Knowledge on self-management and levels of asthma control among adult patients in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Abstract

Background

Most asthma patients in Vietnam have poorly controlled asthma. Besides reasons related to the health care system and health care providers, knowledge on the self-management of patients has also contributed to this situation.

Purpose

To assess knowledge on asthma self-management among adult asthma patients in Ho Chi Minh City.

Patients and methods

A cross-sectional study with convenience sampling was conducted among 322 ambulatory patients using questionnaires filled in via a face-to-face interview. The questionnaires enquired about: 1) sociodemographic details, 2) the Global Initiative for Asthma 2017 criteria of asthma control, 3) the Asthma Control Test, and 4) the Asthma Self-Management Questionnaire (ASMQ). Knowledge on asthma self-management was determined by the ASMQ score. The relationship between this knowledge and demographic factors and asthma control levels was determined.

Results

The knowledge on asthma self-management was low, with a mean raw ASMQ score of 4.3 (maximum 14); this is equivalent to 30 in a transformed score (maximum 100). Only 0.3% of these patients had good knowledge, 16.2% had adequate knowledge, and 83.5% had poor knowledge. Of all participants, 52% stated erroneously that asthma can be cured, 30% were confused about control and rescue medications, 68% failed to correctly describe the inhalation technique, and only 15.5% could answer correctly about the management of an exacerbation. Although most participants had poor asthma control, the higher the patient’s level of control, the better the ASMQ score. Conversely, patients with better knowledge of asthma self-management (ASMQ score ≥50) had better asthma control based on the Asthma Control Test score. Also, a higher education level was associated with more knowledge on asthma self-management.

Conclusion

In these patients, the level of knowledge on asthma self-management was low and significantly correlated with the level of asthma control. There is a clear need to improve knowledge in order to improve asthma control in Vietnam.

Keywords:

• asthma control
• asthma knowledge
• Asthma Self-Management Questionnaire
• asthma patients

Introduction

Asthma is a major chronic disease among children and adults and remains a significant health problem in Vietnam.^1–3 The prevalence of asthma in Vietnam among adults aged 21–70 years has been estimated at 3.9%–5.6%.⁴ In Ho Chi Minh city (where this study was conducted), the prevalence of “ever asthma” among 6–7 year olds was 10.9% and that of wheezing in children aged 13–14 years was 29.5%, the highest in the Asian-Pacific region.⁵

As asthma is a controllable disease, the aim of asthma management is to control the disease and allow patients to lead a normal and healthy life.⁶ To achieve this, patients need to use medications correctly and maintain control for a considerable period of time. This might be achieved if patients receive adequate guidance on how to use medications and receive sufficient knowledge about the disease.⁷ Patients should also be aware that adhering to the treatment plan is the mainstay of asthma management.⁷ In addition, asthma is a variable disease (i.e., it can change over time), implying that even when a patient has achieved a well-controlled asthma level, an asthma exacerbation can still occur. Therefore, patients need to know how to manage their disease and/or how to get help from health care providers when faced with an asthma exacerbation.⁸

Nowadays, despite many advances in asthma diagnosis and treatment, the prevalence of controlled asthma is still low worldwide, including in Vietnam. It is reported that the level of asthma control is still less than expected, that is, in Vietnam, ≤1% of patients have controlled asthma.⁹ Many reasons exist for this low level of asthma control, for example, related to the health care system and/or the doctor–patient relationship. Besides issues related to the health care system (e.g., unavailability of controllers,¹⁰ unaffordability for some patients^1,2,11–13) or to physicians (e.g., incorrect diagnosis, lack of knowledge on asthma management, insufficient time or unwillingness to discuss matters with patients)^14,15 and patient-related problems (e.g., low level of treatment adherence), the patient’s low level of knowledge about the disease (particularly knowledge on self-management) is an important factor contributing to the low level of asthma control.¹⁶

Patients’ general knowledge of asthma may comprise knowledge on the pathophysiology of asthma, the purpose of the different types of medication, the management of environmental asthma triggers, the identification/management of asthma exacerbations, the use of inhalers, and discrimination between controlled and uncontrolled asthma.^17,18 However, general knowledge about asthma is not the same as knowledge about self-management. Self-management is based on the concept of self-efficacy, that is, an individual’s belief or confidence in their ability to make decisions and engage in behaviors that successfully manage their chronic condition. Asthma self-management refers to what patients do to monitor/control their symptoms and to prevent exacerbations; these factors should be addressed in patient education.¹⁹

In many countries, although levels of asthma self-management are low (regarding both knowledge and practice of asthma patients), these can be improved by means of education,^20–23 and supported asthma self-management can lead to improved asthma control, fewer exacerbations/hospital admissions, and improved quality of life.^6,24,25

Currently, data are lacking regarding knowledge on the self-management of asthma in adult patients in Vietnam. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of asthma self-management knowledge, as well as the relationship between this knowledge and patients’ level of asthma control and other demographic characteristics.

Patients and methods

Study design and setting

This was a prospective cross-sectional study. Eligible participants were ambulatory patients (recruited between May and July 2017) at the Asthma and COPD clinic, University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Ethical approval

The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. All patients provided written informed consent to participate in this research.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Patients eligible for inclusion in this study were aged ≥18 years, diagnosed at least 6 months before with asthma according to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA 2017), were followed up at this clinic, and had sufficient command of the Vietnamese language to respond to questionnaires.

Excluded were patients meeting any of the following exclusion criteria: 1) major medical morbidity; 2) cognitive impairment and unable to communicate verbally; 3) with asthma–COPD overlap syndrome; 4) refused to participate in the study; or 5) had an illness with symptoms similar to asthma.

Sample size and sampling technique

Based on the literature, it was assumed that the variance of the mean Asthma Self-Management Questionnaire (ASMQ) score, that is, σ=1.6,²⁶ with maximum error deemed acceptable, that is, d=0.175, error type I α=0.05, and normal variable, that is, z=1.96 (95% reliability of the estimates), the sample size required was 322 patients based on the formula n=Z²(1−α/2)×σ²/d². A convenience method of sampling was adopted.

Data collection

Data were collected via a face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire had the following sections:

1. Sociodemographics: This included information on gender, age, educational level, occupation, and duration of the disease.

2. GINA-2017 criteria of asthma control: These criteria have four items asking patients about daytime and nighttime symptoms of asthma, activity limitation, and use of rescue medication. This category can divide patients into the levels of asthma control: uncontrolled, partly controlled, and controlled asthma.⁶

3. Asthma Control Test (ACT): This test comprises five questions assessing the frequency of shortness of breath, frequency of asthma nighttime symptoms, degree of functional limitation, frequency of using rescuers, and patient’s self-assessment of their level of asthma control. Each item has five response choices (each with a score ranging from 1 to 5). Accordingly, the level of asthma control is as follows: controlled (score 20–25), partially controlled (score 15–19), and uncontrolled (score <15).²⁷ The Vietnamese version of this questionnaire has been validated²⁸ and was used for this study.

4. ASMQ: The ASMQ is a validated tool used to assess patients’ level of knowledge on self-care management. It comprises 16 multiple choice questions which measure knowledge of preventive strategies, correct inhaler use, medications (rescue and controller), and use of peak flow meters; it requires about 5 min to complete when self-administered or 8–10 min when interviewed.²⁹ However, because peak flow meters are not in common use in Vietnam, for this study, the two items related to use of this device were removed. The scores for the tool were calculated as follows: 1) one point was assigned to each preferred response; 2) all the points were summed to generate the raw score range 0–14; and 3) the raw score was transformed to range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating more knowledge of asthma self-management. As in previous studies,^30–32 the knowledge was categorized into the following levels: good (transformed ASMQ >75), adequate (transformed ASMQ 50–75), and poor (transformed ASMQ <50). The ASMQ was translated according to the World Health Organization process of translation and adaptation of instruments.³³ This process involved the following steps: forward translation, expert panel back-translation, pretesting and cognitive interviewing, and the final version.³³ A pilot study was conducted to test the questionnaire with a group of 20 patients to verify the feasibility and acceptability of the questionnaire and to establish the time frame for data collection. Minor alterations were suggested and adopted in the final version. The pilot sample was not included in the final analysis.

Data analysis

Data were processed with Epidata software and analyzed using STATA 12.0 software (copyright from the Public Health Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam). Ratio variables are presented as means and SD for a normal distribution variable (ASMQ) and median (quartile) for a non-normal distribution variable (ACT). Student’s t-test was used to compare the means of two groups and one-way analysis of variance to compare the means of multiple groups. A p value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Characteristics of study patients

Of the 350 patients invited to participate, 322 (92%) with a mean age of 47 (range 18–91) years agreed. Males comprised 34% of the participants with a mean ACT score of 17 (95% CI 13–21); additional characteristics are presented in Table 1. Data on the responses to the questionnaires are presented in Table 2.

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population (N=322)

Characteristics	Subgroups	Values
Age (years)a		46.8±16.5 (18–91)
Age groupb	18–35	95 (29.5)
	36–60	160 (49.7)
	>60	67 (20.8)
Genderb	Male	109 (33.8)
	Female	213 (66.2)
Occupationb	Officers	32 (9.9)
	Housewives	62 (19.3)
	Small business persons	70 (21.7)
	Farmers	39 (12.1)
	Others (retired, teachers, workers, and so on)	119 (37.0)
Level of educationb	Primary school	87 (27.0)
	Secondary school	74 (23.0)
	High school	78 (24.2)
	College or higher	83 (25.8)
Duration of asthmab	≤2 years	98 (30.4)
	>2 years	224 (69.6)
ACTa		17 (13–21)
Level of asthma control based on ACT	Controlledb	130 (40.4)
	Partly controlledb	85 (26.4)
	Uncontrolledb	107 (33.2)
Level of asthma control based on GINA	Controlledb	88 (27.3)
	Partly controlledb	86 (26.7)
	Uncontrolledb	148 (46.0)
ASMQa	Raw scorea	4.3±2.1
	Transformed scorea	30.3±14.7
Knowledge on asthma self-management	Good (>75)b	1 (0.3)
	Adequate (50–75)b	52 (16.2)
	Poor (<50)b	269 (83.5)

Notes:

a Mean ± SD (range);

b frequency (number and percentage).

Abbreviations: ACT, Asthma Control Test; ASMQ, Asthma Self-Management Questionnaire; GINA, Global Initiative for Asthma.

Table 2 Characteristics of incorrect responses to the ASMQ questions (N=322 respondents)

ASMQ items	Incorrect responses	n (%)
A main method to prevent asthma flare-ups is to…	Take medicines before meals	51 (15.8)
	Take steroids in pill form	55 (17.1)
	Go to the emergency room at the first sign of symptoms	52 (16.2)
Taking the prescribed two puffs of your inhaler two times a day…	Is the same as taking one puff four times a day	24 (7.5)
	Is the same as taking four puffs once a day	3 (0.9)
	Can be arranged in any way as long as you take a total of four puffs a day	41 (12.7)
If you are not having asthma symptoms…	Your lungs are not sensitive to irritants	23 (7.1)
	It is OK to skip some doses of medicine	44 (13.7)
	You are probably cured of asthma	20 (6.2)
Maintenance medicines…	Don’t need to be taken every day	41 (12.7)
	Make you breathe better right after you take them	117 (36.3)
	Can only be taken in pill form	7 (2.2)
Rescue medicines…	Help prevent future flare-ups	113 (35.1)
	Have no side effects	21 (6.5)
	Do not cause you to become tolerant to medicine	7 (2.2)
When using your inhaler, you should…	Take shallow breaths	4 (1.2)
	Inhale quickly	206 (64)
	Press your inhaler several times while you are inhaling	9 (2.8)
After you have used your inhaler, you should…	Take the second puff as soon as possible after the first puff	47 (14.6)
	Keep taking puffs until you feel better	22 (6.8)
	Wash the inhaler in a tub of water	9 (2.8)
If you are having symptoms and don’t know why, the first thing you should do is…	Take some doses of steroid medicine	120 (37.3)
	Call your doctor	68 (21.1)
	Count how fast you are breathing	8 (2.5)
Taking more rescue medicines than prescribed…	Is really not harmful	15 (4.7)
	Is a good way to manage symptoms caused by exercise	51 (15.8)
	May mean you can take less maintenance medicine	21 (6.5)
For people with asthma, exercise…	Is something that should not be done regularly	29 (9.0)
	Is only good if done for at least 30 minutes at a time	67 (20.8)
	Can trigger symptoms because the lungs are not taking in enough oxygen	62 (19.3)
Asthma can be cured by…	Taking daily medicine	121 (37.6)
	Avoiding triggers, such as dust and cigarette smoke	68 (21.12)
	Using a peak flow meter	1 (0.3)
Asthma flare-ups…	Usually occur suddenly without warning	140 (43.3)
	Cannot be triggered by strong emotions	13 (4.0)
	Always cause wheezing	25 (7.8)
If you are prescribed a seven-day course of steroid pills…	You don’t have to avoid triggers while you are taking the pills	14 (4.4)
	Your symptoms can’t get worse while you are taking the pills	44 (13.7)
	You don’t need to use your peak flow meter while you are taking the pills	13 (4.0)
Which of the following can help control asthma	Reducing stress levels	58 (18.0)
	Drinking plenty of water to stay hydrated	18 (5.6)
	Avoiding foods with sulfites, such as dried fruits and wine	16 (5.0)

Abbreviation: ASMQ, Asthma Self-Management Questionnaire.

Figure 1 shows that the question with the highest percentage of correct answers (59.3%) is item 7 (After you have used your inhaler, you should hold your breath for several seconds) and that with the lowest percentage of correct answers (8.4%) is item 9 (Taking more rescue medicines than prescribed may mean you need more maintenance medicine?). Item 9 was also the question that most often received the answer “Don’t know/unknown” (i.e., 64.4%). Figure 2 shows the distribution of the ASMQ transformed score.

Figure 1 Response to the 14 items on the ASMQ (N=322 patients).

Abbreviation: ASMQ, Asthma Self-Management Questionnaire.

Figure 2 Distribution of the ASMQ transformed score: possible range 0–100, with higher scores indicating more knowledge of asthma self-management.

Abbreviation: ASMQ, Asthma Self-Management Questionnaire.

The most frequently occurring incorrect response was to the question item 6 (When using your inhaler, you should inhale quickly), that is, by 64% of the responders.

Discussion

The main findings of this study are that knowledge of asthma self-management among adult asthma patients in Vietnam is low (mean raw ASMQ score of 4.3 [4.3/14] equal to 30 in transformed score [30/100]). Only 0.3% of adults had good knowledge, 16.2% had adequate knowledge, and 83.5% had poor knowledge. This result is comparable to previous reports. For example, Elbur et al²⁶ reported that the mean raw score of ASMQ in their study (conducted in Saudi Arabia) with the same study format as ours (they also removed two items related to peak flow meter) was 3.5/14. These authors found that only 4% of participants had >50% correct answers,²⁶ whereas it was 16.5% of participants in this study. In an intervention study using ASMQ as an indicator, Hiral et al³⁴ reported a baseline mean ASMQ score of 4.49/16 or 28.6/100 (using the full original version of ASMQ with 16 items) in the intervention group and 3.91/16 or 24.4/100 in the control group; there was a significant improvement in the intervention group compared with controls after an educational intervention. These mean scores are similar to ours (30/100), but are very low compared to those reported in two studies (conducted in the USA) by Mancuso et al (60/100).^29,35

Many questionnaires are available to gain data on knowledge of asthma, regarding both general management and self-management. In term of general knowledge, previous studies reported a very low level of asthma knowledge among study samples. For example, Madhushani and Subasinghe found that only 34% of their patients in Sri Lanka had good knowledge on asthma and related medications.³² Sharifi et al³¹ observed that only 7.5% of Iranian asthma patients were knowledgeable about their disease, while this was 6%–10% among Indians.^30,36 A multicenter study in China evaluating “Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices” of parents of children with asthma showed a low level of disease-related awareness, with poor understanding of the clinical manifestations of asthma and indicators of an acute attack.³⁷ Similarly, insufficient knowledge levels were demonstrated by Merghani et al in Sudan³⁸ and by Borges et al in Brazil.¹⁷

In Vietnam, many factors may contribute to the poor level of asthma knowledge. First, communication with the physician is the main source of education about asthma. Although there are other ways to get information in Vietnam (e.g., mass media, patients’ clubs, education leaflets, and so on), these are very limited in some areas. This study was conducted in Ho Chi Minh City (the largest and most modern city of Vietnam), which offers the most advantages regarding patient education; however, many participants came from other provinces where they probably have less opportunities. In addition, in Vietnam, physicians working in a city hospital are often overloaded, implying that the time available for each patient is limited.

A second important item is the patient’s education level. Many studies have demonstrated a relationship between asthma knowledge and patients’ education, in which a higher education level was associated with more knowledge.^{19,31,32,39–42} Some found that patients with a college education (or higher levels) had better asthma knowledge and asthma practice than those with less education.^19,40 In this study, about 25% of the participants had a college education (or higher level) and these patients had a significantly higher ASMQ score compared to the other groups (Table 3). This is probably because patients with less education may not fully understand the information given by health care providers. Moreover, they may have a reduced capacity to integrate all the information provided to solve a particular problem. Also, in this study, an association was found between asthma self-management knowledge and occupation. However, this might also be related to education, as officers had the highest ASMQ scores and this group of participants also had the highest level of education.

Table 3 Relationship between ASMQ and level of education, occupation, and duration of asthma disease

Characteristics (N=322)		ASMQ score Mean ± SD	p-value
Age group (years)	18–35	31.2±15.3	0.346
	36–60	30.8±14.7
	>60	28.0±13.9
Gender	Male	29.5±14.5	0.455
	Female	30.8±14.8
Occupation	Officers	38.2±16.9	0.001*
	Housewives	28.5±12.8
	Small business persons	27.6±12.9
	Farmers	26.2±15.0
	Others (retired, teachers, workers)	32.2±15.0
Levels of education	Primary school	25.2±12.8	<0.001*
	Secondary school	30.2±13.2
	High school	28.6±13.5
	College or higher	37.5±16.3
Duration of asthma	≤2 years	32.4±13.4	0.103
	>2 years	29.5±15.2

Note:

* Statistically significant.

Abbreviation: ASMQ, Asthma Self-Management Questionnaire.

Other demographic factors may also contribute to knowledge on asthma self-management, for example, gender, age, and duration of the disease. Earlier studies found that women had better knowledge about asthma than males,^32,43 younger respondents had better scores than older respondents,^19,32,41,43 and patients with a longer duration of asthma generally had better knowledge.³¹ However, even in these latter studies, not all of these factors occurred in any single study.^31,32 Similarly, these relationships were not found in this study.

In our study, a relationship was found between ASMQ score and asthma control. The higher the level of control (based on the ACT or GINA criteria), the better the ASMQ score (Table 4) and, conversely, patients with a better knowledge of asthma self-management (ASMQ score ≥50) had better asthma control based on the ACT score (Table 5). This relationship between asthma knowledge and asthma outcomes was found in other studies, such as caregivers’ knowledge and its relationship with asthma control among children in Saudi Arabia⁴⁴ and in the USA.⁴⁵ However, in elderly persons, no significant association was found between asthma control level and patients’ asthma knowledge (p=0.991).⁴⁶ Earlier studies also reported that more general knowledge was associated with better scores on the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire in ambulatory and emergency department patients.^47,48

Table 4 Relationship between ASMQ and levels of asthma control based on the ACT category and GINA criteria

		Controlled	Partly controlled	Uncontrolled	p-value
ACT	n	130	85	107	<0.001
	ASMQ (Mean ± SD)	40.3±13.1	28.2±11.6	19.9±10.2
GINA 2017	n	88	86	148	<0.001
	ASMQ (Mean ± SD)	44.0±11.3	32.1±13.0	21.2±10.0

Abbreviations: ACT, Asthma Control Test; ASMQ, Asthma Self-Management Questionnaire; GINA, Global Initiative for Asthma.

Table 5 Difference in ACT score between the groups: poor, adequate, and good knowledge of asthma self-management

Asthma self-management knowledge	ACT score (Mean ± SD)	p-value
Poor (ASMQ score <50)	16.2±5.0	<0.001
Adequate and good (ASMQ score ≥50)	21.9±2.6

Abbreviations: ACT, Asthma Control Test; ASMQ, Asthma Self-Management Questionnaire.

In this study, we did not ask our patients about the use of a peak flow meter. Mancuso et al (the developers of this questionnaire) found that the ASMQ scores were higher in patients who owned a peak flow meter, although in their study (conducted in the USA), only 34% owned a peak flow meter.²⁹ A similar result was reported by Abdulwadud et al in Australia.⁴³ In most developing countries, however, the use of this device is very low. For example, in a study in India, only 2% of patients were prescribed a peak flow meter by physicians.⁴⁹

Regarding the use of a metered-dose inhaler, incorrect use of this device is often reported.^50–53 In this study, although most patients (59.3%) knew they should hold their breath for a few seconds after inhaling the medication into the lungs, 68% still gave a wrong answer about the use of an inhaler. In these incorrect responses, most patients (64%) thought that to inhale quickly was the correct way to use an inhaler. Although this is wrong, it seems to persist as a common idea among both asthma and COPD patients worldwide. For example, it has been reported that nearly 60% of COPD patients⁵⁴ and up to 90%–100% of asthma patients^55–58 inhaled too quickly (>90 L min⁻¹). Therefore, in practice, health care providers need to educate patients to inhale slowly when they prescribe a metered-dose inhaler.

Although it is confirmed that asthma is an incurable disease, this knowledge does not seem to have been transferred to all patients. In this study, 52% of the participants thought that asthma can be cured, mostly by medicine and by avoiding triggers. This finding is similar to the results of previous studies. For example, the belief that asthma can be cured was reported by 50.3% asthmatics in Pakistan,⁵⁹ 40% in Saudi Arabia,⁶⁰ and 32.1% of asthmatic school students in Oman.⁶¹ Similarly, using 14 items of the ASMQ, a study in Saudi Arabia found that only 25.5% participants knew that there is no known cure for asthma.²⁶

In addition, some confusion remains about rescue and control medications: for example, in this study, 36% of the participants thought that maintenance medicines can “make you breathe better right after you take them” and 35% mentioned that rescue medicines can “help prevent future flareups”. This type of confusion was also reported by Elbur et al: in their study (conducted in Saudi Arabia), only 22% and 16.6% of participants, respectively, had correct knowledge about controllers and rescuers.²⁶

Regarding how to respond in a “bad” situation (“If you are having symptoms and don’t know why, the first thing you should do is […]?”), only 15.5% had a correct answer (i.e., to change one’s immediate environment); this means that the active response to an acute exacerbation is far from optimal. On the other hand, many patients make serious errors in the management of an asthma attack.^59,62,63

In general, this study has revealed a large gap in patients’ asthma self-management knowledge, particularly among the less well-educated patients. This finding may hopefully lead to improvement/expansion of education programs for patients with asthma, which are still rare and of relatively poor quality in Vietnam.

It should be noted that, because this study was conducted in one hospital, the results may not be generalizable. In addition, no reliable causal relationships can be confirmed in this cross-sectional study. Furthermore, although the ASMQ was translated according to the World Health Organization procedure of translation and adaptation of instruments, the ASMQ has not yet been validated in Vietnam and this might have led to some bias.

Conclusion

This study shows that the knowledge of asthma self-management of adult patients in Vietnam is low and that this knowledge is correlated with education level. A good relationship was found between asthma self-management and asthma control, that is, the higher the level of asthma control, the better the knowledge of asthma self-management (and vice versa). There is a need to improve knowledge of asthma self-management among adult patients in Vietnam, especially those who are less well educated, either via their physicians or by other appropriate means (e.g., via the mass media).

Author contributions

VNN and TTHH conducted the study. VNN and TTHH analyzed the data. VNN and TTHH drafted the manuscript. NHC edited the manuscript. All authors have reviewed the manuscript. All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and revising the paper, and all agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.