Usefulness of the desaturation–distance ratio from the six-minute walk test for patients with COPD

Abstract

Purpose

A straightforward, noninvasive method is needed to assess emphysema and pulmonary hypertension (PH) in COPD patients. The desaturation–distance ratio (DDR) is an index derived from the distance traveled and level of desaturation during a six-minute walk test (6MWT); it has previously been shown to be associated with percentage of forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (%FEV_1.0) and percentage of diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (%DLCO). The aim of this study was to examine the associations between DDR and emphysema and PH.

Patients and methods

We collected the following data for 74 stable COPD outpatients: lung function tests (%FEV_1.0 and %DLCO), 6MWT distance and desaturation, and area of emphysema on computed tomography (percentage of low attenuation area). Enlargement of the pulmonary artery (PA) was assessed by the ratio of the diameter of the PA to that of the aorta (PA:A ratio) as an index of PH. DDR was calculated by the distance traveled and the degree of desaturation reached during a 6MWT. The relationships between study outcomes were assessed with Spearman’s rank-correlation analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the threshold values with the optimum cutoff points for predicting severe or very severe airway obstruction, pulmonary diffusing capacity disorder, moderate or severe emphysema, and enlargement of the PA.

Results

DDR correlated significantly with %FEV_1.0, %DLCO, %LAA, and PA:A ratio. DDR showed high accuracy (area under the ROC curve >0.7) for predicting severe or very severe airway obstruction, pulmonary diffusing capacity disorder, moderate or severe emphysema, and enlargement of the PA.

Conclusion

The results suggest that DDR is a good index of emphysema and PH in COPD patients. The 6MWT is widely used to assess COPD, and DDR could help with the early diagnosis of COPD.

Keywords:

• six-minute walk test
• COPD
• desaturation–distance ratio
• exercise-induced oxygen desaturation
• emphysema
• pulmonary hypertension

Introduction

COPD is characterized by airflow obstruction and emphysema.^1,2 These two conditions commonly coexist, often with different degrees of severity;³ indeed, emphysema has been confirmed in smokers without airflow obstruction.^4–7 Emphysema affects quality of life and has been shown to be associated with exacerbations of COPD and deteriorating pulmonary function.⁷ Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an important serious comorbidity of COPD, which has been shown to be associated with the exacerbation of COPD and mortality.^8,9 Right heart catheterization (RHC) is the gold standard method for the diagnosis or evaluation of PH,^10,11 but it can be difficult in practice to provide all COPD patients with RHC because of its high degree of invasiveness.⁹ The ratio of the diameter of the pulmonary artery (PA) to that of the aorta (PA:A ratio), measured by computed tomography (CT), is an index for enlargement of the PA, a condition independently related to exacerbations in COPD patients.¹² The PA:A ratio has been reported to be superior to echocardiography in the diagnosis of resting PH in patients with severe COPD.¹³ Indeed, CT provides a range of information about COPD, including the extent of emphysema and PH, but it cannot be used in all situations. An easier noninvasive method that takes account of the various manifestations of COPD is needed for early diagnosis.

The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is a straightforward and low-cost test used worldwide to evaluate the exercise capacity of patients with COPD.¹⁴ The six-minute walk distance (6MWD) and the degree of exercise-induced oxygen desaturation (EID) measured during the 6MWT have been shown to be related to emphysema and PH in COPD patients.^15–18 The desaturation–distance ratio (DDR), calculated from the 6MWD and the degree of EID during the 6MWT, has recently been proposed as an index for the assessment of interstitial lung disease.¹⁹ The DDR has been shown to be associated with pulmonary function in COPD patients, including the degree of airflow obstruction and pulmonary diffusing capacity.^19,20 However, there have been no reports examining whether the DDR was related to the degree of emphysema or PH in COPD patients. The aim of this study, therefore, was to examine whether the DDR could be used to assess emphysema and PH in COPD patients.

Patients and methods

Study subjects

The outpatients with stable COPD who visited Kobe City Medical Center West Hospital between 2014 and 2016 were enrolled in this study. The diagnosis of COPD was based on the following criteria: age >40 years, a smoking history of ≥20 pack-years, and a ratio of the forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV_1.0) to forced vital capacity (FVC) <70%. The subjects were classified according to the Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) airflow limitation. In addition, clinical symptoms such as a chronic cough, sputum, or dyspnea and smoking history, and/or emphysema on CT were included in the physician’s diagnosis of COPD at risk (GOLD stage 0), even if FEV_1.0/FVC was >70%.^21–25 The following exclusion criteria were applied: a previous lung surgical procedure, exacerbation for at least 3 months prior to undergoing the 6MWT, inability to accurately perform the 6MWT, lung function test, and CT, and the use of long-term oxygen therapy. Figure 1 presents a flow diagram of subject enrollment. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Kobe University (N287, Kobe, Japan). All subjects provided written or verbal informed consent.

Figure 1 Subject enrollment.

Abbreviations: 6MWT, six-minute walk test; CT, computed tomography.

Data collection

The following information was collected for each subject: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), modified Medical Research Council dyspnea score, and smoking history in pack-years. In addition, each subject performed the 6MWT and underwent a lung function test and a CT scan to assess the extent of emphysema and evaluate the PA:A ratio.

Six-minute walk test

The 6MWT was administered according to the American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines.²⁶ It was performed indoors on a flat square course with 25-m long sides, supervised by a physician and a physical therapist. Each subject was asked to walk as far as possible around the course in six minutes, during which the modified Borg scale was recorded each minute as a measure of dyspnea. Every two seconds, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and pulse rate were recorded using WristOx (model 3150; Nonin Medical, Plymouth, MN, USA); these data were analyzed by WristOx2 software (Star Product, Tokyo, Japan).

The DDR was calculated as the ratio of the desaturation area (DA) to the 6MWD. We used two versions of the DDR (DDR-original and DDR-simple) based on different ways of calculating DA as proposed in previous studies.^19,20 For DDR-original, DA was obtained from the sum of the differences between 100% and the recorded SpO₂ sampled every two seconds.¹⁹ For DDR-simple, DA was obtained from the sum of the differences between 100% and the recorded SpO₂ sampled once a minute.²⁰

Lung function test

The lung function test was performed according to the ATS guidelines²⁷ and measured FVC, FEV_1.0, and the diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Each was expressed as percentages of the predicted values (%FVC, %FEV_1.0, and %DLCO, respectively).

Extent of emphysema and PA:A ratio

CT was performed using Optima CT 660 Discovery (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK). Emphysema was identified by the percentage of low attenuation area (%LAA) across all lung fields.^28–30 The Goddard Score was used as an index of the severity of emphysema.³¹

Measurement of the PA:A ratio followed the method described in previous studies.^12,13 The diameters of the PA and the aorta at the level of the bifurcation were measured on CT images. Because the diameter of the aorta was not uniform across different measurement points, two measurements were taken 90° apart, and the larger diameter was used in the analysis. The diameter of the PA was measured on the line joining the origin of the left PA to the center of the adjacent ascending aorta on the axial section. Enlargement of the PA was defined as PA:A ratio >1.¹³

Statistical analysis

The statistical analyses were performed with EZR (Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan). p-values <0.05 were considered to be significant. Data are presented as counts, percentages, or medians with the range or interquartile range.

Cohen’s κ-coefficient was used to evaluate the intraobserver and interobserver reliability for detecting PA:A ratio >1. Spearman’s rank-correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between study outcomes in the subjects and FEV_1.0/FVC <70%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to calculate the optimum cutoff values to predict %FEV_1.0 <50% as an index of severe or very severe airway obstruction,¹ %DLCO <75% as an index of pulmonary diffusing capacity disorder,^3,25 Goddard Score ≥8 as an index of moderate or severe emphysema,³¹ and PA:A ratio >1 as an index of PH.¹³ The optimum cutoff values were defined as the point on the ROC curve closest to the upper-left corner of the chart.

Results

The final analysis included 74 subjects (16 women and 58 men). Table 1 presents the subjects’ characteristics. The median age was 73 (range 67–78) years, the median BMI was 22.0 (19.9–23.8) kg/m², and the median %FEV_1.0 was 63.6% (47.0%–76.1%), with 25 of the subjects having FEV_1.0/FVC ≥70%. The κ-values for intraobserver and interobserver reliability for detecting PA:A ratio >1 were 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57–0.92) and 0.71 (95% CI 0.53–0.90), respectively.

Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects

Characteristic	All patients (n=74)
Age (years)	73 (67–78)
Sex, female (%)	16 (21.6)
FEV1.0/FVC ≥70% (%)	25 (33.8)
BMI (kg/m^2)	22.0 (19.9–23.8)
Smoking (pack-years)	45.5 (30.8–60.0)
GOLD (0/1/2/3/4)	25/7/23/17/2
mMRC (0/1/2/3/4)	0/13/50/10/1
Medication
LABA (%)/LAMA (%)/ICS (%)	44 (59.4)/44 (59.4)/22 (29.7)
%FVC (%)	80.7 (66.7–89.1)
%FEV1.0 (%)	63.6 (47.0–76.1)
%DLCO (%)	55.5 (43.4–72.6)
%LAA (%)	12.3 (3.9–24.9)
Goddard Score	5.5 (1–9)
PA:A ratio	0.94 (0.80–1.03)
PA:A ratio >1 (%)	33 (44.6)
6MWD (m)	411 (325–479)
Baseline SpO2 (%)	96 (95–97)
Lowest SpO2 (%)	91 (86–93)
ΔSpO2 (%)	4.5 (3.0–8.0)
Baseline PR (bpm)	75 (69–85)
Highest PR (bpm)	108 (100–115)
ΔPR (bpm)	30 (24–38)
Baseline BS	0 (0–0)
Highest BS	3 (0.5–5)
DA-original	1,294 (914–1,841)
DA-simple	45 (31–64)
DDR-original	2.9 (2.1–5.2)
DDR-simple	0.11 (0.07–0.18)

Notes: Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or count (%). ΔSpO₂ was defined as the change from baseline to the lowest SpO₂. ΔPR was defined as the change from baseline to the highest PR.

Abbreviations: FEV_1.0, forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration; FVC, forced vital capacity; BMI, body mass index; GOLD, Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council dyspnea score; LABA, long-acting β₂ agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; DLCO, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; LAA, low attenuation area; PA, pulmonary artery; A, aorta; 6MWD, six-minute walk distance; SpO₂, peripheral oxygen saturation; PR, pulse rate; BS, modified Borg scale; DA, desaturation area; DDR, desaturation–distance ratio.

Table 2 presents the results of the linear correlation analysis. DDR-original and DDR-simple correlated significantly with %FEV_1.0 (r=−0.312, p=0.006 and r=−0.317, p=0.006, respectively), %DLCO (r=−0.497, p<0.001 and r=−0.518, p<0.001, respectively), %LAA (r=0.381, p=0.001 and r=0.411, p<0.001, respectively), and PA:A ratio (r=0.553, p<0.001 and r=0.567, p<0.001, respectively). 6MWD correlated significantly with %DLCO (r=0.360, p=0.001) and PA:A ratio (r=−0.340, p=0.003). The lowest level of SpO₂ correlated significantly with %DLCO (r=0.400, p<0.001), %LAA (r=−0.542, p<0.001), and PA:A ratio (r=−0.562, p<0.001). DDR-original and DDR-simple showed stronger correlations with %FEV_1.0 for the subjects with FEV_1.0/FVC <70% (r=−0.438, p=0.001and r=−0.455, p=0.001, respectively) than for all the subjects. 6MWD and lowest SpO₂ both correlated significantly with %FEV_1.0 for the subjects with FEV_1.0/FVC <70% (r=0.313, p=0.043 and r=0.348, p=0.014, respectively).

Table 2 Linear correlations of the DDR and 6MWT outcomes with the factors of COPD

	%FEV1.0		%DLCO		%LAA		PA:A ratio
	r	p-value	r	p-value	r	p-value	r	p-value
All subjects
DDR-original	−0.312	0.006	−0.497	<0.001	0.381	0.001	0.553	<0.001
DDR-simple	−0.317	0.006	−0.518	<0.001	0.411	<0.001	0.567	<0.001
6MWD (m)	0.205	0.079	0.360	0.001	0.078	0.519	−0.340	0.003
Lowest SpO2 (%)	0.227	0.068	0.400	<0.001	−0.542	<0.001	−0.562	<0.001
Subjects with FEV1.0/FVC <70%
DDR-original	−0.438	0.001	−0.569	<0.001	0.350	0.016	0.444	0.001
DDR-simple	−0.455	0.001	−0.586	<0.001	0.373	0.010	0.459	<0.001
6MWD (m)	0.313	0.043	0.435	0.001	0.102	0.497	−0.306	0.032
Lowest SpO2 (%)	0.348	0.014	0.417	0.002	−0.546	<0.001	−0.459	<0.001

Note: Spearman’s rank-correlation analysis was used to assess the correlations.

Abbreviations: DDR, desaturation–distance ratio; 6MWT, six-minute walk test; FEV_1.0, forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration; DLCO, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; LAA, low attenuation area; PA, pulmonary artery; A, aorta; 6MWD, six-minute walk distance; SpO₂, peripheral oxygen saturation; FVC, forced vital capacity.

Table 3 shows the results of the ROC analysis. DDR-original, DDR-simple, and lowest SpO₂ all showed high accuracy (area under the ROC curve [AUC] >0.7) for predicting %FEV_1.0 <50%, %DLCO <75%, Goddard Score ≥8, and PA:A ratio >1. The threshold values to predict %FEV_1.0 <50% were determined for DDR-original (best cutoff point 4.0, AUC 0.73, 95% CI 0.62–0.85), DDR-simple (best cutoff point 0.14, AUC 0.74, 95% CI 0.63–0.85), and lowest SpO₂ (best cutoff point 89, AUC 0.72, 95% CI 0.60–0.84). The threshold values to predict %DLCO <75% were determined for DDR-original (best cutoff point 2.7, AUC 0.78, 95% CI 0.64–0.91), DDR-simple (best cutoff point 0.09, AUC 0.79, 95% CI 0.66–0.93), and lowest SpO₂ (best cutoff point 91, AUC 0.75, 95% CI 0.61–0.89). The threshold values to predict Goddard Score ≥8 were determined for DDR-original (best cutoff point 4.0, AUC 0.71, 95% CI 0.59–0.83), DDR-simple (best cutoff point 0.09, AUC 0.73, 95% CI 0.62–0.85), and lowest SpO₂ (best cutoff point 90, AUC 0.79, 95% CI 0.68–0.89). The threshold values to predict PA:A ratio >1 were determined for DDR-original (best cutoff point 2.8, AUC 0.82, 95% CI 0.72–0.91), DDR-simple (best cutoff point 0.1, AUC 0.83, 95% CI 0.73–0.92), and lowest SpO₂ (best cutoff point 89, AUC 0.86, 95% CI 0.77–0.95).

Table 3 The optimum cutoff and ROC curve parameters for the prediction of factors related to COPD

	Cutoff	Sensitivity	Specificity	AUC	95% CI
%FEV1.0 <50%
DDR-original	4.0	0.74	0.71	0.73	0.62–0.85
DDR-simple	0.14	0.72	0.71	0.74	0.63–0.85
6MWD (m)	395	0.68	0.62	0.65	0.51–0.79
Lowest SpO2 (%)	89	0.70	0.67	0.72	0.60–0.84
%DLCO <75%
DDR-original	2.7	0.88	0.66	0.78	0.64–0.91
DDR-simple	0.09	0.88	0.73	0.79	0.66–0.93
6MWD (m)	375	0.88	0.45	0.63	0.49–0.77
Lowest SpO2 (%)	91	0.81	0.68	0.75	0.61–0.89
Goddard Score ≥8
DDR-original	4.0	0.73	0.62	0.71	0.59–0.83
DDR-simple	0.09	0.60	0.90	0.73	0.62–0.85
6MWD (m)	425	0.62	0.55	0.55	0.41–0.68
Lowest SpO2 (%)	90	0.69	0.76	0.79	0.68–0.89
PA:A ratio >1
DDR-original	2.8	0.73	0.85	0.82	0.72–0.91
DDR-simple	0.1	0.73	0.82	0.83	0.73–0.92
6MWD (m)	395	0.71	0.55	0.64	0.51–0.77
Lowest SpO2 (%)	89	0.85	0.72	0.86	0.77–0.95

Note: An ROC curve was judged as indicating high accuracy when AUC was >0.7.

Abbreviations: ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUC, area under the ROC curve; CI, confidence interval; FEV_1.0, forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration; DLCO, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; PA, pulmonary artery; A, aorta; DDR, desaturation–distance ratio; 6MWD, six-minute walk distance; SpO₂, peripheral oxygen saturation.

Discussion

We investigated the association among DDR, emphysema, and PH in stable COPD patients in this study. This study had two main findings. First, DDR showed to be correlated with emphysema and PH. Second, DDR-original and DDR-simple showed similar results in all the analyses. DDR may become an effective index to assess COPD with a high versatility because it can be calculated from the results of 6MWT used worldwide. Therefore, it was worth to find a new possibility of DDR in this study.

DDR was first proposed in 2010 as a new index for the assessment of interstitial lung diseases,¹⁹ with the simple version of DDR proposed in 2014 as an index for the assessment of the exercise capacity of COPD patients.²⁰ These previous studies investigated the associations between DDR and %FEV_1.0 or %DLCO but not associations between DDR and the indexes of emphysema and PH.^19,20 The present study demonstrated the further usefulness of DDR as an indicator of emphysema or PH in COPD patients. Unlike the individual outcomes of the 6MWT (6MWD and SpO₂), DDR was related significantly with all of the parameters associated with COPD (%FEV_1.0, %DLCO, %LAA, and PA:A ratio); DDR also demonstrated a strong ability to predict %FEV_1.0 <50%, %DLCO <75%, Goddard Score ≥8, and PA:A ratio >1. DDR could, therefore, become a useful index that reflects the degree of not only airflow obstruction and pulmonary diffusing capacity disorder but also emphysema and PH, superior to both 6MWD and the lowest SpO₂ individually.

Emphysema is a disorder that involves the destruction of alveoli caused by a decline in alveolar surface area and the elasticity of the lung.^32,33 The destruction of alveoli progresses before symptoms appear or the lung function declines.³⁴ Emphysema affects the patient’s quality of life and is associated with exacerbations and deteriorating pulmonary function in subjects without airflow obstruction, even when the degree of emphysema is mild.⁷ It has been reported that PH can be caused by the combined results of hypoxia, inflammation, and capillary loss in emphysema³⁵ and that there was an association of PH with exercise capacity and mortality in COPD patients.^36,37 The early diagnosis of emphysema and PH is of great importance for COPD patients; however, it is not possible in practice to use CT or RHC for all patients or preliminary groups of COPD patients for the diagnosis of emphysema and PH. 6MWD and SpO₂ can be measured noninvasively and easily, and it has been reported that 6MWD and EID were each related to emphysema and PH.^15–18 DDR, an index derived from combining 6MWD and EID, was shown in this study to be associated with %LAA and PA:A ratio. Thus, it is suggested that DDR could become a useful index that indicates the extent of a patient’s emphysema and PH.

Both 6MWD and lowest SpO₂, which are widely used as indexes of COPD conditions, showed significant correlations with %DLCO, but neither showed a significant correlation with %FEV_1.0. This contrasted with previous studies, which demonstrated associations between 6MWD or lowest SpO₂ and %FEV_1.0.^15,20 It is speculated that these results may have been due to including subjects without airflow obstruction in the analysis. As evidence for this, 6MWD and lowest SpO₂ showed significant correlations with %FEV_1.0 when only subjects with substantial airflow obstruction, indicated by FEV_1.0/FVC <70%, were included in the analysis. It has been reported that spirometry used to measure %FEV_1.0 underdiagnosed mild or early-stage COPD.³⁸ Conversely, low DLCO was observed in ex-smokers without airflow obstruction, and DLCO has been known to be a sensitive index of early-stage COPD.^3,39 In the present study, DDR showed significant correlations with both %FEV_1.0 and %DLCO even when subjects without substantial airflow obstruction were included in the analysis. It is therefore suggested that DDR is superior to either 6MWD or lowest SpO₂ individually in indicating COPD conditions, regardless of the degree of airflow obstruction.

Finally, the results for DDR-original and DDR-simple were similar in all the analyses. This suggests that DDR-simple is not inferior to DDR-original in screening COPD conditions. DDR-original requires a special device to record SpO₂ continuously and analyze DA, whereas DDR-simple can be calculated using a conventional device such as a normal pulse oximeter. This makes DDR useful for the assessment of COPD patients in any situation, such as cases receiving medical treatment at home or at facilities other than hospitals, without the need for special devices.

This study had some limitations. First, it was a retrospective study at a single center, and the sample size was small. The influence of sex was not examined in this study, even though it has been reported that smoking affects women to a greater extent than men. Second, echocardiography was not performed for all the subjects, and medical history information regarding left ventricular dysfunction was not included in this study even though left ventricular dysfunction causes PA enlargement. These findings should be further inspected by a larger, ideal, multicenter, and prospective clinical trial that would take electrocardiography and ventricular function into consideration.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggested that DDR could be a useful index for the assessment of COPD patients. The 6MWT is an easy and low-cost method for the assessment of exercise capacity in these patients. DDR demonstrated a better ability than the other 6MWT measures to predict %FEV_1.0 <50%, %DLCO <75%, Goddard Score ≥8, and PA:A ratio >1, so its use could help with the early diagnosis of COPD.

Author contributions

Yukari Fujimoto involved in the conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and drafting the article. Yutaro Oki, Masahiro Kaneko, and Akira Ishikawa involved in the conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and revising the article. Hideki Sakai and Shogo Misu involved in the acquisition of data and revising the article. Takumi Yamaguchi, Yuji Mitani, and Hisafumi Yasuda involved in the conception and design of the study, interpretation of data, and revising the article. All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and critically revising the paper and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the members of the Department of Rehabilitation, Kobe City Medical Center West Hospital, including Akihiro Honda, Chisato Nagatani, Takashi Kadooka, Shoko Mitani, Haruko Yamamoto, and Kumi Takamori for cooperation in acquisition of data, and the members of the Department of Community Health Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, including Akio Yamamoto, Kazuki Takahashi, Shigefumi Murakami, Kaoru Hanaie, Kentaro Iwata, Yoji Yamada, Yu Watanabe, Takuya Sawada, Kanji Yamada, Yusuke Iwata, Ken Umehara, and Keita Ohashi for constructive comments on this paper. The authors also thank Enago (Tokyo, Japan) for text correction.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.