Assessment of bioelectrical activity of synergistic muscles during pelvic floor muscles activation in postmenopausal women with and without stress urinary incontinence: a preliminary observational study

Abstract

Objective

Muscles such as adductor magnus (AM), gluteus maximus (GM), rectus abdominis (RA), and abdominal external and internal oblique muscles are considered to play an important role in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and the relationship between contraction of these muscles and pelvic floor muscles (PFM) has been established in previous studies. Synergistic muscle activation intensifies a woman’s ability to contract the PFM. In some cases, even for continent women, it is not possible to fully contract their PFM without involving the synergistic muscles. The primary aim of this study was to assess the surface electromyographic activity of synergistic muscles to PFM (SPFM) during resting and functional PFM activation in postmenopausal women with and without SUI.

Materials and methods

This study was a preliminary, prospective, cross-sectional observational study and included volunteers and patients who visited the Department and Clinic of Urology, University Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland. Forty-two patients participated in the study and were screened for eligibility criteria. Thirty participants satisfied the criteria and were categorized into two groups: women with SUI (n=16) and continent women (n=14). The bioelectrical activity of PFM and SPFM (AM, RA, GM) was recorded with a surface electromyographic instrument in a standing position during resting and functional PFM activity.

Results

Bioelectrical activity of RA was significantly higher in the incontinent group than in the continent group. These results concern the RA activity during resting and functional PFM activity. The results for other muscles showed no significant difference in bioelectrical activity between groups.

Conclusion

In women with SUI, during the isolated activation of PFM, an increased synergistic activity of RA muscle was observed; however, this activity was not observed in asymptomatic women. This may indicate the important accessory contribution of these muscles in the mechanism of continence.

Keywords:

• pelvic floor muscles
• postmenopausal period
• stress urinary incontinence
• surface electromyography
• synergistic muscle

Introduction

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is one of the most common types of urinary incontinence. SUI is defined as a complaint of involuntary loss of urine on effort or physical exertion or on sneezing, laughing, or coughing.^1,2 SUI in most women is frequently caused due to hormonal changes during peri- and postmenopausal period or surgical procedures involving the pelvis. When SUI occurs in the postmenopausal period and is connected with hormonal disturbances, it probably leads to muscle and fascial flaccidity and decreased muscle tone.^3–6 The risk factors for SUI include physical work, increased body mass index (BMI), and radiotherapy.^3–7 If left untreated, urinary incontinence may cause serious psychological and social consequences such as depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and social isolation.^3,8–10 The pathogenesis of SUI is associated with anatomical abnormalities involving the urethra, urinary bladder, and urogenital diaphragm. Insufficiency of the urethral sphincter and vesicourethral ligament as well as weakening of the muscle-fascial structures of the whole pelvic floor impairs normal urinary continence. A direct cause of SUI is most likely the loss of support of the urinary bladder base, its triangle, and the proximal section of the urethra. In women with SUI, functional disorders of the urinary bladder and urethra as well as abnormal configuration of these structures have been demonstrated.^1–3,7–13

Based on the International Urogynecological Association and International Continence Society, the evaluation of pelvic floor muscles (PFM) should be conducted using the following methods: by visual inspection, digital palpation, electromyography (EMG), dynamometer, perineometer, and ultrasound.^14–22 Some studies show^18,19 the possibility of using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the thickness, position, and the function of PFM during contraction.

The validity of the use of the surface EMG (sEMG) in the assessment of bioelectrical activity of PFM as well as muscles that act as synergistic muscles to PFM (SPFM) has been proven by many studies.^20,23–27 It seems that sEMG is an objective, noninvasive, and safe method to assess the muscular activity of muscles included in this study. It could be interesting to check how the values of SPFM bioelectrical potentials correlate with the PFM activity during the functional tasks. According to literature,^{8,11,18,24,27–31} muscles considered to play an important role in the treatment of SUI are gluteus maximus (GM), adductor muscles (AM), rectus abdominis (RA), and abdominal external and internal oblique muscles, and the relationship between the contraction of these muscles and PFM activity has been established. Synergistic muscle activation intensifies a woman’s ability to contract the PFM. In some cases, even for continent women, it is not possible to fully contract their PFM without involving the synergistic muscles. In addition, coactivation of abdominal and PFM plays a significant role in regulating internal abdominal pressure, which is also very important in proper continent function.

The primary aim of this study was to assess the sEMG activity of SPFM during resting and functional PFM activation in postmenopausal women with and without SUI. The secondary aim was to check the difference in PFM activation between incontinent and continent groups. We assumed that among the women with SUI, during the activation of PFM, the SPFM may exhibit greater activity to support the PFM, and as a consequence, they may play an important role in reducing the unintentional episodes of urine loss.

Materials and methods

Design

The study was designed as a preliminary, prospective, cross-sectional observational study to evaluate the sEMG activity of SPFM during resting and functional PFM activation in postmenopausal women with and without SUI.

Participants

Forty-two women with and without SUI were recruited from volunteers and patients visiting the Department and Clinic of Urology, University Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Wroclaw Medical University (KB-611/2012), and was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12613001144707). Written consent was obtained from all participants. The project was funded by the National Science Centre allocated on the basis of the decision number DEC-2011/03/N/NZ7/00505.

Study participants were recruited by convenience sampling and assigned to two groups: incontinent group (those with SUI) and continent group (healthy individuals).

Participants of the incontinent group were included if they had a history of SUI for more than 12 months before the study. Symptoms of SUI were evaluated by the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF). The ICIQ-SF score of 5 or less on the day of the test or the presence of symptoms other than leaks when coughing or sneezing, leaks when physically active/exercising, and leaks when lifting heavy objects was taken as a further exclusion criterion. In addition, all the recruited patients in the postmenopausal stage attained menopause naturally, and none of them had undergone hysterectomy.

Participants of the continent group (control group) were closely matched for age, sex, weight, height, and BMI with the SUI patients. Criteria for participation in the control group differed from that of the incontinence group only with respect to having a negative history for SUI.

Exclusion criteria for all the participants were inability to contract the PFM; had a previous history of gynecological and abdominal surgery; had a neurologic condition; had contraindications to measurements such as infection, menstruation, and allergy to nickel; or had other symptoms of female pelvic floor dysfunction.

Experimental protocol and outcomes

Bioelectrical activity of PFM and SPFM (AM, lower RA, and GM) was recorded using a surface electromyographic instrument in a standing position during resting and functional PFM activity (primary outcome). Before the measurements were taken, a physiotherapist taught the patients how to perform a correct PFM contraction. Some preliminary contractions were elicited to check if the probe was placed in an appropriate location and whether the contraction was performed properly. In standing position, the participants made five, 5-second long maximal isolated contractions of PFM (functional sEMG activity) with a 5-second long rest (resting sEMG activity) between each contraction. During these contractions, electrical activity was bilaterally recorded from the muscles AM, RA, and GM.

Electromyographic measurements were conducted using MyoSystem 1400L (Noraxon, Scottsdale, AZ, USA), with 8 sEMG channels. Technical specifications were as follows: common mode rejection ratio, minimum 100 dB at 50–60 Hz; analog output gain, ×1,000 standard (5,000 selected units); input impedance, >100 MΩ on sEMG channels (isolated to >3,000 V); outputs, analog ±5 V for all sEMG channels, digital 12-bit resolution per channel from USB port; inputs, 8 sEMG channels at ±10 mV maximum, 8 sensor channels at ±5 V maximum, power 100–240 VAC at 50/60 Hz (0.9 A maximum); sEMG amplifier performance, 1 µV sensitivity, <1 µV RMS (root mean square) baseline noise; data acquisition, 12-bit resolution 8 channels, USB update to PC every millisecond; high-pass cutoff, 10 Hz first order on sEMG channels; low-pass cutoff, selectable 500 or 1,000 Hz on sEMG channels.

sEMG recordings were analyzed using Noraxon MyoResearch XP Master Edition version 1.07 software (Noraxon). Electromyographic data were bandpass filtered between 50 and 1,000 Hz (using finite impulse response filter), rectified, and smoothed using 50 ms RMS and were expressed in microvolts (µV). Moreover, the sEMG data were normalized to the maximum RMS EMG amplitude recorded for PFM across a series of maximal contractions.

To record sEMG signals from the PFM, a Life-care Vaginal Probe PR-02 (Everyway Medical Instruments Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan) was used. The pear-shaped probe had a total length of 7.6 cm and a maximal circumference of 2.8 cm. The length of the recording plate was 4.5 cm and the active surface area was 7.68 cm² per band. This probe was inserted up to the handle at the introitus of the vagina.^31,32

The single-use hypoallergenic electrodes are disposable, self-adhesive Ag/AgCl snap electrodes that have application only in sEMG analysis. Diameter of the circular adhesive area was 3.8 cm and that of the circular conductive area was 1 cm. The interelectrode spacing between the recording electrodes was 2 cm. The skin was prepared by shaving excess hair and wiping the skin with alcohol (Skinsept^® Pur, Ecolab, Krakow, Poland) to reduce impedance.^{20,31,33–35}

The electrodes were placed parallel to the orientation of the muscle fibers of the following muscles: AM – the electrode was positioned midway between the posterior edge of the gracilis and the longitudinal fascial plane between the AM and the medial hamstrings;^31,33 RA – the electrodes were below the umbilicus, on the lower RA;^31,34,35 GM – the electrodes were placed at 50% on the line between the sacral vertebrae and the greater trochanter.^31,36 The monopolar, reference electrode was placed on the anterior superior iliac spine.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed with Statistica 12 (Stat Soft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). For all variables, the mean, minimum and maximum values, and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. Shapiro–Wilk test was performed to assess the normality of distribution for the tested variables (P>0.05). Differences in the bioelectrical activity of all the muscles between the two groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U-test. Statistical analysis was conducted at 95% confidence interval and P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Forty-two postmenopausal patients were screened for eligibility criteria. Thirty participants satisfied the criteria and were categorized into two groups: women with SUI (n=16) and continent women (n=14). Flow diagram including detailed information on the excluded participants is presented in Figure 1. Sixteen incontinent women (age: $\overline{\mathrm{x}}=63.9$ years, range: 50.0–75.0 years, SD: 5.9 years) and fourteen continent women (age: $\overline{\mathrm{x}}=66.1$ years, range: 55.0–79.0 years, SD: 6.3 years) were enrolled in this study. The groups were comparable in terms of age, weight, height, and BMI (Table 1).

Table 1 Demographic data of the women in each group

	Incontinence group (n=16)			Continence group (n=14)			P-value (Mann–Whitney U-test)
	Range	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD
Age (years)	50.0–75.0	63.9	5.9	55.0–79.0	66.1	6.3	0.2246
Weight (kg)	56.0–92.0	70.1	10.5	52.0–86.0	67.2	9.9	0.3423
Height (m)	1.50–1.72	1.62	0.06	1.46–1.71	1.59	0.07	0.2283
BMI (kg/m^2)	21.9–35.3	26.7	3.7	18.8–32.0	24.9	3.5	0.1467
Number of pregnancies	0.0–4.0	1.6	1.0	0.0–3.0	1.6	0.8	0.9944
ICIQ-SF	5.1–16.0	9.8	4.5	–	–	–	–

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ICIQ-SF, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 1 Flow diagram includes detailed information on the excluded participants.

Abbreviation: SUI, stress urinary incontinence.

Table 2 shows the comparison of sEMG activity of all the muscles during resting and functional PFM activity between the incontinent and the continent groups. Bioelectrical activity of RA was significantly higher in the incontinent group when compared to that in the continent group. These results concern the RA activity during resting and functional PFM activity. The results obtained for other muscles showed no significant difference in bioelectrical activity between the groups (Table 2).

Table 2 Comparison of sEMG activity of muscles during resting and functional PFM activity (µV) between incontinence and continence groups

Muscles	Bioelectrical activity (µV)
	During resting PFM activity			During functional PFM activity
	Incontinence group	Continence group	P-value	Incontinence group	Continence group	P-value
Left side
AM	4.1±1.2	3.5±0.6	0.0936	5.2±4.5	4.3±1.8	0.5726
RA	5.8±1.0	5.0±0.5	0.0145	6.2±1.0	5.1±0.4	0.0017
GM	3.3±0.6	3.1±0.2	0.7155	4.3±3.7	3.5±0.8	0.9612
Right side
AM	3.9±1.0	4.2±1.4	0.4890	4.9±1.7	4.9±1.4	0.7821
RA	6.1±2.3	4.4±0.9	0.0085	6.4±2.2	4.6±1.0	0.0037
GM	3.8±1.8	3.5±1.0	0.8536	3.9±1.8	4.5±1.9	0.2304

Note: Statistically significant values (P<0.05) are marked in bold.

Abbreviations: PFM, pelvic floor muscle; sEMG, surface electromyography; AM, adductor magnus; GM, gluteus maximus; RA, rectus abdominis.

There was no significant difference in normalized mean amplitude of EMG signal of PFM between women with and without SUI (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Comparison of resting and functional bioelectrical activity of the PFM between incontinence and continence groups.

Abbreviation: PFM, pelvic floor muscle.

Discussion

In the present preliminary, prospective observational study, we assessed the sEMG activity of SPFM during resting and functional PFM activation in women with and without SUI in postmenopausal period. We also showed that there is a difference in the activation levels of PFM between incontinent and continent subjects. The study hypothesis was based on the assumption that women with SUI have greater activity of the SPFM during resting and functional PFM activation to support the PFM.

Incontinent women showed higher RA bioelectrical activity compared to that in the continent women. The data presented here is in agreement with those mentioned in the literature,^27–31 demonstrating that symptoms of SUI can depend on the interaction between PFM and synergistic muscles such as abdominal, gluteal muscles, and the adductor muscles of the hip. Using sEMG, Thompson et al³⁷ showed that the abdominal muscles were activated when a PFM contraction was performed. During PFM contraction, the symptomatic group showed lower levels of PFM activation and higher levels of abdominal and chest wall muscle activation when compared to the asymptomatic group.³⁷ Similar conclusions were reported by Devreese et al.³⁸ The results of their study indicate that stress incontinence can be attributed to an imbalance between pelvic floor and lower abdominal muscle function. Moreover, the study by Arab et al⁸ confirmed the coactivation of pelvic floor and abdominal muscles during PFM contraction (measured by ultrasounds), although they did not find any difference between women with and without SUI.

Very often, the evaluation of the coactivation of the PFM and their synergists is presented in the context of the proper functional mechanism of these muscles in the population of healthy subjects. In healthy women, Junginger et al³⁹ tried to examine the relationship between bladder neck displacement, electromyographic activity of the pelvic floor, abdominal muscles, and intraabdominal pressure. They concluded that in healthy females, there was co-contraction of the lower part of the transversus abdominis muscle and the PFM. Bladder neck elevation occurred only during PFM and the transversus abdominis contractions.³⁹ In the studies conducted by Madill and McLean,^22,29,30 researchers tried to define the relationships between the PFM and abdominal muscle activation and intravaginal pressure during PFM contractions in healthy women. The authors concluded that the abdominal muscles in continent women significantly affected the lower intravaginal pressure during voluntary PFM contractions. However, the intravaginal pressure was substantially reduced with increasing age.²² In addition, they also found defined patterns of abdominal muscle activity (among RA, transversus abdominis, and internal oblique muscles) in response to voluntary PFM contractions.^29,30 The study by Neumann and Gill⁴⁰ indicated that the transversus abdominis and the internal oblique muscles were recruited during all the PFM contractions. The authors even suggested that an effective contraction of the PFM was not possible during the relaxation of deep abdominal muscles.⁴⁰ This statement is also confirmed by the data reported by Sapsford,⁴¹ in which voluntary activity in the abdominal muscles resulted in increased PFM activity. This suggests that advice to keep the abdominal muscles relaxed when performing pelvic floor exercises is incorrect and may adversely affect the performance of these exercises.⁴¹ However, it must be stressed that the last two studies^40,41 were conducted on small number of participants.

In this study, the data recorded from other muscles (GM, AM) showed no significant difference in bioelectrical activity between the groups. Halski et al³¹ assessed the activity of muscles that act synergistically to PFM (RA, GM, AM, and left external oblique [EO]) during PFM contraction and relaxation in different orientations of the pelvis in women with SUI. They observed a higher activity of GM (left side) and RA (both sides) when the position of the pelvis was backward, which did not affect the sEMG activity of the PFM. It seems that SPFM may also play an important role in maintaining continence; however, further studies are needed to broaden our understanding of how the PFM work in conjunction with the synergistic muscles.³¹

In the literature,^8–12,42 most of the studies underline the essential role of PFM in maintaining urinary continence. Amaro et al⁴² studied the function of PFM in incontinent and continent groups and confirmed the importance of functional and objective evaluation of PFM strength in assessing SUI, using both subjective control methods – like the urinary stream interruption test, visual survey of perineal muscle contractions, and transvaginal digital palpation – and objective evaluation, that is, by perineometer.

In this study, there was no difference in the bioelectrical activity of PFM between the incontinent and continent groups during the standing examination. However, Aukee et al⁹ reported different results when comparing the electrical activity of PFM of stress incontinent patients with that of asymptomatic control subjects. Their results showed that sEMG activity in 5-second pelvic floor contractions was lower in SUI patients than in healthy volunteers, when the subjects were in the standing position, but they did not find statistically significant difference when the subjects were in supine position.⁹ The differences between the results of this study and Aukee et al’s study may be due to the reason that they presented sEMG results in microvolts. To avoid such user-dependent differences when comparing EMG data, a normalization method should be applied. Thompson et al³⁷ have shown that during PFM contraction, the PFM were less active and the abdominal and chest wall muscles were more active in the symptomatic group, which partly coincides with the results obtained in this study. It is suggested that future studies, besides conventional ways of the use of the EMG, should also include new approaches of electromyographic assessment. Thereupon, an interesting study presented by Devreese et al³⁸ showed that the investigation of the contraction sequence of superficial versus deep pelvic muscles may contribute to better understanding and explanation of incontinence. They found that the contraction sequence of muscles was consistent in continent but not in incontinent women.³⁸

Practical implications of the study

Attention should also be given to the practical implications of this study. Since the activation of the abdominal muscles may contribute to the generation of PFM contraction, and consequently may contribute to the continence mechanism in postmenopausal women, a rehabilitation program including abdominal muscle training can be useful in treating this condition. Coactivation of abdominal muscle and PFM could be helpful in women who are not able to contract their PFM, and it may contribute to the strengthening of the PFM by activating the abdominal muscles during therapeutic sessions.

Limitation of the study

However, we acknowledge several important limitations. One of the limitations of this study is the sample size, which was limited to a relatively small group of patients. We included only those subjects who had SUI in order to assess the correlations in the homogenous population. Another area of concern in our study is that the patients were not diagnosed by urodynamics, and the type of incontinence was assessed using a urinary symptoms questionnaire. The lack of objective measurement of PFM strength by measuring vaginal squeeze pressure by perineometer or digital palpation testing between groups is another limitation of this study.

Conclusion

In postmenopausal women with SUI, during the isolated activation of PFM, an increased synergistic activity of RA muscle was observed. Such activity was not noticed in asymptomatic women. These results may indicate that women with SUI may intuitively use these muscles to compensate for urethral sphincter. This study also shows that abdominal muscles possess important accessory functions that help in maintaining the continence.

In further studies, it is important to take into account the assessment of the activities of other abdominal muscles together with the evaluation of treatment focused on abdominal muscles mentioned in this study in women with symptoms of SUI.

Acknowledgments

The project was funded by the National Science Centre allocated on the basis of the decision number DEC-2011/03/N/NZ7/00505.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.