Two Cases of Giant Molluscum Contagiosum on the Eyelids of HIV Patients Successfully Treated with Adjuvant Self-Applied Topical 20% Potassium Hydroxide Solution

Abstract

Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is an infectious disease caused by the MC virus. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, MC has an atypical predilection and prominence, sometimes measuring more than 1 cm in diameter, known as giant MC. Giant MC lesions on the eyelids are rare. There is no standardized therapy for eyelids MC in HIV patients. Antiretroviral (ARV) administration is recommended as the primary treatment for MC in HIV patients along with other treatment modalities, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). The 20% KOH solution is a keratolytic agent with good efficacy as MC therapy. Two cases of giant MC on the eyelids of stage 2 HIV patients with respective CD4+ of 31 cells/μL and 46 cells/μL were reported. The lesions consisted of multiple confluent papules with central umbilication, and Tzanck smear revealed Henderson–Patterson bodies. Both patients were treated with ARV and self-applied 20% KOH solution once daily. The lesions improved after four weeks of therapy in both patients with most of the lesions diminished. The successful treatment with 20% KOH solution for giant MC on the eyelids of HIV patients observed in the current study provides evidence that treatment with this solution yielded prompt results, is non-toxic, and can be self-applied.

Keywords:

• eyelids
• giant molluscum contagiosum
• HIV
• potassium hydroxide solution
• KOH
• human immunodeficiency virus

Introduction

Approximately 5–18% immunocompromised patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experienced molluscum contagiosum (MC),^1,2 with lesions occurring in up to one-third of patients with CD4+ level of less than 100 cells/μL.² The classic MC lesions consists of pearl-like, dome-shaped, centrally-umbilicated discrete papules, measuring 3–5 mm in diameter, that usually resolve spontaneously.^1–3 MC in HIV patients can occur in atypical predilection sites including the eyelids, and tend to be prominent, measuring more than 1 cm in diameter, known as giant MC.^1–4 To date, antiretroviral drugs (ARV) is the only standardized therapy allowed for MC in HIV patients.^2,5 In these patients, MC rarely resolves spontaneously, and adjuvant therapy is needed to accelerate resolution.⁵ Treatment for MC is also indicated for aesthetically-disturbing lesions.² Potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution is a keratolytic, destructive agent which can be used as MC therapy with high effectiveness. It is also relatively easy to use, and inexpensive.^6,7 This case report aims to present two cases of giant MC on the eyelids of HIV patients successfully treated with ARV and adjuvant self-administered topical 20% KOH solution.

Case 1

A 36-year-old male presented with multiple papules on the upper and lower right and left eyelids. Seven months prior to consult, acne-like, pin-point sized, mildly pruritic papules appeared on the patient’s right cheek. The papules multiplied and appeared on the right upper eyelid within a month. Patient often rubbed the papules on the right upper eyelids, which then increases in number and size, became confluence, and spread to the right lower eyelid measuring more than 1 cm in diameter (Figure 1A and B). The complaint is occasionally followed by eye redness and discharge with no blurred vision or pain. Difficulty in opening the eye was more prominent in the last two weeks. The patient was diagnosed with HIV in 2012 and started ARV therapy in 2017. CD4+ value was 31 cells/μL. Tzanck smear from skin lesion on the forehead revealed Henderson–Paterson bodies as round hyperbasophilic mass (Figure 1C). The patient was diagnosed with giant MC on the eyelids and stage 2 HIV. We consulted the patient to an ophthalmologist who suggested excisional surgery, but the patient refused the option. The patient was then treated with self-administered 20% KOH solution applied once daily at night. The application methods were as follows: the surrounding healthy skin was covered with vaseline album, the upper and lower eyelids covered with wet gauze to prevent the solution from dripping or irritating the eye, then the 20% KOH solution was spread evenly using a cotton tip on the skin lesions. Follow up visit one week later revealed superficial ulceration with crusts on most papules on the right eyelids. The patient’s complaint of red eyes remained, but with no blurred vision or pain (Figure 2A). The patient was again referred to an ophthalmologist who suggested using artificial tears and discontinuing the 20% KOH solution, followed with the application of an open wet dressing using saline solution twice daily for a week. The patient then resumed treatment with 20% KOH solution once daily at night, three times a week. Clinical improvement was observed after four weeks of therapy, all lesions on right eyelids disappeared and no new lesions were observed (Figure 2B). The burning sensation side effect was well tolerated by the patient, who was satisfied and willing to redo the treatment if new lesion appears.

Figure 1 (A and B) Clinical manifestation of day-1 prior to therapy, (C) molluscum bodies found in cytological examination.

Figure 2 (A) One-week follow up after topical therapy with 20% KOH solution, (B) resolution of the lesions at 4 weeks after therapy.

Case 2

A 26-year-old female presented with multiple papules on the upper and lower left eyelid with occasional itch. The first lesion appeared as a single pin-sized papule on the left eyelid six months prior to consult, which multiplied and spread quickly within one month to the upper and lower left eyelids. Patient admitted to being in the habit of rubbing the eye. The pre-existing papules increased in number in the past month and became confluent with a diameter of 1 cm (Figure 3A). The patient was diagnosed with HIV in 2016 and consumed ARV routinely. CD4+ value was 46 cells/μL. Tzanck smear from the skin lesion revealed Henderson–Paterson bodies (Figure 3B). Other physical examination was within normal limits. The patient was diagnosed with giant MC on the eyelid and stage 2 HIV. The patient was treated with 20% KOH solution applied once daily at night. The application methods were as follows: the surrounding healthy skin was covered with vaseline album, the upper and lower eyelids covered with wet gauze to prevent the solution from dripping or irritating the eye. Then, the 20% KOH solution was spread evenly using a cotton tip on the skin lesions. Follow up visit three weeks later revealed slight erythema and edema on the right eyelids and smaller lesion (Figure 4A). All the lesions were cleared completely four weeks after therapy (Figure 4B). Side effects reported by the patient include stinging and burning sensation immediately after application, but these symptoms improved after one to five minutes without any additional treatment. The patient was satisfied with the final result.

Figure 3 (A) Clinical manifestation of day-1 prior to therapy, (B) molluscum bodies found in cytological examination.

Figure 4 (A) Two-weeks follow up after topical therapy with 20% KOH solution, (B) resolution of the lesions at 4 weeks after therapy.

Discussion

In HIV patients, MC tends to occur during the advanced stage with more severe immunodeficiency.^2,5 Stage 2 HIV can be established upon finding of prominent and giant MC lesions in HIV patients.⁸ Perez-Blazquez et al reported 10 advanced stage HIV patients with CD4⁺ values below 80 cells/μL having lesions on the eyelids.⁹ There was no significant differences in terms of MC incidence in male or female.³ Our first case was a 36-year-old-male with CD4+ level of 31 cells/μL and the second case was a 26 year-old-female with CD4+ level of 46 cells/μL. Both patients were diagnosed with stage 2 HIV. The occurrence of MC on the eyelids can be a sign of a patient having HIV or that the HIV is in an advanced stage.^2,5

The MC virus can be transmitted through direct contact to skin with previous history of trauma or micro abrasion, through sexual or nonsexual routes including through contact with contaminated objects (fomites).^1,2 The lesions then spread to other locations due to autoinoculation.^1,2 The typical predilection in children include exposed sites such as the face, extremities, or intertriginous areas, whereas in adults, lesions typically develop in the genital area.^1,2 Immunosuppressed patients typically have more severe and extensive disease with atypical predilections including oral mucosa, lips, palms, soles, and eyelids.^2,3 Although the exact pathogenesis of giant MC lesions and atypical morphology in HIV patients remains unknown, several factors were thought to play role, including decreased in T cell counts, impaired natural killer cell function, and decreased number of Langerhans cells in the epidermis.¹⁰ In this case report, MC lesions were found only on the face and eyelids. Both patients have a history of repeated scratching on their lesions, which may play role in spreading the lesion through autoinoculation.

Immunocompromised patients may have other opportunistic infections resembling MC, such as penicilliosis, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis.^2,5 Using direct cytological examination with Giemsa staining on samples taken from the skin lesion (Tzanck smear), MC can be differentiated from other lesions with the discovery of molluscum bodies, also known as Henderson–Paterson bodies, as its pathognomonic finding.^2,3 In our cases the findings of molluscum bodies from cytological examination exclude other differential diagnoses.

MC is generally self-limiting, and can last several months to several years.^1,2 However, in HIV patients, these lesions often do not resolve spontaneously and can be widespread.⁵ Therapy of MC in HIV patients is indicated to minimize the risk of autoinoculation, prevent secondary infections, prevent transmission, and for aesthetic purposes.^2,11 Considerations for treatment options include therapeutic effectiveness, the patient’s physical and psychological endurance during treatment, the patient’s individual choice, treatment cost, availability of materials or therapeutic devices, and practicality.¹¹

There is no standard treatment for MC in HIV patients, since the lesions tend to be recalcitrant and recurring.⁵ In HIV patients, MC will resolve spontaneously as the CD4+ count increases. Therefore, administration of ARV is recommended for HIV patients along with other therapies.^2,9,12 There was one case report of MC on the eyelids in children with HIV treated with ARV, without any additional therapy. The lesion was resolved after six months of ARV.¹³

Destructive therapy works by damaging the intracytoplasmic sacs containing viral particles and stimulating the immune response to clear the infection.² Destructive modalities include physical and chemical therapy. Physical therapy effective for MC cases include curettage and cryotherapy,¹ but the lesion predilections in our cases made it difficult to perform. Chemical therapy using KOH solution provides keratolytic effect that lyses protein and lipid. The advantages of KOH solution for MC therapy stems from the fact that it was effective, easy to apply, can be self-administered, has minimal side effects, and was cost-effective.¹⁴ KOH is an alkaline substance that can cause ocular burns and may do harm if not used properly.^15,16 Therefore, our patient was trained to safely use KOH solution to prevent ocular injury. The most important intervention in chemical injuries is timely irrigation of the eye using normal saline or water to reduce the severity of chemical burns.¹⁵

Chemical therapy using KOH solution with various concentrations (2.5 to 20%) in MC have resulted in various outcomes.^6,15 A study in Pakistan on 120 patients with MC found that 10% KOH solution had the same effectiveness compared to cryotherapy. However, the pain was less prominent in the 10% KOH group.¹⁴ A study of 24 cases of MC in children treated using 20% KOH solution found that all patients had resolution within an average of 17 days.¹⁷ A serial case of MC lesions treated using 20% KOH solution reported that twice-daily application reduced facial lesions at day 7 and genital lesions at day 20 after therapy. Meanwhile, once-daily application of 20% KOH solution required longer time (day 25–31 after therapy) to reduce genital MC lesions.⁷ Common side effects such as stinging pain within 1–2 minutes after use, inflammation for 5–7 days, and post-inflammatory hypopigmentation were reported.^7,17 Other side effects reported in a study using 20% KOH solution in 18 adult MC patients include pain (55%), burning sensation (20%), and secondary infections (10%).⁶ Our patients were treated with ARV and adjuvant topical 20% KOH solution once daily at night. In the first case, superficial inflammation, ulceration, and crusted lesions were noted one week after therapy, with all the lesions resolved within four weeks. Side effects of burning and stinging sensations were mild and well-tolerated by the patient. In the second case, there were mild side effects of stinging and burning sensations and the lesions resolved within four weeks of therapy.

Conclusion

Giant MC lesions on the eyelids of HIV patients pose a challenge in treatment. Successful treatment with 20% KOH solution on giant MC lesions on the eyelids of HIV patients observed in this study provides evidence that treatment with 20% KOH solution yielded prompt results, is non-toxic, and can be self-applied.

Abbreviations

MC, molluscum contagiosum; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ARV, antiretroviral; KOH, potassium hydroxide; CD, cluster of differentiation.

Ethical Approval

This study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practices, local regulatory requirements, and was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung (approval number: LB.02.01/X.6.5/230/2021).

Consent for Publication

Both patients signed informed consent forms. They also signed forms giving consent for the use of cases details and images for publication and for scientific purposes.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the staff of Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Additional information

Funding

The authors declare that this study has received no financial support.