An L-Shaped Relationship Between Serum Iron and Stroke-Associated Pneumonia

Abstract

Objective

Pneumonia is a common complication in patients with stroke. There was a close relationship between serum iron and inflammatory response. This study aimed to explore the relationship between serum iron levels and stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP).

Methods

Patients with acute stroke were recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University and divided into SAP group and Non-SAP group. The demographic and clinical data of the patients were collected via the medical records, and the blood samples were collected within 24 hours after admission. The predictive value of serum iron to SAP was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and binary Logistic regression models. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to furtherly clarify the relationship between serum iron and the risk of SAP.

Results

A total of 906 participants were enrolled, including Non-SAP group (n = 755) and SAP group (n = 151). Serum iron levels in the SAP group were significantly lower than those in the Non-SAP group (9.77±5.61 vs 14.01±6.80, P < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that patients with high serum iron levels (≥7.8μmol/L) showed a lower risk of SAP (OR=0.43, 95% CI, 0.27–0.69, P < 0.001). Besides, the RCS model showed that there was an L-shaped relationship between the serum iron and risk of SAP (P for non-linearity: 0.014).

Conclusion

Low serum iron level was a risk factor for SAP, and there was an L-shaped relationship between them. Stroke patients with low serum iron levels should be alert to the risk of SAP.

Keywords:

• stroke
• pneumonia
• serum iron

Introduction

Stroke is one of the main causes of human death, and its prognosis depends largely on complications such as pneumonia.¹ Studies have shown that about one-third of early death and poor prognosis after stroke are caused by potential preventable stroke-related complications, especially infection.² However, the prediction of complications is still challenging at present.³

Iron is an essential element for humans, it is necessary for many metabolic processes such as oxygen transport, electron transport, and DNA synthesis.⁴ Besides, iron is also involved in human redox reactions, producing reactive hydroxyl radicals, and damaging macromolecules such as DNA and proteins.⁵ Serum iron is a medical laboratory test that measures the amount of circulating iron. Previous studies had demonstrated that inflammatory factors could affect iron metabolism and reduce serum iron levels.^6–9 In the etiological study of anemia in the elderly, it was also found that about two-thirds of cases had iron deficiency and chronic inflammation.^10,11

Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is one of the most common complications after stroke, with an incidence of 11.3–31.3%.¹² SAP may influence the prognosis of stroke, including prolonged hospitalization, decreased cognitive function, depression, and increased disability and mortality.^13,14 A previous cross-sectional study including 101 stroke patients revealed that patients with SAP showed lower serum iron levels than those without SAP, but this study did not furtherly analyze whether there was a linear relationship or not between serum iron and the risk of SAP, and the sample size was relatively small.¹⁵ Our study will furtherly explore the relationship between serum iron and SAP with larger sample size.

Methods

Subjects

This was a cross-sectional study, and patients with acute stroke including cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage were recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between 2016.11 and 2020.04. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age ≥18 years; (2) stroke onset within one week; (1) acute stroke confirmed by MRI or CT. Exclusion criteria: (1) active infection or fever within 2 weeks before admission; (2) patients treated with iron supplementation; (3) preexisting dysphagia; (4) pre-stroke pneumonia or community-acquired pneumonia; (5) other severe diseases including tumors, blood system disease, liver or kidney dysfunction; (6) medical records incomplete.

A total of 1243 patients were screened, 337 patients were excluded, and 906 patients were finally included in this study, of which 151 patients were diagnosed as SAP and 755 with Non-SAP (Figure 1). SAP was diagnosed by two experienced neurologists according to the modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria of hospital-acquired pneumonia,¹⁶ combining the clinical and laboratory indicators of respiratory infection, and was confirmed by chest X-ray and computed tomography.¹⁷

Figure 1 Flow chart of the study.

Abbreviation: SAP, stroke-associated pneumonia.

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, and was complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. As the study was retrospective and all the patient data were anonymous, the patient informed consent was waived.

Data Collection

Demographic and clinical data were collected from the medical record system. Blood samples were collected from patients the next morning after overnight fasting within 24 hours of admission before the diagnosis of SAP. Laboratory data included serum iron, serum ferritin, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), red blood cell, hemoglobin, leukocyte, and platelet count. The normal range of serum iron in this study is 12.5~32.2 μmol/L. The swallowing function was evaluated and determined within 24hrs after admission by trained specialists using V–VST (Volume viscosity screening Test).¹⁸ After the V–VST test, the diet was determined by the specialists, which mainly included four types: general diet, semi-liquid diet, paste meal, and nasogastric tube feeding. In this study, the diet was used as an index of the swallowing function. Stroke severity after admission was assessed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS).

Statistical Analysis

Classified data were expressed as percentages and analyzed by the chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Continuous variables were presented as the mean ± standard deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR) based on the distribution of data and analyzed by t-test or the Mann–Whitney U-test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was adopted to determine the best cutoff values for serum iron, ferritin, and leukocytes. Serum iron was furtherly stratified according to the cutoff value. Binary Logistic regression model was adopted to clarify the relationship between serum iron and SAP, with the confounding factors being controlled. Besides, we also used restricted cubic splines with four knots at the 5th, 35th, 65th, and 95th centiles to flexibly model the association between serum iron and SAP risk.

All statistical tests were two-sided, and values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All data were analyzed using SPSS21.0 and R (version 3.6.3).

Results

Characteristics Between SAP and Non-SAP Group

As shown in Table 1, serum iron levels in the SAP group were significantly lower than the Non-SAP group (9.77±5.61 vs.14.01±6.80, P < 0.001). Besides, there were significant differences in age, stroke type (cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage), swallowing function, atrial fibrillation, NIHSS score, ferritin, leukocytes, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and glomerular filtration rate between the two groups (all P<0.05). There were no differences in the time intervals (day) from the time point of blood collection to the diagnosis of SAP between these two groups (2.00 (1.00, 4.00) vs 2.00 (1.00, 4.00), P=0.607).

Table 1 Comparison of Characteristics Between Non-SAP and SAP Group

Variables	Total (n = 906)	Non-SAP (n = 755)	SAP (n = 151)	χ^2/t/U	P
Age, Mean ± SD	67.23 ± 12.36	66.47 ± 12.24	71.07 ± 12.26	−4.209	< 0.001
Gender (male), n (%)	548 (60.49)	456 (60.40)	92 (60.93)	0.001	0.976
BMI, Mean ± SD	23.65 ± 2.69	23.72 ± 2.60	23.33 ± 3.06	1.445	0.150
Hypertension, n (%)	614 (67.77)	514 (68.08)	100 (66.23)	0.122	0.727
Heart disease, n (%)	102 (11.26)	84 (11.13)	18 (11.92)	0.02	0.888
Diabetes, n (%)	184 (20.31)	157 (20.79)	27 (17.88)	0.492	0.483
Kidney disease, n (%)	16 (1.77)	11 (1.46)	5 (3.31)	Fisher	0.164
Tuberculosis, n (%)	7 (0.77)	5 (0.66)	2 (1.32)	Fisher	0.330
Liver disease, n (%)	16 (1.77)	14 (1.85)	2 (1.32)	Fisher	1
Atrial fibrillation, n (%)	137 (15.12)	101 (13.38)	36 (23.84)	9.934	0.002
Smoking, n (%)	305 (33.66)	251 (33.25)	54 (35.76)	0.253	0.615
Drinking, n (%)	279 (30.79)	235 (31.13)	44 (29.14)	0.149	0.699
Stroke type (Hemorrhage), n (%)	375 (41.39)	290 (38.41)	85 (56.29)	15.856	< 0.001
Swallowing function, n (%)				88.76	< 0.001
General diet	159 (17.55)	157 (20.79)	2 (1.32)
Semi-liquid diet	572 (63.13)	489 (64.77)	83 (54.97)
Paste meal	31 (3.42)	23 (3.05)	8 (5.30)
Nasal feeding	144 (15.89)	86 (11.39)	58 (38.41)
NIHSS, Median (IQR)	5.00 (2.00, 10.00)	4.00 (2.00, 9.00)	10.00 (4.50, 15.00)	33,192.5	< 0.001
Onset time (days), Median (IQR)	1.00 (1.00, 3.00)	1.00 (1.00, 3.00)	1.00 (1.00, 3.00)	24,013.0	0.262
Serum iron (μmol/L), Mean ± SD	13.31 ± 6.80	14.01 ± 6.80	9.77 ± 5.61	8.166	< 0.001
Serum ferritin (μg/L), Mean ± SD	227.14 ± 238.88	214.01 ± 201.20	292.75 ± 368.22	−2.552	0.012
Leukocyte count (10^9/L), Mean ± SD	7.99 ± 2.74	7.67 ± 2.39	9.58 ± 3.65	−6.174	< 0.001
Red blood cell (10^12/L), Mean ± SD	4.42 ± 0.53	4.45 ± 0.52	4.31 ± 0.57	2.697	0.008
Hemoglobin (g/L), Mean ± SD	135.89 ± 16.67	136.57 ± 16.36	132.50 ± 17.81	2.595	0.010
Platelet count (10^9/L), Mean ± SD	214.49 ± 66.50	215.63 ± 66.43	208.78 ± 66.78	1.152	0.251
GFR, Mean ± SD	88.60 ± 20.45	89.99 ± 19.43	81.64 ± 23.82	4.047	< 0.001

Abbreviations: SAP, stroke-associated pneumonia; BMI, body mass index; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; Fisher, Fisher exact test.

Serum Iron and SAP

According to the normal range of serum iron levels in our laboratory (12.5 ~ 32.2 μmol/L), 50.9% (461) of the patients were deficient in iron, 47.7% (432) in the normal range, and 1.4% (13) in the high range. Given the small number of patients in the high range, patients in the high range were combined into the normal range. Analyzed by chi-square test, the results showed that the percentage of SAP in the iron deficiency group was significantly higher than that in the normal group (23.9% vs.9.2%, χ²=34.98, P<0.001).

As was shown in Figure 2, the AUC (area under the curve) of serum iron (AUC=0.70, 95% CI, 0.67–0.73) was significantly higher than ferritin (AUC=0.57, 95% CI, 0.54–0.60, P<0.001). The AUC of leukocytes (AUC=0.67, 95% CI, 0.64–0.70) showed no difference to serum iron and ferritin (all P > 0.05). The ROC curve of serum iron exhibited 84.24% specificity and 46.36% sensitivity, with the best cutoff point of 7.8 μmol/L. Then, the serum iron was stratified according to the cutoff point and furtherly analyzed by binary Logistic regression analysis. The result was showed by the forest plot. As was shown in the forest plot (Figure 3), patients with serum iron ≥ 7.8 μmol/L had a significantly lower risk of SAP (OR=0.43, 95% CI, 0.27–0.69, P < 0.001), with the confounding factors being controlled.

Figure 2 Diagnostic value of serum iron, serum ferritin and leukocyte count for SAP assessed via ROC curve analysis.

Abbreviations: SAP, stroke-associated pneumonia; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.

Figure 3 Forest plot of odds ratios for SAP.

Abbreviations: NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; SAP, stroke-associated pneumonia; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; OR, odds ratio.

In Figure 4, we used restricted cubic splines to flexibly model and visualize the relationship between serum iron and the risk of SAP. The figure showed that when the serum iron was at the lowest level, the risk of SAP was the highest. With the increase of serum iron levels, the risk of SAP decreased rapidly. However, when the serum iron level reached around 12.5 μmol/L, the risk of SAP got relatively flat (P for non-linearity 0.014). As was shown in Table 2, serum iron levels were furtherly stratified into quantiles (≤8.60, 8.61–12.30, 12.31–16.80, ≥16.81μmol/L) in the logistic regression model, with the last quantile being the reference. We found the results remained unchanged, lower serum iron levels (≤8.60μmol/L) were associated with a higher risk of SAP (OR=2.24, 95% CI, 1.15–4.36, P = 0.018).

Table 2 Logistic Model of the Clinical Determinants of SAP

Variables	OR (95% CI)	P value
Serum iron (≤8.60μmol/L)	2.24 (1.15–4.36)	0.018
Serum iron (8.61–12.30μmol/L)	1.64 (0.83–3.26)	0.155
Serum iron (12.31–16.80μmol/L)	1.25 (0.61–2.55)	0.545
Serum iron (≥16.81μmol/L)	Reference
Age (years)	1.03 (1.01–1.05)	0.003
Stroke type (Hemorrhage)	5.14 (3.07–8.62)	<0.001
Swallowing function	2.10 (1.60–2.77)	<0.001
Atrial fibrillation	1.26 (0.70–2.25)	0.445
NIHSS score	1.03 (1.01–1.06)	0.022
Serum ferritin (μg/L)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.025
Leukocyte count (10^9L)	1.16 (1.08–1.25)	<0.001
Red blood cell (10^12/L)	0.71 (0.35–1.45)	0.351
Hemoglobin (g/L)	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	0.988
GFR	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.109

Abbreviations: NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; SAP, stroke-associated pneumonia; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Figure 4 Association between serum iron levels and risk of SAP using restricted cubic spline analysis.

Abbreviations: SAP, stroke-associated pneumonia; OR, odds ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval.

Other Risk Factors of SAP

As shown in Figure 3, stroke type, age, swallowing function, NIHSS score, serum ferritin, and leukocyte were all risk factors for SAP (P<0.05).

Discussion

There were two main findings of this study. Firstly, lower serum iron levels were associated with a higher risk of SAP. Secondly, there was an L-shaped relationship between serum iron and the risk of SAP. To our knowledge, this is the first study to find a non-linear relationship between serum iron and the risk of SAP.

In this study, we found that up to 50.9% of stroke patients were in a state of iron deficiency, and the percentage of SAP in these patients was significantly higher than that in normal patients (23.9% vs 9.2%). Further analysis found that patients with serum iron levels ≥7.8 μmol/L had a significantly lower risk of SAP and the RCS model showed an L-shaped relationship between serum iron and SAP. The relationship between inflammation and iron metabolism was still not very clear. Previous studies had found that many microbes were highly dependent on an adequate supply of iron and absorbed iron from the host through various pathways.¹⁹ Therefore, the consumption of iron by microbes might be one of the reasons for the decrease of serum iron levels in patients with SAP. Besides, macrophages played an important role in iron recycling. Iron recycling by macrophages accounted for about 95% of the daily needs under physiological conditions.²⁰ Accumulating studies had found that inflammation could impair macrophage iron metabolism and iron homeostasis, which resulted in low circulating iron levels and high ferritin levels.²⁰ It was worth noting that the present study also observed low serum iron levels and high ferritin levels in patients with SAP, which was consistent with previous findings.

The L-shaped relationship between serum iron and the risk of SAP indicated that patients with iron deficiency (<12.5 μmol/L) had a higher risk of SAP and a small change of serum iron might have a great impact on the risk of SAP. However, the risk of SAP was low and stable for the patients in the normal range of serum iron levels (12.5 ~ 32.2 μmol/L). Because few patients had high serum iron levels (>32.2 μmol/L), we were unable to know the changing trend of the risk of SAP in patients with high serum iron levels. While, it was supposed that supplying iron to microbes could increase their pathogenicity.¹⁹ For example, studies had observed that iron overload could reduce the survival rate of AIDS patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia,²¹ and iron supplementation could increase the risk of malaria.²² Given above, we supposed that there might be a U-shaped relationship between serum iron and the risk of SAP. Future studies were needed to furtherly explore this issue. In addition, this study also found that age, swallowing function, NIHSS score, and stroke type were all associated with SAP, which were consistent with previous studies.^3,23

There were several limitations in this study. Firstly, this study was a cross-sectional study, which could not draw a causal relationship between serum iron and SAP; Secondly, the SAP and Non-SAP group did not match very well, which might bring bias to the results. Therefore, we adopted logistic regression models to control the confounding factors; Thirdly, the lack of diet habit information including dietary alcohol consumption might have an influence on the results, which should be taken into consideration when screening the patients in future studies; Fourthly, serum iron levels might have daily fluctuations. Therefore, interpretation of the results needed more caution.

Conclusion

In conclusion, lower serum iron levels were associated with a higher risk of SAP, and there was an L-shaped relationship between them. Clinically, stroke patients with low serum iron levels should be alert to the risk of SAP, and necessary examinations were needed to achieve early detection and treatment. Future studies were needed to furtherly explore the relationship between the iron supplement and outcomes of SAP.

Abbreviations

SAP, stroke-associated pneumonia; ROC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; AUC, area under the curve; RCS, restricted cubic spline; CI, confidence interval; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; V-VST, Volume viscosity screening Test; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Score. IQR, interquartile range; BMI, Body Mass Index; Fisher, Fisher exact test.

Data Sharing Statement

The data supporting this study are available from the corresponding author Wenwei Ren for reasonable request.

Author Contributions

All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the patients of this study for their important contributions. This work was supported by Municipal Sci-Tech Bureau Programs (no. Y2020427 and Y20170335).

Disclosure

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.