Assessment of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy and associated factors among people living with HIV at Debrebrihan Referral Hospital and Health Center, Northeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Patient adherence to antiretroviral combination therapy is a critical component to successful treatment outcome. Nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a major challenge to AIDS care, and the risks associated with it are extensive. The intention of this study was to determine prevalence and associated factors with adherence to highly active ART among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) at the Debrebrihan Referral Hospital and Health Center, Northeast Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design with systematic random sampling conducted by the use of a structured, pretested self-rating adherence questionnaire was used to conduct the study among 422 respondents from the Debrebrihan Referral Hospital and Health Center. A single population proportion formula at 95% CI with 5% of marginal error at 50% of prevalence of occurrence was used to determine sample size. Adherence was defined as not missing a single ART dose during the 30-day period prior to filling out the self-report. Adherence was measured by self-reports by the patients. These results were then used in binary logistic regression analysis. Covariates were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate logistic regression with SPSS statistical software. The total number of respondents in this study was 422; their median age was 35 years. Among the participants, 95.5% were taking their medication without missing a dose. Factors such as having emotional or practical support positively encouraged ART adherence (adjusted odds ratio 0.16 [95% CI 0.05–0.49]). However, users of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (TCAM) (adjusted odds ratio 4.7 [95% CI 1.06–21.22]) had nearly a five times higher risk for ART nonadherence (P<0.05) than those not using TCAM. Adherence to ART among PLWA is imperative and standard. But, there is still a need to boost psychological support and practical support for the clients, and there is also a need to create a more integrative approach with TCAM in order to increase adherence to ART. Strengthening emotional and practical support for PLWHA and integrating TCAM with the proper use of ART are mandatory to enhance ART adherence.

Keywords:

• people living with HIV
• adherence
• holy water
• traditional medicine
• complementary medicine
• alternative medicine

Introduction

AIDS is one of the top three causes of mortality worldwide and the primary cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. Estimates of new infections in 2007 indicate that two-thirds of them occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. More than 68% of adults and nearly 90% of children infected with HIV live in this region, and the fact that more than 76% of AIDS-related deaths in 2007 occurred there illustrates the unmet need for antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Africa.¹

Figure 1 Reasons for nonadherence to ART among 422 respondents from the Debrebrihan Referral Hospital and Health Center, Northeast Ethiopia.

Notes: ***Being away from home, use of TCAM, or feeling better. Data collected between December 2011 and January 2012.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; TCAM, traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic is a serious threat to Ethiopian social and economic development.² Ethiopia’s HIV/AIDS epidemic pattern continues to be generalized and heterogeneous with marked regional variations. Despite the overwhelming challenges, the government of Ethiopia is making efforts towards containing the epidemic and mitigating the impact of HIV/AIDS through an intensified national response in a comprehensive and accelerated manner. Chronic HIV care that includes ART services is being provided in public, private, armed forces, police, and prison health facilities. Because the only sure way to stop the HIV epidemic is by preventing new infections, the government of Ethiopia attaches serious weight to HIV prevention followed by care, support, and treatment.²

Patient adherence to antiretroviral (ART) combination therapy is a critical component to successful treatment outcome because HIV is highly mutable and requires lifelong treatment. Nonadherence is a global problem and has been seen in all diseases.³ Patient adherence to ARV combination therapy is a critical component to successful treatment outcome. While combination therapy is known to be effective in slowing disease progression, the long term benefit of these therapies can only be sustained if resistant strains of HIV do not emerge among conditions that can result in the emergence of resistance. Customary practices, such as fasting, holy water use, and spiritual beliefs of the patient, may influence the adherence level.⁴

Moreover, factors associated with holy water use and ARV drug adherence were individual beliefs about ART, complementary and alternative medicine, spiritual beliefs (eg, calling on God for help), lack of communication and information about ART, lack of follow up and counseling, forgetfulness, stigma and discrimination due to disclosure of HIV status, lack of nutritional support, travel, adverse effects of drugs, and beliefs about mind and body.^5–10

Ethiopia is one of the developing countries in which traditional medicine is used for primary health care by about 90% of the population.¹¹ Traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (TCAM) is commonly practiced by people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), and 95% of health care providers were not aware that their patients were taking traditional treatment.¹²

A growing number of PLWHA in Ethiopia today are relocating to holy water sites in search of spiritual care. The use of holy water is considered by them to be an alternative and complementary treatment for HIV/AIDS.¹³ There are people who believe that the only solution to HIV/AIDS is holy water and they do not want to use ART, and a majority of holy water users believe that HIV/AIDS is caused by an evil spirit or a demon by itself. The lack of awareness of the seriousness of this health problem and the encouragement by religious leaders to use holy water are considered to be reasons to stop taking medication.¹⁴

Although there have been studies done in Ethiopia on HIV/AIDS treatment adherence and its correlates, there were no still adequate studies found to indicate the impact of using holy water as complementary medicine on patient adherence. Therefore, this study aimed to determine prevalence and factors with adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among PLWHA at the Debrebrihan Referral Hospital and Health Center, Northeast Ethiopia.

Methods

An institution-based, cross-sectional study of participants who were taking HAART at the Debrebrihan Referral Hospital and Health Center, Northeast Ethiopia was conducted by using a quantitative data collection technique. The sample size was calculated by using a single population proportion formula to estimate with a 0.05 margin of error and a 50% proportion of event occurrence with a 10% nonresponse rate. Based on the above assumption, the minimum sample size required for the study was 422. The study subjects were selected by using systematic random sampling techniques on patient registration charts at the ART service provision health facilities for the specific day. The questionnaire was designed from previous studies done for assessing adherence; it included important variables for the study and was organized by sections for sociodemographics, social support, perception of ART, adherence, and use of complementary treatment. The tool was also checked for clarity and consistency; it was pretested in two health facilities (a nearby health center and a hospital) on a total of 22 patients to address any unclear or misunderstood questions and to allow corrections to be made on the tool. Adherence was defined as a patient self-reporting not having missed at least one ARV dose in during the 30 days preceding the completion of the report; having missed at least one ARV dose or two consecutive doses in the 30 days preceding the interview was scored as nonadherent. Holy water was defined as use of water blessed by a priest and used for treatment of HIV/AIDS by clients.

All of the adult HIV/AIDS patients in the study were attending one of the two health facilities and were at least 18 years of age, able to hear, mentally fit, not seriously sick, and had started to take the ART included in the study. The study participants were approached by trained health professionals who were working in the ART clinic in each of the respective health facilities. The participants recruited into this study were on ART follow-up at the Debrebrihan Referral Hospital and Health Center at the time of our visit; were present during the study after patient confidentiality, benefits and risks to participating patients, justice, rights, and respect were addressed; were willing to participate in the study; and signed an informed consent.

Data analysis was done by using SPSS statistical software for descriptive variables. Binary logistic regression was undertaken to explore the factors associated with adherence at a significance of P<0.05 to provide odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Bivariate associations between dependent and independent variables were conducted, and covariates with P>0.2 with the outcome variable were dropped from further consideration in modeling. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Amhara Regional State Health Bureau and the Zonal Health Bureau. Moreover, the results were disseminated to the responsible bodies who were involved in the health care activities of PLWHA.

Results

Sociocultural and demographic characteristics of study participants

There were 422 patients involved in the study, which had a 100% response rate. The median age of the respondents was 35 years; most of the respondents were females (262 [62.1%]), and 160 (37.9%) were married. Regarding educational status, 201 (47.7%) has completed primary education. The majority were Orthodox Christian (390 [92%]); 354 (83.9%) were living in town, and 368 (87.2%) were unemployed.

TCAM use of PLWHA

According to the results of the current study, 291 (69%) respondents used treatments in addition to HAART to treat HIV and associated problems. Among the 291 respondents, 282 (97%) used traditional medicine and 9 (3%) used conventional medicine. The main reason for using additional medicines was to treat opportunistic infection (101 [34.7%]), for spiritual relief (100 [34.4%]), and to treat side effects (47 [16.2%]). Also, 22 (7.6%) study participants used TCAM with ART but did not disclose the use to their physicians. The majority of respondents (411 [97.4%]) said that they attend a spiritual place; among these patients, 213 (51.8%) attend occasionally and 147 (35.8%) on a weekly basis. Prayer and use of holy water were the main reasons for being in spiritual places (113 [27.5%]). Fifty-two (12.7%) of the respondents faced the problem of taking medication according to the schedule while they were attending spiritual places; 25 of these patients (48.1%) responded that they did not take their medication because of the fear of taking ARV drugs at a religious place.

Among all of the respondents, 252 (59.7%) said that they have practiced fasting; among these, 122 (48.4%) said that the medication schedule did not fit with the fasting period, 60 (49.2%) took the medication without food, 54 (44.2%) shifted the time, and 8 (6.6%) missed the dose. A significant number of respondents (282 [66.8%]) had the experience of using holy water while they were taking ARV drugs. Among respondents using additional treatments, 73 (25.9%) said that it is not convenient to take medication while using holy water; out of those 73 respondents, 51 (69.9%) said the main reason for this was the fear of using ARV drugs and holy water together. Regarding spiritual believes among the 422 respondents, 206 (48.8%) believe that prayer can cure HIV, and 160 (37.9%) agreed that HIV is a result of sin or punishment from God. In addition, 136 (32.2%) of the respondents disclosed their status to religious leaders (Table 1).

Table 1 Sociocultural characteristics of 422 respondents with HIV/AIDS

Variables	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Disclosed HIV status to others
Yes	357	84.6
No	65	15.4
Emotional/practical support
Yes	267	63.3
No	155	36.7
Uses complementary treatment
Yes	291	69
No	131	31
Type of complementary treatment
Traditional	282	96.9
Conventional**	9	3.1
Attends religious place
Yes	411	97.4
No	11	2.6
Fasts
Yes	252	59.7
No	170	40.3
Believes in cure by prayer
Yes	206	48.8
No	216	51.2
Believes HIV is punishment from God for sin
Yes	160	37.9
No	262	62.1

Notes: All respondents were from the Debrebrihan Referral Hospital and Health Center, Northeast Ethiopia.

** Use of conventional medicine was separated from traditional complementary treatment because conventional medicine was mostly provided by the health facility. Data were collected between December 2011 and January 2012.

Abbreviation: n, number of respondents.

Level of adherence and reason for nonadherence

In this study, each ARV user was asked to report his or her adherence rate within the past 3, 7, and 30 days. Among the study participants, 403 had adherence rates of 95.5%, and the remaining 19 subjects (4.5%) had missed at least one dose during the 30-day period prior to filling out the report.

Factors associated with adherence

Bivariate analysis was done to look for associations between all potential variables from this study and self-reported adherence for the 30-day period prior to completing the report. It was found that not all of the selected sociodemographic factors were associated with adherence. Regarding sociocultural factors, disclosure, the perception of something good happening after disclosure, the use of TCAM treatment, and spiritual/religious practices and beliefs were not found to be associated with adherence. However, something bad happening after disclosure was statistically associated with adherence (corrected odds ratio [COR] 4.8 [95% CI 1.61–14.59]). Emotional or practical support (COR 0.19 [95% CI 0.07–0.55]) and being fully convinced of the need for ART (accepting diagnosis) (COR 0.09 [95% CI 0.08–1.04]) were also statistically associated with adherence (Table 2). Variables that had P<0.2 in the binary logistic regression analysis were also re-evaluated by using multivariate analysis with adherence as a dependent variable. A different set of variables was found to be associated with adherence by using the multivariate analysis. Disclosure and being fully convinced of the need for ARV were not statistically or significantly associated with adherence. The others factors, having emotional and practical support (AOR 0.16 [95% CI 0.05–0.49]) and TCAM (AOR 4.7 [95% CI 1.06–21.22]), were significantly associated. This shows that the rate of nonadherence among TCAM users is almost five times higher than the rate among non-TCAM users (Table 3).

Table 2 Associations between sociocultural factors and adherence to HAART among 422 respondents with HIV/AIDS

Variables	Adhered to HAART (n)		COR (95% CI)
	Yes	No
Disclosed HIV status
Yes	357	14	1
No	65	5	2 (0.71, 5.88)
Something good happening after disclosure
Yes	302	13	1
No	41	1	0.57 (0.72, 4.45)
Something bad happening after disclosure
Yes	46	6	4.8 (1.61, 14.59)
No	267	8	1
Emotional/practical support
Yes	141	14	1
No	262	5	0.19 (0.07, 0.55)
Fully convinced of the need for ART
Yes	401	18	1
No	2	1	0.09 (0.08, 1.04)
Uses traditional/complementary treatment
Yes	274	17	0.25 (0.57, 1.1)
No	129	2	1
Fasts
Yes	239	13	1.49 (0.55, 3.99)
No	164	6	1
Believes HIV is cured with prayer
Yes	195	11	1
No	208	8	0.68 (0.27, 1.73)
Believes HIV is punishment or a result of sin
Yes	153	7	0.95 (0.37, 2.47)
No	250	12	1

Notes: Study participants were from Debrebrihan Referral Hospital and Health Center, Northeast Ethiopia. Data were collected between December 2011 and January 2012.

Abbreviations: HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; n, number of respondents; COR, corrected odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ART, antiret-roviral therapy.

Table 3 Associations between sociodemographic and cultural factors for adherence to ART among 422 respondents with HIV/AIDS

Variables	Adhered to ART (n)		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
	Yes	No
Disclosed HIV status
Yes	357	14	1	1
No	65	5	2 (0.71, 5.88)	0.93 (0.28, 3.0)
Something bad happening after disclosure
Yes	46	6	4.8 (1.61, 14.59)	3.2 (0.87, 2.13)
No	267	8	1	1
Emotional/practical support
Yes	141	14	1	1
No	262	5	0.19 (0.07, 0.55)	0.16 (0.05, 0.49)
Being fully convinced of the need for ART
Yes	401	18	1	1
No	2	1	0.09 (0.08, 1.04)	2.3 (0.89, 7.21)
Use of TCAM
Yes	274	17	4 (0.91, 17.58)	4.7 (1.06, 21.22)
No	129	2	1	1

Notes: All study participants were from the Debrebrihan Referral Hospital and Health Center, Northeast Ethiopia. Data were collected between December 2011 and January 2012.

Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; n, number of respondents; COR, corrected odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; TCAM, traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine.

Discussion

Adherence to ART among PLWHA

The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with HAART adherence. The current study has shown a high level of adherence in a large proportion of HIV/AIDS patients (95.5%, 95% CI [93.19%–97.19%]). The study finding is consistent with other studies conducted in resource-limited settings, and the overall rate of adherence in this study is greater than those reported from previous studies.^8,12,22 Possibly, the differences might arise from differences in methodology and study subjects.

Although the level of adherence was shown to be high in this study, a significant number of respondents reported that attending a religious place, fasting, and using holy water were reasons that made it inconvenient to take ARV medication according to the schedule. Taking the medication at irregular times alters the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of ARV medication. This type of inconsistency may exacerbate the occurrence of virologic failure and drug resistance. The causes of missing doses or nonadherence in this study are similar to those in other studies; these reasons include simply forgetting (63%) and side effects (16%).^8–10,21

Factors associated with adherence

Consistent adherence is associated with better outcomes, including improved quality of life, higher CD4 count, and lower health care costs.²⁰ Studies have shown that among key factors of medication adherence are the acceptance of the diagnosis, understanding the consequences of not taking the medicine, improvement in the medicine, and support from families and friends.²² The current study also showed that having emotional and practical support (AOR 0.16 [95% CI 0.05–0.49]) was positively and statistically associated with the adherence level among ART users. This finding is different from results of the study done in Ethiopia that showed parents who got free treatment (0.39 [0.16, 0.92]) and children who had received nutritional support (0.34 [0.14, 0.79]) from the clinic did not adhere to ART more than those who paid for ART and did not get nutritional support.⁶ The possible differences might arise from differences in the methodology and the study subjects.

In this study, we found a statistical association between the use of TCAM (AOR 4.7 [95% CI 1.06–21.22]) and adherence; PLWHA who received ART while using TCAM were 4.7 times more likely to miss at least one dose of treatment than those who did not use TCAM. A research synthesis done on complementary and alternative medicine used among HIV-positive people shows that a high proportion of HIV-positive individuals report TCAM use.²⁶ The findings from the current study are consistent with those from other studies. Users of traditional healing practices in Latino culture were less likely to attend medical appointments and had lower rates of HAART adherence for the 3 days prior to filling out the self-report. More recently, HIV-positive women who reported using orally administered TCAM to treat their HIV were more likely to report missing at least one dose of their prescribed HIV medication during 30 days prior to filling out the self-report.¹⁵

A cross sectional study done in Florida showed that some of the participants (17%) preferred TCAM to ART, but more than half reported the use of TCAM, a finding which is similar to this study.¹⁹

In studies done in Ethiopia, Zambia, and Florida on barriers and facilitators to taking ARV medication while visiting a holy water place, preferences for alternative treatments were barriers to HAART adherence.^6,23,24 No association was seen in the current study.

Communication about TCAM use by patient-care providers would presumably reduce the risk for adverse health outcomes that may result from drug interactions or misuse of conventional medicine. Spiritual options may be interpreted as superior alternatives and contribute to hampering adherence to ART.²⁵ However, no association was found in this study.

The strength of this study was addressing adherence and associated factors by using quantitative approaches; however, this study had its limitations as well. The cross-sectional nature of the study did not allow the temporal and cause-effect relationships between various factors and adherence to be addressed. Moreover, adherence is a dynamic process which cannot be predicted at a single point in time, but the study did measure snapshots of adherence and factors affecting adherence. Although this study tried to minimize social desirability bias, self-reported adherence may overstate true adherence more than other methods of measuring adherence. This possibility necessitates the inclusion of other methods of measuring adherence to support the consistency of the reported rate.

Conclusion

Adherence to ART at Debrebrihan Referral Hospital and Health Center was higher than in previous studies done on levels of adherence to ART. The covariate that is positively associated with adherence to ART is emotional and practical support. The use of TCAM is associated with a risk of nonadherence that is almost five times higher than for non-TCAM users. Strengthening emotional and other practical support and the promotion of the integration of TCAM with the proper use of ART for PLWHA are mandatory to enhance adherence and to minimize nonadherence by TCAM users; both of these strategies are recommended.

Author contributions

Throughout the study, from topic selection and preparation through finalization, many aspects of the project were done by Abush Kebede Ketema. The manuscript preparation, editing, and submission to the journal were done by Zewdu Shewangizaw Weret. All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and revising the paper and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Acknowledgments

My deepest gratitude and appreciation goes to my advisors at Amhara Regional Health Bureau and the health workers from Debrebrihan Referral Hospital and Health Center for their contributions throughout the development of this research.

Disclosure

We confirm that this research is our original paper and that there is no conflict of interest in this work.