Activities of Daily Living and Life-Space Mobility in Older Adults with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate whether limitation during the performance of activities of daily living (ADL) was associated with life-space mobility in older people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to generate a regression model for life-space mobility score.

Patients and Methods

This cross-sectional study with a convenience sample included older people (aged ≥60 years old) with COPD. We assessed participants’ lung function (spirometry), life-space mobility (University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment questionnaire), severity of dyspnea (Modified Dyspnea Index) and limitation during the performance of ADL (London Chest Activity of Daily Living). We used Pearson’s correlation to investigate the associations between the measures, and multiple linear regression to detect which of the measures influenced life-space mobility. Statistical significance was set at 5%.

Results

Fifty participants completed all the assessments (29 females [58%]; mean ± SD age of 67 ± 6 years old, FEV₁ 47 ± 29% of predicted, and body mass index 22.5 ± 11.6 kg/m²). Their mean scores for life-space mobility and for limitation during the performance of ADL were 49.7 ± 27.2 and 16.46 ± 9.74, respectively. We found a strong inverse correlation between limitation during the performance of ADL and life-space mobility (r = −0.57, p = <0.01) as well as between severity of dyspnea and life-space mobility (r= 0.86, p= <0.01). Both sex and limitation during the performance of ADL were considered as independent factors associated to life-space mobility (R²= 0.56).

Conclusion

In this study, limitations during the performance of ADL and dyspnea had a strong correlation with life-space mobility in older adults with COPD. Also, alongside sex, the limitation during the performance of ADL is an independent factor associated with life-space mobility in a regression model.

Keywords:

• COPD
• older adult
• mobility limitation
• activities of daily living

Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) leads to progressive worsening of dyspnea and fatigue, a more inactive lifestyle as well as physical deconditioning, which is aggravated by normal aging.¹ Peripheral muscle dysfunction caused by COPD may have an important impact on functional capacity, making older people with COPD both more prone to disability and less independent when performing activities of daily living.² Therefore, instruments that adequately assess limitations during the performance of activities of daily living can provide information on the effectiveness of the therapeutic strategies offered to people with COPD undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation programs.³

Limitation during the performance of activities of daily living in people with COPD can be assessed using the London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale.² However, an accurate measure of the individual’s physical function requires more than the assessment of their performance during activities of daily living. This is because physical function also encompasses the individual’s participation in social activities.⁴ The University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment questionnaire provides a measure of participation in social activities.⁵ Limitations on life-space mobility assessed by this questionnaire reflected more the individuals’ lifestyle than the physical ability.⁵ Life-space mobility is scored considering how far, how independent, and how frequent an older adult is able to move.⁶ The score considers the places the person went (bedroom/other room of the house, outside area of the house, neighborhood, other neighborhoods, and other cities), how frequent they moved among these places (less than once a week, 1 to 3 times per week, 4 to 6 times per week, daily), and how independent they moved (personal assistance needed, equipment needed, or no personal assistance or equipment).⁶ Life-space mobility has been used to assess mobility of community-dwelling older people with different disease profile, disability levels, as well as different environmental and social resources. In addition, this measure may show the individual’s inability to participate in social activities, as engagement in social activities demands people to move through life-spaces.⁵ Hence, life-space mobility can be influenced by environmental, cognitive and physical factors.⁷ Being female and older is associated with greater limitations on life-space mobility. In addition, women and older adults have greater limitations on their autonomy.⁸ Of note, in older people, impairment in life-space mobility seems to lead to worse quality of life,⁷ social isolation,⁹ symptoms of depression¹⁰ and may lead to physical inactivity.

Therefore, in order to develop interventions aimed at improving functional independence and participation in social activities of older people with COPD, it is important to investigate the association between the systemic effects of COPD and life-space mobility. The University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment questionnaire has already been used in older people with COPD,¹¹ and a relationship between the systemic effects of COPD (such as dyspnea and peripheral muscle strength) and life-space mobility was found.¹¹ However, there is a lack of information on the relationship between the performance during activities of daily living and life-space mobility in this population. Hence, the aim of the current study was to investigate whether limitation during the performance of activities of daily living was associated with life-space mobility in older people with COPD, and to generate a regression model for life-space mobility score.

Materials and Methods

Participants

This cross-sectional study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee from both the UNICID (CAAE: 29380314.0.0000.0064) and the Mandaqui’s Hospital Group (CAAE: 29380314.0.3001.5551), where participant recruitment and data collection were undertaken from January to May 2017. This study had no sample size calculation because it was conducted secondarily to the one previously published,¹¹ therefore we used a convenience sample. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Of the 70 older people with COPD from the Respiratory Medicine service of the Mandaqui’s Hospital Group who were deemed eligible for inclusion, 50 (71%) took part in the study. The other 20 older people with COPD who were eligible declined to participate in the study. The inclusion criteria were: older adults aged ≥60 years old, under the care and management of physicians from the outpatient Respiratory Medicine clinic of the Mandaqui’s Hospital Group for at least 6 months, and with a post-bronchodilator FEV₁/FVC < 70% predicted.¹ Exclusion criteria comprised: presence of musculoskeletal or cognitive limitations that could compromise participant safety during the assessments or completion of the assessments, participation in pulmonary rehabilitation program or regular physical activity in the past 6 months, and presence of a physician-diagnosed respiratory symptom related to heart disease or non-respiratory causes.

Procedures

Each potential participant was invited to take part in the study and, following written, informed consent, they underwent the assessments that determined whether they met the eligibility criteria for the study. Subsequently, eligible participants were instructed on the study procedures and measures were collected of medical history and anthropometric data, lung function, severity of dyspnea, life-space mobility, and limitation during the performance of activities of daily living.

Measurements

Medical History and Anthropometric Data

The study data collection sheet included data on: personal details, anthropometric measures (height and body-weight measured according to the recommendations of the National Institute of Health, Heart, Lung and Blood),¹² comorbidities, smoking history (non-smoker, current or ex-smoker), smoking load in pack years (number of cigarette packs/day multiplied by the number of years of cigarette smoking), alcohol consumption, presence of respiratory symptoms (cough, expectoration, wheeze or dyspnea), and disease severity according to the GOLD criteria (GOLD 1 – Mild: FEV₁ ≥ 80% of the predicted; GOLD 2 – Moderate: 50%≤ FEV₁< 80% of the predicted; GOLD 3 – Severe: 30%≤ FEV₁< 50% of the predicted; GOLD 4 – Very severe: FEV₁<30% of the predicted).¹

Lung Function

Lung function was measured via spirometry (Spirobank II – Medical International Research, EUA), following the technical procedures and the acceptability and reliability criteria from the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society.¹³ We registered the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flow from 25% to 75% of the vital capacity (FEF_25–75%). Results were expressed in absolute values and as percentage of the predicted value for a healthy Brazilian population.¹⁴

Life-Space Mobility

To assess life-space mobility we used the Brazilian version of the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment questionnaire.^15–17 The questionnaire includes questions pertaining to five levels of spaces that the individual visited in the 4 weeks prior to the assessment. The items of the questionnaire include: life-space level (room where the person sleeps, other room in their home, areas outside their home, neighborhood, other neighborhoods within their city, and other cities), frequency (less than once a week, one to three times per week, four to six times per week or everyday) and level of independence (personal assistance, equipment only, no equipment or personal assistance).^15,18 The final score ranges from 0 to 120, and it combines the scores for each life-space level. Higher scores indicate greater life-space mobility.¹⁵

Severity of Dyspnea

We used the Brazilian version of the Modified Dyspnea Index (MDI) to assess the severity of dyspnea.¹⁹ The MDI comprises three domains: functional impairment, magnitude of task and magnitude of effort. Two separate scores are used to inform functional impairment: one to measure functional impairment at home, and the other one to measure functional impairment in the workplace. These two scores are combined to derive a composite score for functional impairment, which ranges from 0 to 4. The scores for the domain’s magnitude of task and magnitude of effort also range from 0 to 4 and, therefore, the total score of the MDI ranges from 0 to 12. Lower scores indicate more severe dyspnea.¹⁹

Limitation During the Performance of Activities of Daily Living

To this measure, we used the Brazilian version of the London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale, which has been demonstrated to be valid and reliable.^2,20 The London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale comprises 15 items grouped in five domains: self-care (four items), domestic activities (six items), physical activity (two items), and leisure activities (three items). Each item is scored from 0 to 5. The responses are as follows: 0 – would not do it anyway; 1 – I do not get breathless; 2 – I get moderately breathless; 3 – I get very breathless; 4 – I cannot do this anymore, and; 5 – someone else does it for me. Each domain is scored separately, and a total score is calculated by summing the scores of the four domains. Higher scores indicate greater limitation during the performance of activities of daily living.²

Statistical Analysis

We used descriptive statistics to report on clinical characteristics, severity of dyspnea, life-space mobility and limitation during the performance of activities of daily living. We conducted Pearson’s correlation to investigate the associations between age, BMI, FEV₁, severity of dyspnea and limitation during the performance of activities of daily living with life-space mobility. Weak, moderate and strong correlations were set at r= 0.10 to 0.29, r= 0.30 to 0.49, and r= 0.50 to 1, respectively.²¹ Further, we tested the following variables in the bivariate model: sex, body-mass index (BMI), smoking history, FEV₁, severity of dyspnea, and limitation during the performance of activities of daily living had on life-space mobility. The aim was to build a multiple linear regression using the variables which presented statistically significant association with life-space mobility score. Then, the final regression model included the sex and limitation during the performance of activities of daily living as independent variables, because these two were the only that demonstrated to be independently associated with life-space mobility (dependent variable). Statistical significance was set at 5%.

Results

Characteristics of Participants

Fifty participants aging 60 to 82 years old were included and completed all the assessments. The characteristics of participants including age, sex, anthropometric data, number of retirees, medical history, severity of dyspnea as well as the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment score (ranging from 22 to 90 points) and the London Chest Activity of Daily Living score are presented in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the scores on the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment questionnaire.

Table 1 Participant Characteristics (n=50)

Variables	Values
Age, years	67 ± 6
Female, n (%)	29 (58%)
Body weight, kg	59 ± 31
BMI, kg/m^2	22.5 ± 11.6
Retirees, n (%)	19 (38%)
Comorbidities, n (%)	30 (60%)
SAH, n (%)	26 (52%)
CHF, n (%)	6 (12%)
Diabetes, n (%)	11 (22%)
Current smoker, n (%)	33 (66%)
Alcohol consumption, n (%)	6 (12%)
Self-Reported Symptoms
Cough, n (%)	18 (36%)
Expectoration, n (%)	15 (30%)
Wheeze, n (%)	24 (48%)
Dyspnea, n (%)	43 (86%)
GOLD 1, n (%)	4 (8%)
GOLD 2, n (%)	27 (54%)
GOLD 3, n (%)	17 (34%)
GOLD 4, n (%)	2 (4%)
FEV1, % predicted	47 ± 29
FVC, % predicted	51 ± 29
FEF25–75%, % predicted	39 ± 31
Severity of dyspnea (MDI), units	6.26 ± 3.43
Life-space mobility, units	49.74 ± 27.21
Restricted life-space mobility, n (%)	25 (50%)
Limitation during ADL, units	16.46 ± 9.74
Self-care, units	4.7 ± 2.9
Domestic activities, units	5.1 ± 4.5
Physical activity, units	3.3 ± 1.9
Leisure, units	3.3 ± 2.0

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or absolute number (%); FEV₁, FVC, and FEF_25–75% are presented as % predicted.¹⁴ Restricted Life-Space mobility = the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment score ≤ 60.¹⁸

Abbreviations: n, absolute number; %, percentage; kg, kilogram; km/m,² kilogram/square meter; BMI, body mass index; SAH, systemic arterial hypertension; CHF, congestive heart failure; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEF_25–75%, forced expiratory flow from 25% to 75% of vital capacity; MDI, Modified Dyspnea Index; ADL, activities of daily living.

Figure 1 Distribution of life-space mobility scores among older adults with COPD.

Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Correlation Between Age, BMI, FEV₁, Severity of Dyspnea, Limitation of Activities of Daily Living and Life-Space Mobility

We found a strong inverse correlation between limitation during the performance of activities of daily living (London Chest Activity of Daily Living score) and life-space mobility, with power of 90% for alpha=0.05. Further, except for the domain “domestic activities”, that demonstrated a moderate inverse correlation, the three other domains of the London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale presented a strong inverse correlation with life-space mobility (Table 2; Figure 2).

Table 2 Correlations Between Life-Space Mobility, Age, BMI, FEV₁, Severity of Dyspnea and Limitation During the Performance of Activities of Daily Living in Older People with COPD

Variables	r	p-value
Age	−0.01	0.03
BMI	−0.19	0.18
FEV1	0.20	0.15
Severity of dyspnea (MDI)	0.86	<0.01
London scale total score	−0.57	<0.01
Self-care	−0.58	<0.01
Domestic activities	−0.33	0.01
Physical activity	−0.63	<0.01
Leisure activities	−0.56	<0.01

Notes: r, Pearson’s correlation; p-value, statistical significance of the Pearson’s correlation.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; MDI, Modified Dyspnea Index; London scale, London Chest Activity of Daily Living.

Figure 2 Correlations between Life-space mobility score of older adults with COPD and severity of dyspnea (A), and limitations of activities of daily living (B).

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; UAB, University of Alabama at Birmingham.

Regression Model of Life-Space Mobility

Sex and limitation during the performance of activities of daily living (assessed via the London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale) were considered factors that were independently associated with life-space mobility and were included in the regression model (Table 3). Dyspnea did not remain in the regression model, even though it strongly correlated with life-space mobility in the bivariate model. Hence, limitation during the performance of activities of daily living and sex were likely to provide an estimate of life-space mobility score (measured via the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment), with an R² = 0.56. The equation is as follows:

Table 3 Variables Included in the Regression Model (n=50)

Variables	R^2	p-value
London scale	0.40	<0.001
London scale + Sex	0.56	0.002

Notes: R², coefficient of determination; p-value, statistical significance for the multiple linear regression.

Abbreviation: London scale, London Chest Activity of Daily Living.

Discussion

Our results demonstrate that the limitation during the performance of activities of daily living is associated with life-space mobility in older people with COPD. The novel finding of the current study is the strong association between a variable that represents a systemic effect of COPD (limitation during the performance of activities of daily living) and the limited participation in social activities (life-space mobility) in this population.

The mobility of older people is associated with how well they maintain their functional independence as well as with their participation in social activities,^22,23 which are of paramount importance for the well-being of this population.²⁴ Specifically, life-space mobility encompasses physiological and psychological abilities that an individual needs to move along different spaces/places.²⁵ The assessment of life-space mobility quantifies the space, the frequency and the independence of older people traveling around the place where they live.¹⁵ Detecting this limitation supports a broader approach that aligns with the needs of these individuals to improve functional capacity.²⁶ Older people with COPD frequently present with limitations pertaining to their social life and functional capacity,²⁷ and our results confirm that their life-space mobility is decreased, as previously detected.¹¹ The systemic effects of COPD, such as peripheral muscle dysfunction and decreased exercise tolerance, may limit the performance of activities of daily living.²⁸ And decreased physical activity levels are associated with life-space mobility in older people with COPD.¹¹

The assessment of life-space mobility covers different activities performed by the individual inside and outside their home, including activities of daily living.¹⁵ Thus, limitations when traveling through life-spaces reflect limitations on the performance of activities of daily living.²⁹ When life-space mobility is diminished, limitations in the performance of activities of daily living and the impairment in physical activity levels may form a vicious cycle,²⁹ possibly resulting in loss of functional independence.³⁰ In addition, restrictions on independent travel through life-spaces can predict exacerbations and are associated with decreased exercise tolerance, increased dyspnea, and poor quality of life in people with COPD.³¹

Our results demonstrated that the severity of dyspnea is associated with life-space mobility of older people with COPD. In a previous study that included individuals with COPD, a strong association between dyspnea and mobility in the living space was also observed (r= −0.58, p<0.001),³¹ although less strong than in our study (r= 0.86, p<0.01). Both results show that worsening COPD symptoms are probably associated with lower social participation of people with COPD. In addition, dyspnea and depression have been shown to be associated with lower levels of physical activity in this same population,³² as well as depression, has been shown to be associated with the worse disease control independently of the level of airways obstruction.³³ Dyspnea is the main symptom of people with COPD, and it negatively affects their levels of physical activity.³⁴ Thus, dyspnea may lead to physical inactivity and peripheral muscle deconditioning.³⁵ And both peripheral muscle dysfunction and dyspnea impact life-space mobility of older people with COPD.¹¹

Our results also demonstrated that the limitation during the performance of activities of daily living, assessed by the London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale, is associated with life-space mobility of older people with COPD. Previous studies reported similar findings in other populations of older people.^16,36,37 Hence, interventions to increase independence in the performance of activities of daily living may result in improved quality of life of older people due to increased life-space mobility.³⁸

The London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale used in our study is a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the dyspnea-related limitation during the performance of activities of daily living in people with COPD.² This scale may also provide information on the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies included in pulmonary rehabilitation programs.³⁹ In addition, our results demonstrated that the limitation during the performance of activities of daily living is an independent factor associated with life-space mobility in older people with COPD. Increased limitation during the performance of activities of daily living predicts decreased life-space mobility, and this is likely to predict poorer quality of life.³⁸ Moreover, a previous study longitudinally identified that community-dwelling older people with reduced life-space mobility (LSA < 52.3 points) were more likely to develop inability to perform activities of daily living after 2 years. Considering that the average LSA of our population was less than 50 points, we can conclude that older people with COPD are more fragile and more likely to become more dependent earlier.⁴⁰ Reduction in life-space mobility is a predictor of poor cognition,⁴¹ decreased performance in activities of daily living,³⁸ and higher nursing home admission in older people.⁴² Therefore, limitation during the performance of activities of daily living is an important clinical outcome for older people.⁴⁰ Further, this outcome is a predictor of mortality in those with COPD.⁴³

According to our results, sex is another factor in the regression model of life-space mobility of older people with COPD. Our hypothesis is that males with COPD have greater muscle strength and muscle mass, better exercise capacity, lower susceptibility to tobacco damage and pulmonary hyperresponsiveness compared to females.⁴⁴ Further, males also present better functional capacity.⁴⁵ A previous study on older people living in the community has shown that, after adjusting for age and other factors, males scored higher in the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment questionnaire compared to females.¹⁵ Similar to the results of our study, in the regression model of that same previous study, 58% of the variability of scores obtained in the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment questionnaire was mainly explained by the variables sex and physical abilities (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Short Physical Performance Battery).¹⁵

Maintaining the ability to move (wherever, whenever and however you prefer) is an important factor in the aging process.²² Impairments in mobility decrease social activity participation²² and predict functional impairment in older people.⁴⁶ And these are aggravated by COPD, a disease known for negatively impacting levels of physical activity.⁴⁷ Further, low levels of physical activity in people with COPD are associated with higher hospital admission⁴⁸ and poorer survival.⁴⁹ Therefore, health professionals should be aware of the causes and develop interventions that may potentially increase mobility in older people with COPD who have impaired life-space mobility.

The University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment questionnaire has advantages over other instruments that only assess performance during activities of daily living or number of steps.⁵⁰ This questionnaire takes into consideration the performance score and the need for personal assistance or equipment used for personal mobility.⁵¹ A minority of people assessed reached scores that were either very close to the maximum or very close to the minimum score.^6,15 This finding has already been demonstrated in a previous study that was not able to detect ceiling and floor effects when applying this questionnaire in older people with COPD.⁵² In addition, the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment questionnaire is inexpensive and can be completed in approximately 5 mins, either in person or via telephone.¹⁵

Thus, the assessment of life-space mobility should be included as a standard for older adults with COPD to investigate their real-life ability to participate in social activities, go to the pharmacy, to the market or to a park. For example, noticing real changes in mobility in their daily lives may more likely encourage the individual to remain physically active after the end of the pulmonary rehabilitation program than to know that he or she can walk more meters in a corridor. Therefore, the use of the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment questionnaire should be a new strategy in programs such as pulmonary rehabilitation, both in research and clinical practice.

A limitation of our study is that participants’ responses to the questions of University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment questionnaire relied on their ability to remember their mobility over the past month. However, most individuals were accompanied by a partner or close relative, who helped to validate their responses. Another limitation is that the mean age of our study participants is lower when compared to the mean age of participants in studies undertaken in developed countries. However, in developing countries such as Brazil, the World Health Organization considers older people those aged ≥60 years old.⁵³ Further, older people with COPD in developing countries should have similar health conditions when compared to older people in developed countries who have the same disease severity and are older. Finally, the number of participants in this study was small and they all came from the same hospital, probably with common social and economic characteristics. This was because this study was conducted with secondary data from a previously published study.¹¹ However, for a correlation study, even being a convenience sample, 50 participants appear to be sufficient, since the test power for the primary outcome was calculated as 90%. Further studies including participants from other locations and follow up may add relevant information to our initial findings.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the limitation during the performance of activities of daily living and dyspnea has a strong correlation with life-space mobility in older adults with COPD in this study. Furthermore, alongside sex, limitation during the performance of ADL is an independent factor associated with life-space mobility.

Author Contributions

IFFG, CTT, MSMPS, and ACL contributed to the concept and design of this study and undertook data analysis and interpretation. All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting or revising the article, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

Isabel Fialho Fontenele Garcia, Carina Tiemi Tiuganji, Maria do Socorro Morais Pereira Simões and Adriana Claudia Lunardi declare no conflicts of interest in this work.

Acknowledgments

We thank the participants of this study. This project was funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP): grant numbers 2015/12614-9 and 2015/24982-2. The funding source had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, and approval of the manuscript. The study was conducted at the Pneumology service, Mandaqui’s Hospital Group, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.