Curative treatment can be an option for patients with metastatic squamous cell cancer of the head and neck

Abstract

Background

No specific study has focused on patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) at diagnosis. Due to high response rates of induction chemotherapy in chemo-naïve patients with localized disease, their prognosis should be better than patients with recurrent disease.

Methods

From January 1, 2008 to July 1, 2012, we retrospectively collected all patients’ records with SCCHN diagnosed as metastatic. Patients, disease, treatment and its results were analyzed. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

Of the 749 new patients treated for SCCHN in our institution, 16 (2.1%) were metastatic at diagnosis, of whom five had cytological results to prove it. Six patients died before treatment or had palliative care and ten received initial chemotherapy and then surgery and/or radiotherapy according to the primary response. Four patients treated with first-line chemotherapy with docetaxel-5FU-cisplatin (TPF) showed a complete response of metastatic lesions allowing locoregional treatment. The overall survival at 1 year and 3 years was 50% and 24%, respectively. The median survival was 7 months (1–72 months). Seven patients (43.7%) had a higher survival at 12 months, including five (31.5%) who are still alive without recurrence with a mean follow-up of 30 months. There was a significant difference in overall survival (P<0.01) between patients who had chemotherapy with TPF versus other therapeutic protocols. The median survival of patients with lung metastases only was 15 months (1–72 months), significantly higher than that of patients with liver and/or bone localizations, which was 2 months (1–9 months).

Conclusion

Patients with metastatic SCCHN treated by TPF followed by multimodal treatment could achieve long survival.

Keywords:

• squamous cell carcinoma
• head and neck
• metastases
• TPF
• cetuximab

Introduction

To our knowledge, there has been no specific study on patients who present with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), which represents between 1.5% and 16.8% of newly diagnosed cancer patients.^1–3 These patients are typically included in studies of patients with relapse whose prognosis is poor, with a survival of 10.1 months in Phase III studies with the best results.⁴ However, it is noteworthy that in patients receiving treatment for the first time, the response rates of SCCHN to induction chemotherapy ranges from 68% to 72%, among the highest rates for solid tumors.^5,6 Moreover, studies have shown that for some localized tumors, chemotherapy alone resulted in a cure.^7,8 More recently, a case report showed that it was possible to achieve long-term remission in a patient with a metastatic oropharyngeal tumor.⁹ Together these elements lead us to believe that the initial treatment of some of these metastatic patients could be curative.

The main objective of this study was to show from the study of a registry that prolonged survival is possible with multimodal treatment combining chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy in some metastatic patients.

The secondary objectives were to establish an epidemiological profile of metastatic patients and to identify indications making it possible to revise the purpose of treatment for highly selected patients.

Materials and methods

From January 1, 2008 to July 1, 2012, all new patients with SCCHN identified from the Multidisciplinary Consultation Meeting registry were sent to the Lyon Sud Hospital Center (referral center).

Patients with nasopharyngeal or sinusoidal-nasal carcinoma were excluded.

We then observed in this group all patients who were diagnosed as metastatic and treated as such.

We collected data on age, sex, performance status for general health, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, T stage, N stage, the site of metastases, diagnostic procedures, therapeutic decision and its implementation, as well as evolution of the disease in the patient. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

Patients

From January 1, 2008 to July 1, 2012, 888 new patients were identified from the Lyon Sud hospital center Multidisciplinary Consultation Meeting registry, including 749 with cancer of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx. Of these patients, 16 (2.1%) were metastatic (14 men, 2 women) with a mean age of 61.7 years (48–89 years). Fourteen patients were tobacco smokers (more than 10 pack-years), and five patients also had a high daily alcoholic consumption.

The diagnosis of metastases was made using a cervico-thoracic computed tomography (CT) scan for all patients, supplemented by a positron emission tomography (PET) scan for five patients, cytology for five patients, and bone scintigraphy for one patient.

The main characteristics of patients and their tumors are listed in Table 1.

Table 1 Patients and tumor characteristics

Patients (N=16)	Age	PS	Tumor localization	Tumor stage	Node stage	Metastasis localization	Metastasis cytology/histology
1	49	0	Hypopharynx	T3	N2	L	Y
2	58	0	Oropharynx	T2	N2c	L	N
3	66	0	Larynx	T4	N0	L	Y
4	89	2	Larynx	T3	N0	L	N
5	69	3	Oropharynx	T4	N1	L/Li	N
6	48	0	Larynx	T2	N2c	L	N
7	58	2	Oropharynx	T3	N3	Li	Y
8	54	0	Larynx	T3	N2c	Li/B	Y
9	60	1	Hypopharynx	T4	N0	L	N
10	80	NA	Hypopharynx	T4	N0	L	N
11	53	NA	Hypopharynx	NA	NA	L/Li/B	N
12	54	2	Oropharynx	T3	N3	L/B	N
13	61	0	Oral cavity	T2	N0	L	Y
14	81	3	Hypopharynx	T3	N0	L	N
15	59	0	Oropharynx	T2	N3	L	N
16	49	1	Oral cavity Larynx	T3 T2	N3	L	N

Abbreviations: PS, performance status; NA, not available; L, lung; Li, liver; B, bone; Y, yes; N, no.

Therapeutic strategy

Four patients were not treated: they either died before any treatment (n=2) or only supportive care was given (n=2).

Ten patients were treated with initial chemotherapy. Among these patients, the treatment program was carried out fully in 70% of cases (n=7), one patient died after the first course from evolution of the disease; and poor tolerance did not allow continuation of treatment for two others.

Four patients treated with first-line chemotherapy with docetaxel-5FU-cisplatin (TPF) showed a complete response of metastatic lesions allowing locoregional treatment with surgery and/or radiotherapy in the head and neck region. Two patients had maintenance treatment with cetuximab after radiotherapy.

One patient had tumor surgery with neck dissection; and resection of two lung metastases followed by cervical radiotherapy.

One patient first had tumor surgery and neck dissection followed by cervical radiotherapy plus cetuximab.

The sequence of initial treatment for the 16 patients included is summarized in Table 2.

Table 2 Results

Patients (N=16)	Metastasis localization	Treatment	Number of cycles	T resp	N resp	M resp	Status	Survival (months)
1	L	TPF/RTPE-E/SM	6	CR	CR	CR	A	72,00
2	L	TPF/RTPE	4	CR	CR	CR	A	43,00
3	L	TPF/RTPE	6	CR	CR	P	D	22,00
4	L	SC		–	–	–	D	4,00
5	L/Li	MTX	4	P	P	P	D	2,00
6	L	TPF/STN/RT	3	CR	CR	CR	A	18,00
7	Li	SC		–	–	–	D	1,00
8	Li/B	TPF/RTPE	6	CR	CR	P	D	9,00
9	L	TPF	1	–	–	–	D	<1
10	L	SC		–	–	–	D	5,00
11	L/Li/B	EXT	1	P	P	P	D	2,00
12	L/B	CAE-5	1	P	P	P	D	<1
13	L	STN+SM/RTP		CR	CR	CR	A	20,00
14	L	SC		–	–	–	D	<1
15	L	TPF/RTPE-E/SN	5	CR	CR	CR	A	52,00
16	L	STN/RTPE		CR	CR	CR	D	15,00

Note: Patient number, age, metastasis location, treatments, number of cycles (chemotherapy), response, status, and survival in months.

Abbreviations: T resp, response of the primary tumor; N resp, response of nodes; M resp, response of metastases; L, lung; Li, liver; B, bone; TPF, docetaxel-cisplatin-5FU; RTPE, radiotherapy with cetuximab; EXT, EXTREME study (cisplatin 5FU and cetuximab); TPE-E, RTPE + cetuximab in maintenance; SC, supportive care; MTX, methotrexate; RTP, radiotherapy with cisplatin; CAE-5, carboplatin AUC-5 cetuximab; AUC, area under the curve; STN, surgery tumor and nodes; RT, radiotherapy; SM, surgery of metastasis; SN, surgery of nodes; CR, complete response; P, partial response; A, alive; D, dead; resp, response.

Survival

The overall survival at 1 year and 3 years was 50% and 24%, respectively. The median survival was 7 months (1–72 months) (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Overall survival.

Five patients are alive, including four with no evidence of disease at 14, 20, 52, and 72 months after diagnosis, respectively.

There was a significant difference in overall survival (P<0.01) between patients who had chemotherapy with TPF versus other therapeutic protocols (Figure 2). Seven patients (43.7%) had a higher survival at 12 months, including five who are still alive without recurrence with a mean follow-up of 30 months. All these patients received multimodal treatment.

Figure 2 Comparison of overall survival.

Abbreviation: TPF, docetaxel-cisplatin-5FU.

The median survival of patients with lung metastases only was 15 months (1–72 months), significantly higher than that of patients with liver and/or bone localizations, which was 2 months (1–9 months) (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Comparison of survival between metastatic localizations (survival time).

The results for each patient are summarized in Table 2.

Discussion

The treatment of patients with metastatic SCCHN is poorly documented. Studies found in the literature focus mainly on the treatment of secondary metastases, the incidence of which varies from 9.2% to 38%, depending on the study.^10,11 When diagnosing SCCHN, the percentage of metastatic patients is lower, ranging from 1.5% to 16.8%.^2,3 In the largest published series we found on 73,247 new patients, 2.82% had immediate metastases,¹ this percentage is close to our study (2.13%). These figures are dependent on diagnostic tools used to investigate possible secondary localizations. Modern imaging, in particular CT and PET-CT, increases the sensitivity of detection but the false positive rate is about 5%.¹²

Diagnostic confirmation of secondary lesions should be based on histological evidence, evidence that in practice is not always easy to obtain and often cannot differentiate a primary from a secondary lesion for pulmonary localizations. Because of these constraints, we only have five patients in our study with a histological diagnosis of metastases; for the other patients the initial diagnosis was based on imaging parameters (CT/PET), and for four patients evolution of the tumor confirmed the secondary lesions a posteriori.

The presence of distant metastases is involved in the therapeutic decision, and the proposed treatment is based on generally palliative chemotherapy. The prognosis is poor with a median survival of 1–12 months and 88% of patients die in the year following diagnosis.¹² The type of chemotherapy in these patients is not codified as efficacy studies are carried out on patients with metachronous metastases, who are rarely chemotherapy-naïve. Presumably these two patient populations are different. Indeed, when we compare the response rate obtained by first line palliative chemotherapy (10%–53%)^4,13–15 with those obtained with induction chemotherapy (68%–72%)^5,6 the difference is significant, which means that treatment-naïve SCCHN tumors are very chemo-sensitive tumors. In addition, studies have shown that it is possible to obtain cures with chemotherapy alone in patients with locally advanced non-metastatic SCCHN.^7,8 It therefore does not seem illogical to propose a curative treatment in some metastatic patients.

In our study, patients who were in good general condition were treated according to the standard induction protocol with TPF to allow the best possible locoregional control. As expected,¹⁶ this chemotherapy is relatively toxic with two patients who had to stop due to side effects. After chemotherapy, local surgery was performed followed by radiation for patients with complete response on metastase and for who it remains only a locally advanced disease. Indeed, even if the disease is incurable, it is important in terms of quality of life to avoid locoregional evolution at all costs. When this was possible, surgery of metastases was performed. Our seven patients treated with this multidisciplinary approach had a longer than 12 months survival, with a median of 30.8 months and four treated patients remain disease-free at 14, 20, 52, and 72 months.

The role of surgery in metastatic patients remains controversial. It can be used on tumor, lymph node, or metastases. It generally allows a better quality of survival, better control of symptoms, and prevents rupture of big vessels and the need for tracheotomy.¹⁷ Metastatic surgery mainly addresses secondary pulmonary lesions, but may be indicated for certain liver lesions.⁹ In the literature, pulmonary metastasectomy is associated with improved survival, these data concern limited retrospective studies that do not relate specifically to immediate metastases.^18–20

The role of radiotherapy is also debatable. In the literature, a single-center, retrospective study by Ampil et al including seven metastatic patients found a prolonged survival of 14 months for four irradiated patients versus 5.5 months for three non-irradiated patients.²¹

The type of chemotherapy as potentiation of the radiotherapy is a function of the chemotherapy initially administered. We know that after four or more courses of TPF, tolerance is better if radiotherapy is potentiated with cetuximab than with cisplatin.^22,23 Continuation of cetuximab as maintenance is based on data from Vermorken et al’s study.⁴ Since the prognosis of human papillomavirus (HPV) positive tumors has clearly been demonstrated to be better, it should be interesting to have the HPV status. Unfortunately it was not possible because it was not routine practice. Today it is done only for clinical trials. But in our study, only two out of seven patients with a survival longer than 15 months have cancer of the oropharynx that is known to be the major site for HPV positive tumors.

Conclusion

For patients with immediate metastases, our study suggests that when the patient’s general condition allows it, treatment by chemotherapy induction with TPF type has a good outcome, particularly on metastases. Optimal locoregional treatment with surgery and/or radiotherapy may be proposed to ensure local control. Resection of residual metastases seems beneficial. This multidisciplinary approach results in a large number of long-term survivors without evidence of recurrence (four out of seven patients eligible for this approach).

Disclosure

Philippe Céruse is a member of the board of Merck Serono. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.