Distance Between the Tumour and Nipple as a Predictor of Axillary Lymph Node Involvement in Breast Cancer

Abstract

Purpose

The possibility of axillary node metastasis via the lymphatics might be related to a cancer’s location within the breast. Previous studies of this topic had small sample sizes, inaccuracies because of subjective differences, and the inability to depict the entire three-dimensional structure of the breast. Here, we aimed to improve upon these existing drawbacks by retrospectively analysing whether tumour location (quadrants) and tumour–nipple distance can predict axillary node positivity.

Patients and Methods

We identified 961 patients with invasive breast cancer between January 2000 and April 2016. The tumour–nipple distance was objectively measured intraoperatively and clinicopathological information was extracted from hospital database. The distance was measured radially from the nipple to the epicentre rather than the edge of tumour to obviate confounders resulting from tumour size variations.

Results

A total of 847 breast cancers (839 patients) met the eligibility criteria and were included in the statistical analysis. The tumour–nipple distance was smaller in node-positive patients (n = 307; 2.76 ± 2.07 cm) than in node-negative patients (n = 297; 3.41 ± 2.18 cm) (p < 0.001). Tumour–nipple distance was an independent predictor of axillary involvement on logistic regression analysis. However, no statistically significant relationship was detected between node positivity and breast quadrant tumour location.

Conclusion

Tumour–nipple distance can be used to predict axillary lymph node metastasis and assist in surgical decision-making and therapy planning. However, exploratory studies are required to increase our understanding of the mechanism.

Keywords:

• axillary lymph node metastasis
• breast cancer
• tumour location
• tumour–nipple distance

Introduction

Axillary lymph node status is a crucial prognostic factor and essential for surgical decision-making, reconstructive options, and adjuvant therapy planning for breast cancer patients.^1,2 However, the need for axillary lymph node dissection has decreased since the emergence of sentinel lymph node biopsy.³

The superficial lymphatic drainage of the breast is richly scattered from the skin to a depth of 3 mm.^4,5 The axillary or lateral pathway of the breast lymphatic drainage is fed by Sappey’s plexus, ducts satellite lymphatics, and most of the parenchymal lymphatics interacting with the internal mammary pathway and retromammary pathway, hinting at the possibility that metastasis to the axillary node via the lymphatics might be related to tumour location.⁶ However, the comprehensive lymphatic anatomy of the breast remains to be elucidated and the association between axillary nodal metastasis and tumour location remains undetermined.

To, only a few clinical studies have focused on the association between axillary node metastasis and breast cancer location as well as the distance between the tumour and the nipple or skin’s surface. Previous reports were inconclusive and had drawbacks. First, the sample sizes were relatively small. Second, the distance from the tumour to the nipple was measured indirectly on imaging. When an ultrasound examination is performed, the pressure applied by the probe might result in a smaller than actual measured distance.⁷ It is worth mentioning that probe pressure varies among operators. In certain studies, adjustments were mandatory to reduce reader-associated bias.⁸ These subjective differences may hamper examination precision and reproducibility. For mammography, the fluorescence figure could only reveal a distance on the mediolateral oblique or craniocaudal views, which do not depict the entire picture of the three-dimensional breast structure. With regard to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), similar limitations as well as patient position (prone)–related biases exist.

Therefore, to overcome the shortcomings of existing reports, this study aimed to retrospectively analyse breast cancer tumour location by quadrant and tumour–nipple distance to attempt to predict axillary lymph node involvement using objective pathological data.

Patients and Methods

Patient Selection

From the hospital database, we retrospectively identified 961 patients who were pathologically diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and treated at West China Hospital, Sichuan University, between January 2000 and April 2016. Patients whose tumours were palpable or visible during surgery were included. Accordingly, the following exclusion criteria were applied: 1) male sex; 2) unavailability of axillary surgical staging; 3) receipt of radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, or neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery and axillary staging; 4) presence of multifocal or multicentric tumours; 5) recurrent cancer or prior history of breast cancer; 6) prior history of surgery in the affected breast (for benign lesions or cosmetic purposes); 7) Paget’s disease; 8) skin or chest wall involvement; and 9) presence of metastasis at diagnosis.

The clinicopathological data collected for each patient included the following: sex; date of birth; age at diagnosis; pathological tumour size and stage; tumour histology; tumour grade; presence of lymphovascular invasion; nodal status; and oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) gene amplification status. The data reporting criteria of ER, PR, HER-2, and Ki-67 were previously described.⁹ Cases were considered positive for ER and PR expression if the nuclei of at least 1% of the tumour cells were stained. High Ki-67 expression was defined as immunostaining in more than 14% of the tumour cells.

Measurement and Recording of Tumour Quadrant and Tumour–Nipple Distance

During surgery, it is the standard routine protocol at the Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University to measure and record the tumour’s location within the breast and the tumour–nipple distance (in centimetres). The tumour locations were recorded in clock position or as beneath the nipple or peri-areolar area. The distance was measured radially from the nipple to the tumour’s epicentre rather than edge by a ruler to obviate confounders resulting from tumour size variations. The specimens are then routinely dissected. However, for patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery, we measured the distance on the body with the patients lying down. These data were prospectively archived and retrospectively retrieved.

Statistical Analysis

Comparisons of the clinical and pathologic features of patients with versus those without axillary lymph node metastasis were performed using analysis of variance with Pearson’s χ² test and t-test. We identified all clinically significant parameters (Table 1) in the multivariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to measure the relationship between various predictive variables and axillary lymph node involvement. All tests were two-tailed and p-values <0.05 were considered significant. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Table 1 Patient and Tumor Characteristics Comparisons Between Patients with and without Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis

Characteristics	Overall (n=847)	Negative Axillary Involvement (n=425)	Positive Axillary Involvement (n=422)	p-value
Age at diagnosis (mean ± SD)	48.30±10.42	49.10±10.39	47.50±10.41	0.026
Tumor size, cm (mean ± SD)	2.97±1.74	2.56±1.18	3.36±2.08	<0.001
Tumor-nipple distance, cm (mean ± SD)	3.01±2.15	3.41±2.18	2.76±2.07	<0.001
T classification				<0.001
T1	28.69% (243/847)	34.59% (147/425)	22.75% (96/422)
T2	51.36% (435/847)	48.71% (207/425)	54.03% (228/422)
T3	6.38% (54/847)	2.12% (9/425)	10.66% (45/422)
T4	3.42% (29/847)	2.59% (11/425)	4.27% (18/422)
Tx	7.56% (64/847)	9.18% (39/425)	5.92% (25/422)
Unknown	2.60% (22/847)	2.82% (12/425)	2.37% (10/422)
ER status				0.876
Negative	35.77% (303/847)	36.47% (155/425)	35.07% (148/422)
Positive	62.46% (529/847)	61.65% (262/425)	63.27% (267/422)
Unknown	1.77% (15/847)	1.88% (8/425)	1.66% (7/422)
PR status				0.957
Negative	36.72% (311/847)	36.24% (154/425)	37.2% (157/422)
Positive	61.39% (520/847)	61.88% (263/425)	60.9% (257/422)
Unknown	1.89% (16/847)	1.88% (8/425)	1.9% (8/422)
HER-2 status				0.355
Negative	74.14% (628/847)	73.65% (313/425)	74.64% (315/422)
Positive	13.46% (114/847)	12.71% (54/425)	14.22% (60/422)
Uncertain	8.74% (74/847)	10.35% (44/425)	7.11% (30/422)
Unknown	3.66% (31/847)	3.29% (14/425)	4.03% (17/422)
Ki-67 expression				0.155
High expression	60.09% (509/847)	61.65% (262/425)	58.53% (247/422)
Not high expression	18.42% (156/847)	19.53% (83/425)	17.3% (73/422)
Unknown	21.49% (182/847)	18.82% (80/425)	24.17% (102/422)
Lymphovascular invasion				<0.001
Yes	2.48% (21/847)	0.47% (2/425)	4.5% (19/422)
No	97.52% (826/847)	99.53% (423/425)	95.5% (403/422)
Tumor location				<0.001
12 or 6 o’clock	12.28% (104/847)	13.18% (56/425)	11.37% (48/422)
Inner quadrants	24.32% (206/847)	30.59% (130/425)	18.01% (76/422)
Outer quadrants	55.02% (466/847)	49.41% (210/425)	60.66% (256/422)
Beneath nipple/peri areolar	4.25% (36/847)	1.88% (8/425)	6.64% (28/422)
Unknown	4.13% (35/847)	4.94% (21/425)	3.32% (14/422)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

Results

Patient Characteristics

Among the 961 patients with breast cancer who were diagnosed and treated between January 2000 and April 2016, 122 were excluded for the following reasons: male sex (n = 6), nodal status unavailability (n = 12), receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery (n = 46), presence of multifocal or multicentric tumours (n = 29), recurrence (n = 6), prior history of breast surgery (n = 11), Paget’s disease (n = 2), metastasis (n = 8), and tumour fixed to the chest wall (n = 2). Eight patients had bilateral disease, and each cancer was staged according to lymph node involvement in the left and right axilla, respectively. Ultimately, a total of 847 breast cancers (839 patients) met the eligibility criteria and were included in the statistical analysis. The overall rate of axillary involvement was 49.82% (422/847), and the clinicopathologic features of the included cases are summarised in Table 1.

Proximity to the Nipple

The average tumour–nipple distance was 3.01 ± 2.15 cm. Among those with positive axillary lymph nodes, the tumour–nipple distance was 2.76 ± 2.07 cm, which was significantly smaller than that of patients with negative axillary lymph nodes (p < 0.001; Table 1). We observed the distribution of tumour–nipple distances at 1-cm intervals regardless of axillary nodal status. We further stratified the tumours into two categories by their proximity to the nipple, ie, ≤30 mm and >30 mm. The rates of axillary nodal involvement were statistically different between the two groups (χ² = 4.540, p = 0.033). More specifically, the closer the proximity of the tumour to the nipple, the higher the rate of axillary involvement (Table 2). Further, the same relationship was noted between tumour–nipple distance and axillary involvement in the upper outer quadrant (Table 3). Moreover, we divided the tumours into those ≤30 mm (the median) and those >30 mm to the nipple in the logistic regression analysis. As expected, the tumour–nipple distance was an independent risk factor for axillary involvement (odds ratio, 0.561; 95% confidence interval, 0.377–0.835; p = 0.004) (Table 4).

Table 2 Distribution of Tumor–Nipple Distance Among Patients with and without Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis (Chi²=4.540, p=0.033)

Status of Axillary Lymph Nodes	≤30 mm	>30 mm	Total
Negative	46.72% (214/458)	56.85% (83/146)	49.17% (297/604)
Positive	53.28% (244/458)	43.15% (63/146)	50.83% (307/604)

Table 3 Distribution of Tumor–Nipple Distance Among Patients with and without Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in Upper Outer Quadrant (Chi²=4.244, p=0.039)

Status of Axillary Lymph Nodes	≤30 mm	>30 mm	Total
Negative	42.22% (57/135)	56.47% (48/85)	47.73% (105/220)
Positive	57.78% (78/135)	43.53% (37/85)	52.27% (115/220)

Table 4 Multivariate Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with Axillary Lymph Node Involvement

Variables	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Age at diagnosis
≤40	1.00 (ref)
40–60	0.576 (0.344, 0.966)	0.036
>60	0.691 (0.352, 1.360)	0.285
Tumor–nipple distance
≤30 mm	1.00 (ref)
>30 mm	0.561 (0.377, 0.835)	0.004
T stage
1	1.00 (ref)
2	1.573 (1.045, 2.369)	0.030
3–4	1.848 (0.892, 4.119)	0.133
ER status
Positive	1.00 (ref)
Negative	0.722 (0.415, 1.255)	0.248
PR status
Positive	1.00 (ref)
Negative	1.021 (0.602, 1.733)	0.939
HER-2 status
Positive	1.00 (ref)
Negative	1.142 (0.675, 1.932)	0.621
Uncertain	0.858 (0.399, 1.847)	0.695
Ki-67 expression
High	1.00 (ref)
Low	0.932 (0.585, 1.486)	0.768
Lymphovascular invasion
Yes	1.00 (ref)
No	0.083 (0.011, 0.657)	0.018
Tumor location(quadrant)
12 or 6 o’clock	1.00 (ref)
Inner quadrants	0.684 (0.356, 1.313)	0.254
Outer quadrants	1.540 (0.849, 2.794)	0.155
Beneath nipple/peri areolar	2.284 (0.749, 6.963)	0.147

Abbreviations: ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

Location Within the Breast

We compared the nodal involvement of the patients by tumour location: 12 or 6 o’clock, inner quadrants, outer quadrants, and beneath the nipple/periareolar area. As shown in Table 1, the rates of axillary nodal involvement were statistically different among tumour location within the breast (p < 0.001). However, tumour location did not affect node status as confirmed by logistic regression (Table 4).

Discussion

This study aimed to investigate whether the breast cancer tumour’s proximity to the nipple or its location within the breast is associated with the incidence of axillary lymph node involvement. This study on the tumour–nipple distance includes the largest sample size of all related studies to date.

Our result indicated that axillary lymph node involvement was associated with a smaller tumour–nipple distance, a finding that is in accordance with those of two existing publications. Ansari et al retrospectively reviewed tumour–nipple distances from the ultrasounds of 233 breast cancers at Mayo Clinic and concluded that each 1-cm decrease in the distance from the nipple was associated with a 23% increase in the likelihood of lymph node positivity (p = 0.003).¹⁰ Based on 401 patients, Torstenson et al added tumour–nipple distance as a variable in established nomograms and significantly improved the prediction of nodal positivity.¹¹ However, there were also contradictory reports. Lewis et al retrospectively reviewed 285 patients and concluded that tumour proximity to the nipple (obtained from mammography) was not associated with axillary lymph node metastasis.¹² In recent years, a retrospective study of 266 patients revealed null differences in pathological N stages between an MRI-based group of short tumour–nipple distance (<2.0 cm) and a group of long tumour–nipple distance (≥2.0 cm).¹³ The methods for distance measurement for these existing studies were all imaging modalities, for which technical defects are inevitable and might be a source of discrepancies.¹⁴ For example, the pressure from an ultrasound probe during the examination is uncontrollable, resulting in weak repeatability. In addition, different imaging modalities have unique systems that do not allow direct comparisons with any other methods. In our study, the tumour–nipple distance was visualised and measured objectively during surgery, which ensured that the distance measuring system did not have the aforementioned defects. The tumour–nipple distance results of recent studies are summarised in Table 5.

Table 5 Studies on Distance from Tumor and the Anatomical Landmarks of the Breast

First Author	Study Design	Sample Size	Anatomical Landmark	Factors That are Associated with Distance	Factors That are Not Associated with Distance	Method of Distance Measurement (Imaging Modality)	Distance Stratification (mm)	Overall Rate of Axillary Involvement
Ansari B^Citation10	Retrospective	230	Skin surface	Nodal status		Ultrasound	Each 1	24.03%
Ansari B^Citation10	Retrospective	230	Nipple	Nodal status		Ultrasound	Each 10	24.03%
Cunningham JE^Citation8	Retrospective	209	Skin surface	Nodal status		Ultrasound	≤14 vs >14; continuous	29.19%
Eom YH^Citation14	Retrospective	891	Skin surface	Nodal status	Ipsilateral recurrence; Recurrence-free survival	Ultrasound	<3 vs ≥3	32.32%
Kim WH^Citation15	Retrospective	1102	Chest wall	ER status; Nodal status		MRI	<3 vs ≥3; continuous	23.41%
Lewis EI^Citation12	Retrospective	285	Nipple		Nodal status	Mammography	NA	38.25%
Lewis EI^Citation12	Retrospective	285	Skin surface		Nodal status	Ultrasound	≤10 vs >10	38.25%
Ryu JM^Citation13	Retrospective	265	Nipple		Nodal status; Disease-free survival; Local recurrence-free survival	MRI	<20 vs ≥20	26.42%
Stallard S^Citation16	Retrospective	220	Nipple	Local recurrence		Mammography	<40 vs ≥40	–^a
Torstenson T^Citation11	Retrospective	401	Skin surface	Nodal status		Ultrasound	≤10 vs >10; each 10	19.70%
Torstenson T^Citation11	Retrospective	401	Nipple	Nodal status		Ultrasound	≤20, 20~50, >50; each 10	19.70%
The present study	Retrospective	847	Nipple	Nodal status		Intraoperative pathological measurement	≤20, 20~50, >50; continuous	49.82%

Note: ^aNodal positivity not applicable because the studies included ductal carcinoma in situ.

Abbreviations: NA, not available; ER, estrogen receptor.

The association between tumour–nipple distance and involvement of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) has been extensively explored, and a smaller tumour–nipple distance was reportedly associated with a higher risk of NAC involvement.^17–20 Furthermore, in one study, the incidence of axillary lymph node metastasis was significantly higher in patients with nipple involvement (36.71%) than in patients with unifocal tumours (9.76%).²¹ Such correlations might explain the association between tumour–nipple distance and axillary status. The mechanism may be related to the lymphatic drainage system of the breast. However, anatomical research and experiments are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

An association between tumour location (by quadrant) and axillary lymph node involvement was lacking in this study. This was supported by results of previous retrospective studies.^8,12 A recent study examined 7856 Korean patients with nodal-positive invasive ductal carcinoma and investigated the prognostic implication of tumour location according to molecular subtype.²² The 90-month follow-up showed significantly worse survival of patients with lower inner located tumours, which are only significant in cases of HER-2 overexpression and triple-negative subtypes. Furthermore, other studies also reported poorer prognosis in patients with tumours located in the lower inner quadrant.²³ This phenomenon was probably because tumours in the lower inner quadrant have better access to the internal mammary lymph nodes. However, the reason why tumours in the upper outer quadrant, which have probable better anatomical access to the axillary lymph nodes, do not affect the incidence of axillary involvement requires further study.

The current study has its own limitations. First, breast size varies among patients and may affect the measured distance. Such data were not included in statistical analysis because of a lack of information. Nonetheless, the breast sizes of Asian women are generally smaller and less variable than those of women from Western countries, decreasing the likelihood of potential imperfections. Second, outcomes such as local recurrence and survival were not analysed; thus, future studies with more comprehensive data are required. Third, the logistic regression model does not allow for full interpretation of the pattern in cases of axillary node positivity, possibly because some other influential variables such as family history were not included among the interpreted variables. Therefore, the inclusion of more exhaustive variables would be ideal to improve the current model.

In conclusion, the current study with a large sample size provides well-grounded evidence that proximity from the tumour to the nipple is a risk factor of axillary lymph node involvement in patients with breast cancer. These results will provide assistance in surgical decision-making, especially in enigmatic scenarios such as “suspected metastasis” to the sentinel lymph node on a pathological report. However, prospective multicentre studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm this conclusion, while further exploratory studies are needed to increase our understanding of the mechanism of this phenomenon.

Conclusions

Our study findings indicated that tumour–nipple distance, not tumour location within the breast, can be adopted as a valid factor for predicting axillary lymph node involvement and assist in surgical decision-making and therapy planning.

Data Sharing Statement

The datasets analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

This study was approved by the West China Hospital Research Ethics Committee (No. 2017[250]), which waived the need for informed consent due to its retrospective nature.

Disclosure

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.