LncRNA HOXA-AS2 Promotes Tumor Progression by Suppressing miR-567 Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract

Introduction

Growing evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as lncRNA HOXA-AS2, are critical regulators involved in human cancer. However, the biological functions and detailed mechanisms underlying how lncRNA HOXA-AS2 affects oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unexplored.

Methods

The expression of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 and miR-567 was determined in OSCC cell lines and clinical tissues by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Target site prediction and luciferase report assays were used to explore their potential interaction and binding sites between lncRNA HOXA-AS2 and miR-567. Overexpression or silencing expression of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 was performed to confirm that miR-567 was suppressed by lncRNA HOXA-AS2. WST-1 assay, crystal staining assay, and cell cycle analysis were used to assess the cell viability and proliferation ability. The target gene of miR-567 was predicted by Targetscan and validated by luciferase report assay as well as qRT-PCR and Western Blot. Xenograft nude mice model was done to demonstrate that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 promoted cell proliferation via targeting miR-567/CDK8 in vivo.

Results

LncRNA HOXA-AS2 was up-regulated in OSCC cells and tissues with the expression of miR-567 decreased. The tissue lncRNA HOXA-AS2 expression was found to positively correlate with the TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of OSCC patients. In terms of the mechanism, we found that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 negatively regulates miR-567 expression via a direct interaction. Functionally, overexpression of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 significantly promoted OSCC cell proliferation, while knockdown of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 significantly inhibited it. We also observed that miR-567 directly targets the 3ʹ UTR of CDK8. Moreover, silencing lncRNA HOXA-AS2 inhibited tumor growth with the expression of miR-567 increased and CDK8 decreased in vivo.

Conclusion

LncRNA HOXA-AS2 was up-regulated in OSCC, and its up-regulation correlated with poor clinical outcomes. The lncRNA also promoted OSCC cell proliferation by directly binding to miR-567, leading to an increase in CDK8 expression. The potential prognostic value of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 should be explored in future studies.

Keywords:

• LncRNA HOXA-AS2
• MiR-567
• CDK8
• Oral squamous cell carcinoma
• Tumor progression

Introduction

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most prevalent type of head and neck cancer, is an aggressive malignant cancer, which often leads to tumor invasion and distant metastasis. ¹ The 5-year survival rate of OSCC patients remain about 60%, and has not shown any marked improvement in recent decades. ² The identification of specific molecular changes in a tumor can be helpful for assessing the prognosis and may be useful for targeted therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the molecular changes present in OSCC and to explore their regulation and potential clinical applications.

With the rapid development of second-generation RNA sequencing, an increasing number of non-coding RNAs have been identified and recognized to play significant roles in tumor biogenesis and progression. Long non-coding RNA sequences (lncRNA) are large (>200 nucleotide) non-coding RNA that participate in various cellular processes through multiple mechanisms, including direct gene regulation and by functioning as competing endogenous RNA through interactions with miRNAs. ³ MiRNAs are another type of non-coding RNA that down-regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level via binding to the 3ʹ-untranslated region (UTR) of targeted genes. ⁴ Recently, both dysregulated miRNAs and lncRNAs were reported to be crucial mediators of gene regulating networks, forming a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis, many of which are closely related to tumor growth and development. ^5–9

LncRNA HOXA-AS2 is up-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer and prostate cancer, and may promote tumor progression. ^10,11 LncRNA HOXA-AS2 was reported to regulate gene expression via a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis. Cui et al ¹² discovered that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 promoted non-small cell lung cancer cell growth and metastasis via sponging (binding and “soaking up”) miR-520a-3p. What’s more, lncRNA HOXA-AS2 was also reported to interact with several other miRNAs, such as miR-520c-3p, miR-124-3p, and miR-145-3p. ^13–15 MiR-567 is located on chromosome 3q13.2 and encoded by the miR-567 gene. ¹⁶ Previous studies have found that miR-567 plays significant roles in the inhibition of tumor progression and development in breast cancer, ¹⁷ lung cancer, ¹⁸ osteosarcoma, ¹⁹ and gastric cancer. ²⁰ However, the role of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 and miR-567 in OSCC remains unclear. Therefore, we proposed the hypothesis that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 promotes tumor progression by suppressing (binding and “soaking up”) miR-567 in OSCC?

In this study, we first examined the expression of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 and miR-567 in OSCC cell lines and tumor tissues, and then determined whether its expression was associated with OSCC tumor progression in patients, and the mechanism underlying these effects.

Materials and Methods

Cell Culture and Chemicals

The OSCC cell lines, including NHOK, TSCCA, Cal-27, SCC-9, and HEK293, were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) in China. All cells were maintained as indicated in their instructions. Unless otherwise specified, the cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gemini Bio-Products), containing penicillin and streptomycin, as described previously. ^21–23 All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or Thermo Fisher Scientific. All of the DNA oligonucleotides were synthesized by BGI Genomics in China. The oligo sequences are listed in Supplemental Table 1 .

Clinical Samples

The Committee for Ethical Review of Research Involving Human Subjects of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University approved the study according to the International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (CIOMS). Written informed consent was provided by all patients. Human OSCC samples and adjacent tissues were collected by surgeons from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Meanwhile, all the experiments on clinical samples were finished in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The pathological diagnoses were made by three pathologists. The clinical characteristics of the 46 OSCC patients are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Correlation Between LncRNA HOXA-AS2 Expression and the Clinical Characteristics of OSCC

Characteristics	Number	LncRNA HOXA-AS2 Expression		Chi-Square Valve	P-valve
		Low	High
Age(years)
<=55	20	12	8	1.415	0.232
>50	26	11	15
Gender
Male	28	15	13	0.365	0.546
Female	18	8	10
Smoking status
No	27	13	14	0.09	0.765
Yes	19	10	9
Location
Tongue	32	15	17	0.436	0.804
Cheek	9	5	4
Gingiva	5	3	2
TNM stage
I+II	21	15	6	7.097	0.007*
III+IV	25	8	17
Differentiation
Low	22	8	14	3.147	0.207
Moderate	11	7	4
high	13	8	5
Lymph node metastasis
Yes	17	5	12	4.572	0.032*
No	29	18	11

Notes: *Means P <0.05.

Total RNA Extraction from Cells and Tissues

The total RNA from cultured cells was extracted with NucleoZOL RNA Isolation kits (Takara Bio USA, Mountain View, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. ^22–24 The tissues were ground in an autoclaved grinding bowl with liquid nitrogen. The tissues were then treated using the total cellular RNA extraction protocol. Briefly, 20 mg of clinical tissue specimen were ground with liquid nitrogen and lysed with 500 µL NucleoZOL for 60 min at 4°C. Then, 200 µL RNase-free ddH2O was added to the lysates, and the mixture was vortexed vigorously. Subsequently, 500 µL of the supernatant was aliquoted into a new tube and precipitated with 500 µL isopropanol. After washing the resulting pellet twice with 75% ethanol, the total RNA was dissolved in 30 µL RNase-free ddH₂O.

Reverse Transcription and Touchdown-qPCR (TqRCR)

To assess the expression of the lncRNA or genes of interest, reverse transcription reactions for the total RNA and TqPCR were performed as described before. ^22,25 All of the qPCR primers were designed and optimized using the Primer3 Plus software with the same parameters. A SYBR Green mixture (Bimake, Houston, TX) was used for the TqPCR. The reference gene was GAPDH, and the results were normalized to GAPDH using the 2^−ΔΔCt method. To assess the miR expression levels, the reverse transcription reactions were carried out using miR-specific reverse primers with six nucleotides that complemented the 3ʹ end, preceded with a 44-nt artificial stem-loop sequence. ²⁴ TqPCR was also performed to quantitatively assess the miR expression levels. The results for miRs were normalized to 5S RNA by using the 2^−ΔΔCt method. The SYBR Green mixture (Bimake, Houston, TX) was also used for the TqPCR according to manufacturer’s instructions.

WST-1 Cell Proliferation Assay

The WST-1 assay was performed to detect the proliferation of OSCC cells. A total of 3000 cells were pre-seeded into a 96-well plate. The absorbance was detected following the manufacturer’s protocol (Sigma-Aldrich) at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. The absorbance value was used to generate the cell proliferation curve.

Cell Cycle Analysis

The TSCCA and SCC-9 cells were cultured in 35 mm dishes and treated for 48 h. After harvested, the cells were fixed with 70% ice-cold ethanol at 4 °C for overnight. The fixed cells were washed with cold PBS twice, and stained with propidium iodide (PI, 50 μg/mL) containing DNase-free RNase A (50 μg/mL) for 20 min at room temperature. Next, the cells were subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (BD Biosciences, USA). The data were analyzed by ModFit software.

Plasmid Construction

The whole sequence of LncRNA HOXA-AS2 was amplified from HEK-293 genomic DNA by High-Fidelity PCR. Following digestion by HindIII and EcoRI, the fragments were cloned to generate pSEB-LncHOXA-AS2. The empty pSEB vector was used as a control (pSEB-Ctrl). To make the gene silencing expression construct, three siRNA cassettes designed using siDirect Version 2.0 were inserted into the pSEB-361-BSG vector using cassette cloning as described previously, ¹¹ resulting in pSEB-si-LncHOXA-AS2. Wild type (WT) and mutated (M1, M2) LncHOXA-AS2 were cloned into the pSEB-Gluc vector to yield pSEB-LncHOXA-AS2-WT/M1/M2 using the HindIII and EcoRI sites. The mutated LncHOXA-AS2 (M1, M2) fragments were amplified from WT LncHOXA-AS2 using site-directed mutagenesis PCR with the mutation sites in the primer. In brief, the spiked primer with a defined mutation was amplified for both side products. These products were purified and mixed at a 1:1 ratio (molecular numbers) for the 2nd step. In the second step, the full-length LncHOXA-AS2 was amplified to obtain the mutated LncHOXA-AS2 (M1, M2) fragments. Using a similar strategy, we also constructed pSEB-CDK8-WT and pSEB-CDK8-MUT.

Gene Overexpression or Silencing

Cell lines with stable overexpression or silencing of LncRNA HOXA-AS2 were established using a retrovirus packaging system as described before. ^11,23 Briefly, the plasmids for gene overexpression (such as pSEB-LncHOXA-AS2 or its empty control) or gene silencing (pSEB-si-LncHOXA-AS2 or its empty control) were packaged with pSEB-Ampho and then co-transfected into 293-PA cells. The culture medium was collected every 12 hours beginning on Day 2, and the media were mixed and filtered for targeted cell infection.

Western Blot

The OSCC cells were washed with pre-cold PBS twice and treated with RIPA lysis buffer for 3 h at 4°C. And then the cell lysates were centrifuged to collect the supernatants at 4°C, 12000×g for 30 min. Protein concentration was determined using protein quantitation BCA kit (QIAGEN). The proteins were separated by 4–12% PAGE gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. Blotted membranes were blocked with 5% milk and incubated with their respective primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. After washing with PBST three times, the membranes incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated second antibody at 37°C for 1 h. The membranes were detected by using the enhanced chemiluminescence system (Bio-rad).

Luciferase Activity Assay

The previously described retrovirus packaging system ²³ was used to package pNRGluc-LncRNA HOXA-AS2-WT or pNRGluc-LncRNA HOXA-AS2-Mut1/2 into retroviruses. After obtained stable cell lines, we transiently transfected the cells with 1 µg pSEB-miR-567. After 48 hours, the cell culture medium was refreshed. Another 12 hours later, 100 µL cell culture medium was taken out for a Gaussia luciferase assay. The BioLux^® Gaussia Luciferase Flex Assay Kit was used to detect Gaussia luciferase activity. At the same time, cells were collected for total protein qualification by the Pierce™ BCA Protein Assay Kit, which was used for data normalization. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.

Crystal Violet Staining to Assess Cell Proliferation

A total of 1.0×10⁵ OSCC cells (TSCCA and SCC-9) with LncRNA HOXA-AS2 overexpression or silencing were cultured in 35 mm dishes for five days. For the colony forming assay, 1000 OSCC cells were grown in 35 mm dishes for 21 days. To determine the cell viability or clonal growth, the cells were stained with crystal violet staining solution (containing 4% formalin) as described previously. ²⁶

In vivo Tumor Growth Assay

The animal use and care was approved by the Committee for Ethical Review of Research of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, and all animal experiments were performed according to the Guidelines for the Ethical Review of Laboratory Animal Welfare National Standard GB/T 35,892–2018 issued by the People’s Republic of China. ²⁷ The in vivo study was also carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. ²⁸ In brief, TSCCA or SCC-9 cells with LncRNA HOXA-AS2 silencing were harvested and re-suspended in sterile PBS, and injected subcutaneously (60 µL per injection) into the flanks of athymic BALB/c nude mice (n = 3/group, female, 4–5 week old; 2×10⁷ cells per injection site). After four weeks, the mice were sacrificed. The tumor masses were excised, and their weight, length and width were measured. Tumor size was calculated as: volume = length × width²/2.

Statistical Analysis

All quantitative studies were carried out in triplicate. The Pearson correlation was analyzed by GraphPad Prism 6.0. A P-value < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant.

Results

The Expression of LncRNA HOXA-AS2 and miR-567 in OSCC Clinical Tissue Samples and Cell Lines

To test the hypothesis that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 promotes tumor progression by suppressing miR-567 in OSCC, we firstly evaluated the LncRNA HOXA-AS2 expression in 46 pairs of OSCC and their adjacent normal tissues by qRT-PCR. LncRNA HOXA-AS2 was expressed at a significantly higher level in OSCC tissues compared to the adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.01, Figure 1A). While analyzing the correlation between LncRNA HOXA-AS2 expression and the clinical characteristics of OSCC, we found that high expression of LncRNA HOXA-AS2 was positively related to the TNM stage and presence of lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05, Table 1). Interestingly, we found that miR-567 was down-regulated in all 46 of the paired OSCC tissues (P < 0.05; Figure 1B), and the expression of LncRNA HOXA-AS2 negatively correlated with the expression of miR-567, with a Pearson correlation of r =−0.3164 (P < 0.05, Figure 1C). Further, the expression of LncRNA HOXA-AS2 in OSCC cell lines, including TSCCA, Cal-27, and SCC-9 cells, was higher than that in a normal human oral keratinocyte cell line (NHOK) cell lines (Figure 1D); while the miR-567 expression was down-regulated in these cell lines (Figure 1E). These results suggest that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 is elevated in OSCC, and might be involved in OSCC development via miR-567.

Figure 1 The expression of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 and miR-567 in OSCC Clinical Tissue Samples and Cell Lines. (A) The expression levels of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 in OSCC clinical tissue samples and adjacent normal tissue samples were detected by qRT-PCR. (B) The expression of miR-567 in OSCC clinical tissue samples and adjacent normal tissue samples was detected by qRT-PCR. (C) The relationship between lncRNA HOXA-AS2 and miR-567 expression in OSCC samples was analyzed using the GraphPad Prism software. (D) The expression levels of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 in four OSCC cell lines and the NHOK normal oral cell line were detected by qRT-PCR. (E) The expression of miR-567 in three OSCC cell lines and the NHOK normal oral cell line was detected by qRT-PCR. *Means P <0.05, and **Means P<0.01.

LncRNA HOXA-AS2 Negatively Regulates miR-567 Expression by Direct Binding

According to the biochemical basis of miRNA binding affinity proposed by David P. Bartel, 8mer, 7mer-m8, 7mer-A1, and 6mer sites to miRNA are the most effectively binding sites. ²⁹ Through sequencing alignment, we found that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 contained an 8mer potential binding site of miR-567 in the seed region with the highest binding affinity (Figure 2A). To validate this prediction, we built two constructs with mutations in the miR-567 seed region binding sites into the Gaussia Luciferase Reporter (Figure 2B). The luciferase reporter assay showed that the relative luciferase activities in lncRNA HOXA-AS2-WT and miR-567 co-transfected OSCC cells were greatly inhibited compared to those in the lncRNA HOXA-AS2-WT and miR-NC co-transfected group. In contrast, the luciferase activities were not affected in lncRNA HOXA-AS2-MUT1 or lncRNA HOXA-AS2-MUT2 and miR-567 or miR-NC co-transfected OSCC cells (Figure 2C). Further, the expression of miR-567 was down-regulated in OSCC cells with lncRNA HOXA-AS2-WT overexpression, however, the cells with overexpression of lncRNA HOXA-AS2-MUT1 or lncRNA HOXA-AS2-MUT2 did not show any change the expression level of miR-567 (Figure 2D). These results indicate that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 can regulate the expression of miR-567 via a direct interaction.

Figure 2 LncRNA HOXA-AS2 negatively regulated miR-567 expression by direct binding. (A) The putative binding sites between lncRNA HOXA-AS2 and miR-567. (B) The construction of a luciferase reporter expressing lncRNA HOXA-AS2. (C) The luciferase activities of lncRNA HOXA-AS2-WT, lncRNA HOXA-AS2-Mut1 or lncRNA HOXA-AS2-Mut2 in TSCCA OSCC cells with or without miR-567 co-transfection were evaluated by a luciferase reporter assay. (D) The relative expression of miR-567 in TSCCA OSCC cells transfected with lncRNA HOXA-AS2-WT, lncRNA HOXA-AS2-Mut1, lncRNA HOXA-AS2-Mut2 or their corresponding vector control. **Means P<0.01.

Abbreviation: NS, no significance.

Cell Proliferation Was Promoted in lncRNA HOXA-AS2 Overexpressing OSCC Cell Lines

To validate the above hypothesis, we constructed TSCCA and SCC-9 cells with stable lncRNA HOXA-AS2 expression by overexpressing pSEB-lncRNA-HOXA-AS2. Compared with the vector control, miR-567 was down regulated in both TSCCA and SCC-9 cells with lncRNA HOXA-AS2 overexpression (Figure 3A and B). To better observe the proliferation of cells, we planted 10⁵ OSCC cells (TSCCA and SCC-9) with or without lncRNA HOXA-AS2 overexpression in 35 mm dishes. Five days later, the cells were stained with crystal violet staining buffer. The results showed that the cells with lncRNA HOXA-AS2 overexpression were growing faster compared to the control cells (Figure 3D). The WST-1 results as well as the cell cycle analysis were consistent with the crystal violet staining (Figure 3C, and E). These data indicated that the overexpression of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 promoted OSCC proliferation by G0/G1 exit, and this was likely mediated by its negative regulation of miR-567.

Figure 3 Cell proliferation was promoted in lncRNA HOXA-AS2 overexpressing OSCC cell lines. (A) The relative expression of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 in TSCCA and SCC-9 cells transfected with lncRNA HOXA-AS2 was examined by qRT-PCR. (B) The relative expression of miR-567 in TSCCA and SCC-9 cells with lncRNA HOXA-AS2 overexpression. (C and D) The proliferation of TSCCA and SCC-9 cells with lncRNA HOXA-AS2 overexpression was evaluated by the WST-1 assay and crystal violet staining.(E) Cell cycle were determined in TSCCA and SCC-9 cells treated with or without lncRNA HOXA-AS2 overexpression. *Means P <0.05, **Means P<0.01, ***Means P<0.001.

Abbreviation: NS, no significance.

The Proliferation of OSCC Cells Was Suppressed by si-LncRNA HOXA-AS2 Transfection

To confirm the effects of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 in OSCC cells, we silenced lncRNA HOXA-AS2 expression using the siRNA retrovirus expression system described in the Methods. The TSCCA-si-LncRNA HOXA-AS2 and SCC-9-si-LncRNA HOXA-AS2 cells lines were confirmed to have stable expression of siRNA targeting lncRNA HOXA-AS2. In these cells, lncRNA HOXA-AS2 was silenced, while miR-567 was up-regulated (Figure 4A and B). WST-1 cell viability assay, crystal violet staining experiments, and cell cycle analysis showed that silencing LncRNA HOXA-AS2 reduced the viability of both cells lines (Figure 4C–E). These data indicated that silencing LncRNA HOXA-AS2 inhibited OSCC proliferation, which was likely mediated via the negative regulation of miR-567.

Figure 4 Cell proliferation was promoted in OSCC cell lines with lncRNA HOXA-AS2 silenced by siRNA. (A) The relative expression of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 in TSCCA and SCC-9 cells with lncRNA HOXA-AS2 silenced was examined by qRT-PCR. (B) The relative expression of miR-567 in TSCCA and SCC-9 cells with LncRNA HOXA-AS2 silenced. (C and D) The proliferation of TSCCA and SCC-9 cells with lncRNA HOXA-AS2 silenced was evaluated by the WST-1 assay and crystal violet staining. (E) Cell cycle analysis was determined in TSCCA and SCC-9 cells treated with or without silencing lncRNA HOXA-AS2. *Means P <0.05, **Means P<0.01.

Abbreviation: NS, no significance.

CDK8 is a Downstream Target of miR-567, and is Involved in the Regulation of OSCC Cell Proliferation

Targetscan was used to predict target genes of miR-567. It is reported that miR-567 regulates several cell proliferation related genes, such as c-Myc, ²⁰ CDK8, ¹⁸ and FGF5. ¹⁹ We first tested whether these genes were miR-567’s target genes in OSCC cells. And we found that only CDK8 will be down regulated in OSCC cells significantly when miR-567 was overexpressed ( Supplement Figure1 ). MiR-567 was selected for further study. By online analysis, we found that miR-567 contained a putative binding site for CDK8 in its 3ʹUTR (Figure 5A). A luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify this prediction, and the data showed that the luciferase activities in CDK8-WT and miR-567 co-transfected SCC-9 and TSCCA cells were greatly inhibited compared to CDK8-WT and miR-NC co-transfected cells, while the luciferase activities were not affected in CDK8-MUT and miR-567/miR-NC co-transfected SCC-9 and TSCCA cells (Figure 5B and C). Subsequently, we transfected mimic miR-567, mimic control or blank control into SCC-9 and TSCCA cells and examined the expression of CDK8 at both the mRNA and protein levels. The mimic miR-567 significantly suppressed CDK8 mRNA and protein expression (Figure 5D and E). The crystal violet staining experiments and WST-1 proliferation assay showed that the miR-567 inhibitor significantly increased CDK8 expression, while the miR-567-mimic suppressed the expression of CDK8, compared to the corresponding controls (Figure 5F and G). These data revealed that CDK8 is a downstream target of miR-567 in OSCC.

Figure 5 CDK8 is a downstream target of miR-567, and is involved in the regulation of OSCC cell proliferation. (A) A bioinformatic analysis indicated the presence of a putative binding site and a corresponding mutant region for CDK8 within miR-567. (B) The construction of a luciferase reporter that expresses CDK8. (C) The luciferase activities in CDK8-WT or CDK8-Mut and miR-567 or miR-Ctrl co-transfected OSCC cells were evaluated by a luciferase reporter assay. (D) The relative expression of CDK8 in miR-567-mimic, Mimic-Ctrl and vehicle-treated OSCC cells. (E) The protein level of CDK8 in miR-567-mimic, Mimic-Ctrl and vehicle-treated OSCC cells (GAPDH was used as a loading control) (F and G) The proliferation of miR-567-mimic, miR-567-inhibitor and their corresponding control-treated OSCC cells was evaluated by the WST-1 assay and crystal violet staining. *Means P <0.05.

Abbreviation: NS, no significance.

Silencing lncRNA HOXA-AS2 Inhibited OSCC Tumor Growth by Releasing miR-567 to Suppress CDK8 Expression

The above experiments demonstrated that the overexpression or silencing of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 increased or decreased (respectively) the proliferation of OSCC cells in vitro. We next examined whether lncRNA HOXA-AS2 influenced OSCC cell tumor growth in vivo. We subcutaneously injected TSCCA-si-LncHOXA-AS2, SCC-9-si-LncHOXA-AS2 or vector control cells into nude mice and monitored the tumor growth daily. After the mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiment, the tumors were extracted, weighed and measured. The results showed that tumors grew more slowly in the si-LncHOXA-AS2 group than in the si-ctrl group (Figure 6A–C). Additionally, it was observed that miR-567 was up-regulated in the si-LncHOXA-AS2 group (Figure 6D), while the expression of CDK8 was down-regulated in the si-LncHOXA-AS2 group (Figure 6E and F). These in vivo results strongly supported our hypothesis that si-LncHOXA-AS2 inhibits OSCC tumor growth by releasing miR-567 to suppress CDK8 expression.

Figure 6 Silencing of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 inhibited OSCC tumor growth by releasing miR-567 to inhibit the expression of CDK8. TSCCA and SCC-9 cells with si-LncRNA HOXA-AS2 or its negative control were injected into nude mice to establish xenograft OSCC tumor models. (A) Images of tumor nodules excised at the end of the study. (B and C) The tumor volume and weight were analyzed. (D) The miR-567 expression in tumor tissues. (E) The CDK8 mRNA expression in the node mice tumor tissues were determined by RT-qPCR. (F) The CDK8 protein level in the node mice tumor tissues were determined by Western Blot. *Means P <0.05, **Means P<0.01, and ***Means P<0.001.

Discussion

Growing evidence has shown that lncRNAs play pivotal roles in regulating gene transcription, however, the mechanisms are complex and remain largely unclear. ^13–15,30 Recently, there have several studies that indicated that lncRNA HOXA11-AS was up-regulated in OSCC, ³¹ but the detailed functions and the mechanisms regulating the effects of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 in OSCC were unclear. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 in OSCC, and showed that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 promoted OSCC cell proliferation by sponging miR-567/CDK8. We also demonstrated that there appears to be a lncRNA HOXA-AS2-miR-567-CDK8 cell proliferation regulation network, which contributes to the development and progression of OSCC.

Our data, consistent across several OSCC cell lines, showed that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 was highly expressed in OSCC cells, and high expression of LncRNA HOXA-AS2 positively correlated with cell proliferation. In our clinical samples, lncRNA HOXA-AS2 was highly expressed in 46 OSCC patients, and the lncRNA HOXA-AS2 expression negatively correlated with the miR-567 expression, with a Pearson correlation r of −0.3164 (P <0.05). Based on these findings, we hypothesized that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 promoted OSCC cell proliferation by binding to miR-567 and acting as a miRNA sponge. To test this hypothesis, we first overexpressed lncRNA HOXA-AS2 in TSCCA and SCC-9 cells using a retrovirus packaging system. We found that overexpression of lncRNA HOXA-AS2 decreased miR-567 expression and increased the expression of its target gene, CDK8. These findings were associated with an increase in the proliferation of these cells. When we silenced lncRNA HOXA-AS2, the opposite was observed.

In addition, to explore the mechanism underlying these effects, a bioinformatic analysis was performed, and the data suggested that there was a potential miR-567 seed region binding site on lncRNA HOXA-AS2. To validate this finding, the predicted miR-567 binding site was mutated, and the mutant construct was inserted into the Gaussia Luciferase Reporter expression system. In accordance to our prediction, the mutant lncRNA HOXA-AS2 failed to inhibit miR-567 expression, and did not promote cell proliferation. Finally, based on these in vitro observations, we generated a xenograft OSCC tumor model in nude mice. Our in vivo results showed that the tumors grew slowly in the LncRNA HOXA-AS2 silenced group, which was in accordance with our in vitro data.

In summary, our current findings demonstrated that LncRNA HOXA-AS2 was highly expressed in OSCC, correlated with poorer clinical outcomes, and promoted OSCC cell proliferation via sponging miR-567. Therefore, LncRNA HOXA-AS2 appears to participate in OSCC development and progression, and may serve as a prognostic biomarker or as a potential therapeutic target.

Data Sharing Statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author (Zongyue Zeng) upon reasonable request.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

The animal use and care was approved by the Committee for Ethical Review of Research of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and all animal studies were performed according to the guidelines for the ethical review of laboratory animal welfare National Standard GB/T 35,892-2018 issued by the People’s Republic of China. The in vivo animal study was also carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. The ethical consent for patient participation was approved by the Committee for Ethical Review of Research Involving Human Subjects of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University according to the International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (CIOMS). Written informed consent was provided by all of the patients who participated in the study. Meanwhile, all the experiments on the clinical samples were done in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. Liuyang Zhao from The Chinese University of Hong Kong for technical support.