (64–67) years with 140 males (46.7). There was no difference between two groups in baseline features of patients, such as age, sex, medical histories, percentages of aneurysmal location, aneurysmal number >1 per patient, aneurysmal diameter >5 mm, or lobular aneurysm (P>0.05 for all). There was no occurrence of death in two groups. Compared with those in the control group, patients in the ERAS group had significantly shorter length of hospital stay (P<0.05). Between two groups, patients had not only similar Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) at discharge but also occurrence of readmission at follow-up (P>0.05 for all). Patients in the ERAS group had significantly higher GOS and lower MRS at follow-up (P<0.05 for all).

Conclusion

ERAS protocol significantly shortened the length of hospital stay and improved GOS and MRS without any increase in the mortality or readmission in Chinese elderly patients with intracranial aneurysm.

Keywords:

• elderly
• enhanced recovery after surgery
• intracranial aneurysm

Introduction

Intracranial aneurysm is a kind of severe intracranial disease mainly responsible for subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the rupture of intracranial aneurysm results in a mortality rate of 30%–40%.^1,2 Although significant advance has been made in surgical operation of intracranial aneurysm, there is still poor post-operative recovery in patients with intracranial aneurysm.^1,3 In addition to those related to disease itself and surgical operation, stress response, persistent pain, and metabolic demand serve as critical pathogenic factors in post-operative recovery.⁴ Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) offers a series of approaches, such as professional education, nutritional care, improved anesthesia, and fluid management.⁵ ERAS protocol has been applied for various operations, such as colonic, pancreaticoduodenectomy, cystec-tomy, gastrectomy, and rectal/pelvic operation.^6–10 ERAS protocol has the chance to not only accelerate the recovery of different patients but also shorten the length of hospital stay.¹¹ However, there is nearly no study to analyze the feasibility and efficacy of ERAS protocol in Chinese elderly patients with intracranial aneurysm. For the first time in the world, this study aimed to assess the feasibility and efficacy of ERAS protocol in Chinese elderly patients with intracranial aneurysm.

Methods

Study patients

From January 2011 to July 2017, 300 patients at the Department of Neurosurgery, Inner Mongolia Xing’an Meng People’s Hospital were recruited in this study. The inclusion criteria include the following: 1) age over 60 years; 2) medical history, clinical appearance (dizziness, headache, and nerve localization signs), and diagnostic imaging (computed tomography angiography [CTA] or digital subtraction angiography [DSA]) supported the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysm; 3) surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysm; and 4) the ability to understand and participate in this study. The exclusion criteria include the following: 1) contraindications to surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysm and 2) severe cardiac, hepatic, renal, and other systematic diseases. The study protocol has been approved by the ethics committee of Inner Mongolia Xing’an Meng People’s Hospital, and it conforms to the Declaration of Helsinki. Each participant provided written informed consent to be included in the study.

Study protocol

Patients were randomly allocated to two groups as follows: ERAS group (n=150, ERAS protocol) and control group (n=150, conventional management). Surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysm was performed by united team with full experience. Patients were placed in the supine position, and operation was performed under general anesthesia. Minimally invasive surgical approach through small pterion or inferolateral forehead was applied in all patients. Intra-cranial aneurysm was treated with clipping. Operation was monitored by electroencephalogram and somatosensory evoked potential. Blood flow and its patency were assessed during the operation by microvascular Doppler ultrasound. Fluorescence angiography was applied to assess the patency of parental artery and perforating artery.

ERAS protocol

ERAS protocol was performed as shown in Table 1.¹² In addition to educating the patient on surgical risks and benefits as part of the control protocol, pre-operative education of the ERAS protocol included the information about appointments and instructions, testing and drugs, eating and drinking, smoking and alcohol, expectations about disposition, and surgical site care.⁴ In addition to post-operative instrument of the control protocol at clinics after discharge based on the self-determination of patients, patients received phone reminder from surgical doctors within 48 hours of discharge and every week after operation to assess pain management, identify patient concerns, and clarify follow-up instrument.

Table 1 ERAS strategy performed in this study

Strategy	Control group	ERAS group
Preoperative
Preoperative education	Conventional	Detailed (ERAS strategy)
Oral diet	Nothing for 8 hours before operation	Fluids until 2 hours and solids until 6 hours before operation
Short-acting anxiolytics	Occasionally	Conventional
Corticosteroid and antiemetic	Occasionally	Conventional
Operative
Patient-controlled analgesia pump	No	Yes
Nasogastric tube	Conventional	Minimized
Room temperature	Conventional	>25°C
Heated liquid	No	Yes
Warm air	No	Yes
Fluid administration	Conventional	Goal-directed manner
Postoperative
Urinary catheter removal	Three days after operation	One day after operation
Water	Twelve hours after operation	Six hours after operation
Liquid food	Two days after operation	One day after operation
Semiliquid diet	Three or four days after operation	Two days after operation
Normal diet	Five or six days after operation	Three days after operation
Fluid administration	Conventional	Restricted (<2,500 mL)
Patient-controlled analgesia pump	No	Yes
Pulmonary physical therapy	No	Conventional
Instrument after discharge	Self-determination of patients	Phone reminder, detailed and frequent

Abbreviation: ERAS, enhanced recovery after surgery.

Outcome measure

All patients were followed up for 1 year, and there were no patients lost during the follow-up. The primary outcomes were assessed by the mortality and the length of hospital stay after operation (the number of days from operation to discharge) during the first year after operation. The secondary outcome was assessed by the readmission during the first year after operation. Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) were applied to assess neurological function and prognostic performance at discharge and the first year after operation.

Statistical analyses

Continuous variables with normal distribution were described using mean and SD and compared between two groups using Student’s t-test. Continuous variables with skewed distribution were described using median and IQR and compared between two groups using the Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables were described with number and percentage and compared between two groups using the chi-squared test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Age of whole cohort was 65 (64–67) years with 140 males (46.7%). As shown in Table 2, there was no difference between two groups in baseline features of patients, such as age, sex, medical histories, percentages of aneurysmal location, aneurysmal number >1 per patient, aneurysmal diameter >5 mm, or lobular aneurysm (P>0.05 for all). Clinical outcomes of patients were compared between two groups in Table 3. There was no occurrence of death in two groups. Compared with those in the control group, patients in the ERAS group had significantly shorter length of hospital stay (P<0.05). Between two groups, patients had not only similar GOS and MRS at discharge but also occurrence of readmission at follow-up (P>0.05 for all). Patients in the ERAS group had significantly higher GOS and lower MRS at follow-up (P<0.05 for all).

Table 2 Baseline features of all patients divided into ERAS and control groups

Features	All patients (n=300)	Control group (n=150)	ERAS group (n=150)	P-value
Age, years	65 (64–67)	65 (64–67)	65 (64–68)	0.451
Males, n (%)	140 (46.7)	69 (46.0)	71 (47.3)	0.817
Hypertension, n (%)	158 (52.7)	77 (51.3)	81 (54.0)	0.644
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	85 (28.3)	39 (26.0)	46 (30.7)	0.370
Aneurysmal location, n (%)				0.705
Posterior communicating and anterior choroidal aneurysm	151 (50.3)	79 (52.7)	72 (48.0)
Middle cerebral aneurysm	70 (23.3)	34 (22.7)	36 (24.0)
Anterior communicating aneurysm	79 (26.3)	37 (24.7)	42 (28.0)
Aneurysmal number >1 per patient, n (%)	21 (7.0)	10 (6.7)	11 (7.3)	0.821
Aneurysmal diameter >5 mm, n (%)	63 (21.0)	29 (19.3)	34 (22.7)	0.478
Lobular aneurysm, n (%)	84 (28.0)	38 (25.3)	46 (30.7)	0.304

Abbreviation: ERAS, enhanced recovery after surgery.

Table 3 Clinical outcomes of all patients divided into ERAS and control groups

Outcomes	Control group (n=150)	ERAS group (n=150)	P-value
Length of hospital stay, days	10 (8–12)	9 (7–11)	0.019
Readmission, n (%)	4 (2.7)	2 (1.3)	0.680
GOS at discharge, n (%)
5	143 (95.3)	147 (98.0)	0.198
4	7 (4.7)	3 (2.0)
MRS at discharge, n (%)
0–1	134 (89.3)	143 (95.3)	0.148
2	9 (6.0)	4 (2.7)
3	7 (4.7)	3 (2.0)
GOS at follow-up, n (%)
5	138 (92.0)	146 (97.3)	0.040
4	12 (8.0)	4 (2.7)
MRS at follow-up, n (%)
0–1	126 (84.0)	140 (93.3)	0.034
2	12 (8.0)	6 (4.0)
3	12 (8.0)	4 (2.7)

Abbreviations: ERAS, enhanced recovery after surgery; GOS, Glasgow Outcome Scale; MRS, Modified Rankin Scale.

Discussion

Intracranial aneurysm is a kind of severe intracranial disease mainly responsible for subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the rupture of intracranial aneurysm results in a mortality rate of 30%–40%.^1,2 Although significant advance has been made in surgical operation of intracranial aneurysm, there is still poor post-operative recovery in patients with intracranial aneurysm.^1,3 Surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysm often requires complex operation, as well as careful preoperative preparation, intraoperative care, and post-operative management.¹² Enhanced recovery is significant in patients with intracranial aneurysm but evidence-based protocol on perioperative care for this population is lacking. For the first time in the world, this study confirmed that the ERAS protocol significantly shortened the length of hospital stay and improved GOS and MRS without any increase in the mortality or readmission in Chinese elderly patients with intracranial aneurysm.

Stress response, persistent pain, and metabolic demand related to surgical operation delay the recovery of patients after operation.⁴ ERAS protocol has been introduced as a way of optimizing perioperative care for different operations, such as colonic, pancreaticoduodenectomy, cystectomy, gastrectomy, and rectal/pelvic operation.^6–10 Improving perioperative care in an evidence-based and structured manner is the primary goal of the ERAS protocol. Evaluation of the ERAS protocol in patients with these diseases has shown that these patients had shorter length of hospital stay and experienced significant improvements in recovery after operation.¹² ERAS protocol has revolutionized the way of perioperative care in surgical field. However, no evidence has been offered to support the ERAS protocol in Chinese elderly patients with intracranial aneurysm. In this study, the ERAS protocol offers a series of approaches, such as professional education, nutritional care, improved anesthesia, and fluid management.⁵ It is no surprise for these approaches to alleviate stress response, persistent pain, and metabolic demand related to surgical operation and promote the recovery of patients with intracranial aneurysm after operation.¹²

Conclusion

For the first time in the world, this study demonstrated that the ERAS protocol significantly shortened the length of hospital stay and improved GOS and MRS without any increase in the mortality or readmission in Chinese elderly patients with intracranial aneurysm.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.