Insights into the Association Between QSER1 and M2 Macrophages and Remarkable Malignancy Characteristics in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

Purpose

Glutamine and serine rich 1 (QSER1), as a DNA methylation modulator, play a crucial role in transforming tumor cells. Previous studies have shown that QSER1 plays a role in regulating the progression of various malignancies and that QSER1 dysfunction is connected with precancerous lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as well as HCC prognosis. However, little is known about the detailed contribution of QSER1 in HCC.

Patients and Methods

Various statistical methods such as Kaplan–Meier method, AUC analysis, GSEA, and immune-infiltration analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between QSER1 expression and clinical features, prognostic factors, and potential functional mechanisms of QSER1.

Results

QSER1 expression was negatively correlated with clinicopathological features (clinical stage, pathological grade, TP53 mutation, lymph node metastasis) and clinical outcome (overall survival versus recurrence). Functional enrichment analysis further suggested that QSER1 is involved in multiple pathways related to DNA replication and tumor immunity. TIMER analysis indicated that high QSER1 expression was significantly associated with higher macrophage infiltration and poorer macrophage-related outcomes. In particular, QSER1 was significantly more associated with M2 macrophages than M1 macrophages.

Conclusion

Overall, elevated QSER1 is a potential prognostic marker for HCC and is associated with immune infiltration in HCC.

Keywords:

• HCC
• QSER1
• prognosis
• immune infiltration

Introduction

Liver cancer, more specifically hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the second deadliest cancer, and its incidence is increasing worldwide every year.¹ According to statistics, nearly 85% of HCC cases occur in areas where medical resources are scarce, such as East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.² Local ablation, surgical resection, or liver transplantation can lead to a clinical cure of early-stage HCC.³ However, poor HCC surveillance causes most patients to lose the optimal treatment window.³ For unresectable HCC, several targeted therapeutic agents, such as Sorafenib and regorafenib, have been approved for HCC treatment.⁴ The overall therapeutic effect of these drugs is not satisfactory due to their side effects and drug resistance.⁴ Therefore, novel and reliable diagnostic and therapeutic markers for HCC are urgently needed to improve patient prognosis.⁵

Although the Human Genome Project has defined most of the gene functions, there are still some protein-coding genes whose functions are unknown.⁶ Therefore, developing an easier understanding of disease mechanisms and elucidating the alterations and effects of these genes in disease states. Glutamine and serine-rich protein 1 (QSER1) is a gene of unknown function mutated in different cancer tissues.⁷ Ovarian cancer studies have reported that high-frequency mutations in the QSER1 gene may influence the clinical outcome of ovarian cancer treatment.⁸ QSER1 was found to be downregulated in glioma⁹ and non-small-cell lung cancer.¹⁰ The mRNA expression level of QSER1 is connected with survival and recurrence in lung adenocarcinoma patients.¹¹ It has been shown that QSER1 is significantly mutated in high-grade dysplastic nodules, precancerous lesions of HCC.¹² Moreover, QSER1 was expressed at much higher levels in HCC cells than in normal hepatocytes and was linked with HCC recurrence.¹³ Therefore, QSER1 may be a potential cancer marker. However, the mechanism of action of QSER1 in HCC needs to be further clarified.

In this study, we compared the expression levels of QSER1 in normal liver and HCC. We also broke down the relationship between QSER1 expression and clinicopathological features and further explored the prognostic value of QSER1 in patients’ overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Then, we investigated the potential relevance between QSER1 expression and immune infiltration. Our study showed that QSER1 is a novel premonitory biomarker in HCC patients and correlates with macrophage infiltration.

Materials and Methods

QSER1 Gene Expression Analysis

The Hepatocellular Carcinoma Comprehensive Molecular Database (HCCDB) is a gene expression atlas of HCC that contains 15 publicly available datasets.¹⁴ The HCCDB helps researchers perform cross-platform differential expression analysis, predictive analysis, and tissue-specific network analysis and provides a visual presentation of the results for target genes. In this study, samples containing QSER1 expression data in the HCCDB were used to analyze the transcript levels of QSER1 in HCC and normal liver.

The Human Protein Atlas (HPA) is a protein atlas database based on human organ tissues.¹⁵ The database provides a detailed analysis of approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes by integrating multiomics data. The entire database covers the distribution of proteins in all crucial tissues and organs in the human body. Additionally, it annotates proteins that are only expressed in specific tissues such as the brain, heart, or liver. As an open data resource, this database improves fundamental insights into human biology and is anticipated to help drive the development of new diagnostics and drugs. We compared the expression levels of QSER1 protein in human liver tissues with HCC tissues based on HPA atlases.

UALCAN is an easy-to-use, interactive portal that allows a thorough analysis of TCGA level 3 RNA-seq and clinical data for 31 cancers.¹⁶ UALCAN can evaluate the association of transcript levels or methylation levels of target genes with clinicopathological features. Links to other databases such as HPRD, GeneCards, PubMed, TargetScan, DRUGBANK, open targets, and GTEx are also available to provide additional information about the selected genes. Specifically, in this study, we used UALCAN to analyze the mRNA expression levels of QSER1 in different clinicopathological subgroups of the TCGA-LIHC cohort.

Survival Prognostication

Currently, as an online survival analysis website,¹⁷ the Kaplan–Meier Plotter database presents 54,675 genes and 18,674 cancer samples for study, covering breast cancer, lung cancer, etc.; data types involve microarray data, high-throughput sequencing data, containing mRNA and miRNA, and are continually being concentrated. Here, we evaluated the ability of QSER1 to predict overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in HCC patients (TCGA-LIHC cohort) using the Kaplan–Meier mapper. We also evaluated the predictive ability of QSER1 for prognosis in different HCC clinicopathological subgroups. We separated the TCGA-LIHC cohort into two groups based on the best cutoff value of QSER1. The Kaplan–Meier plotter was automatically selected for the Log rank test in the analysis. The results of the subgroup analysis were displayed as forest plots in R (R package: forest plot, version 1.10.1).¹⁸

Function Exploration of QSER1

In the TCGA-LIHC cohort, by calculating the correlation between QSER1 and all differentially expressed genes, we screened the 50 genes with the strongest associations with QSER1. GO, and KEGG analyses of QSER1 and differentially associated genes were implemented, and we also explored the possible pathways and mechanisms of regulation involved in QSER1 and its associated genes. Pathways with P<0.05 were considered expressively concentrated. The GSCALite tool presented the role of QSER1 in ten classical tumor-associated tracks in the form of pie charts.¹⁹ Based on the meta-analysis of the HCCDB database, we finally constructed a gene coexpression network of QSER1 in normal liver, paraneoplastic and hepatocellular carcinoma tissues.^20,21

Correlation Analysis of QSER1 and Immune Cell Infiltration

The elements and enrichment of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment can forcefully influence tumor progression and the effectiveness of immunotherapy.⁴ However, elucidating the complex tumor-immune interactions poses significant computational and experimental challenges.²² Given the gene expression profiles of more than 10,000 samples in the TCGA database, the TIMER database provides a systematic analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) for 32 cancer types with a user-friendly portal.²² TIMER identifies the enrichment of TIICs according to a statistical analysis of gene expression profiles.²² We also analyzed the correlation with QSER1 gene expression levels and the abundance of other infiltrating immune cells according to the expression of specific marker genes for HCC.²³ The extent of all correlations was further validated in the Gene Expression Profile Interaction Analysis (GEPIA) database.²⁴

Statistical Analysis

The gene expression correlations were assessed in the TIMER and GEPIA databases using Spearman correlation analysis, and if not explicitly stated, p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

QSER1 Expression Increased in HCC

Previous studies have confirmed QSER1 as a gene affecting tumorigenesis. Therefore, we detected the expression pattern of QSER1 in HCC in depth. QSER1 was expressively accelerated in HCC tumor tissues compared to normal tissues (Figure 1A). Immunohistochemical results of tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues revealed that QSER1 protein expression was also expressively increased in HCC tissues (Figure 1B). To further demonstrate the specificity of QSER1 in HCC, we integrated various clinical factors such as gender, race, age, weight, alpha-fetoprotein level, fibrosis ishak score, TP53 mutation status, lymph node metastasis status, cancer stage and tumour grade in hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) samples in the TCGA database to compare the transcript levels of QSER1 in each group. The results showed that QSER1 remained at a higher transcript level in HCC patients compared to normal subjects (Figure 1C and Supplementary Figure 1). Interestingly, QSER1 expression showed a progressive upward trend with an increasing grade stage, while no similar trend was observed in the TNM stage. Overall, QSER1 was highly expressed in HCC.

Figure 1 The expression level of QSER1 in HCC. (A) The mRNA expression of QSER1 in 9 of 10 clinical cohorts was significantly different between HCC and normal liver tissues; (B) Representative IHC images from the HPA database; (C) The expression level of QSER1 in different subgroups of HCC. The Student’s t-test, *p< 0.05; **p< 0.01; ***p< 0.001.

Higher Expression of QSER1 Was Relevant to Poor Prognosis

To estimate the influence of elevated QSER1 expression on the clinical prognosis of HCC, we evaluated the effect of high QSER1 expression on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Additionally, we analyzed the predictive efficacy of QSER1 transcript levels on 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival outcomes. The outcomes showed that high QSER1 expression was expressively associated with low survival. As shown in Figure 2A and B, increased QSER1 was markedly related to poor OS (HR = 1.47[1.04–2.09], P = 0.029) and PFS (HR = 1.65 [1.23–2.22], P = 0.00084). Moreover, time-dependent ROC analysis showed that QSER1 had high sensitivity for predicting early postoperative outcomes in HCC. The areas under the one-year curve for OS and PFS were 0.701 and 0.639, respectively.

Figure 2 The clinical value of QSER1. (A) Overall survival analysis of QSER1 in the TCGA-LIHC cohort. (B) AUC curve evaluating the diagnostic efficacy of QSER1 in identifying the overall survival outcome of HCC. (C) Progression-free survival analysis of QSER1 in the TCGA-LIHC cohort. (D) AUC curve evaluates the diagnostic efficacy of QSER1 in identifying the overall recurrence of HCC. (E) Analysis of the role of QSER1 in the outcome events in different subgroups.

According to the differential expression of QSER1 observed in HCC and the significant prognostic values associated with its expression, we investigated the association with QSER1 expression and different clinicopathological features of HCC using the Kaplan–Meier mapper database. High expression of QSER1 was associated with Asian sex (OS: HR = 2.59, p = 0.0023; PFS: HR = 1.67, p = 0.033), AJCC stage II (OS: HR = 2.57, p = 0.023; PFS: HR = 1.93, p = 0.031), Grade II (OS: HR = 2.43, p = 0.0016; PFS: HR = 1.81, p = 0.0079) and T II (OS: HR = 2.53, p = 0.042; PFS = 0.017; PFS: HR = 2.03, p = 0.013) and was expressively connected with poorer prognosis. However, QSER1 expression was not related to AJCC-T stage III and grade III patients (Figure 2E). These findings suggest that QSER1 expression levels can impact the prognosis of HCC patients with different clinicopathological factors, peculiarly in the early stage of disease.

Enrichment Analysis of QSER1-Associated Co-Expressed Genes in HCC

To explore the feasible molecular mechanisms of QSER1. We performed GO terminology and KEGG analyses on QSER1 and related differentially expressed genes. The outcomes suggested that the significantly differentially expressed genes associated with QSER1 were primarily involved in fatty acid metabolism, factor biosynthesis, humoral immune response, and acute inflammatory response (Figure 3A). In addition, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis proved that these genes were primarily concentrated in the IGF protein kinase B signaling cascade, T cell activation, and DNA replication-related pathways (Figure 3A). We also found that the QSER1 gene plays a role in all ten classical pathways. qSER1 predominantly accounted for the largest share of cell cycle activation (Figure 3B). Eventually, we also analyzed the coexpression network, and the described outcomes performed that the QSER1 coexpression network was utterly different in HCC tissues, adjacent tissues, and normal liver tissues (Figure 3C–E).

Figure 3 Biological functions of QSER1 expression. (A) GO and KEGG analyses suggested that QSER1 is associated with the immune response. (B) The role of QSER1 in ten classical pathways. (C–E) The coexpression networks of QSER1 in normal, adjacent, and HCC tissues in the HCCDB database.

High QSER1 Expression Correlated with M2 Macrophage Polarization

We analyzed the association between QSER1 expression and the enrichment of immune infiltrates by TIMER. As revealed in the correlation plot (Figure 4A), QSER1 expression showed a moderately positive correlation with the infiltration enrichment of suppressive immune cells, such as neutrophils, DCs, and macrophages (r > 0.3, p < 0.05). Other immune cell subsets, including CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells were moderately associated with QSER1 (r > 0.1, p < 0.05). These results indicate that QSER1 influences the immune response by affecting immune cell infiltration in the immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Figure 4 Relationship between QSER1 gene expression and immune infiltration. (A) Correlation between QSER1 and six kinds of immune cell infiltration in the TIMER database. (B) The effects of macrophages on the prognosis of HCC. (C) The effects of dendritic cells on the prognosis of HCC. (D) The impact of QSER1 gene expression and macrophage infiltration on OS. (E) The impact of QSER1 gene expression and macrophage infiltration on RFS. (F) Correlation analysis between QSER1 and M1/M2 macrophage markers. (G) The degree of correlation between QSER1 and M2 macrophage markers (TGFB1 and CSF1R).

In the next step, we accomplished Kaplan–Meier survival analysis to assess OS in HCC patients with different immune cell infiltrations. Of the immune cells most associated above (DCs and macrophages), only high enrichment of macrophages was expressively correlated with poorer cumulative survival in HCC (Figure 4B and C); based on a 5-year follow-up analysis, other lymphocytes had no marked effect on the survival result (data not shown). Further survival analysis showed that ascending QSER1 expression was related to a significantly poor prognosis in patients with macrophage infiltration (Figure 4D and E). When assessing the association between QSER1 and biomarkers of both macrophage types, scatter plots showed a high positive correlation between QSER1 and molecular biomarkers of M2 macrophages (CD163, TGFB1, CSF1R, and VSIG4; Figure 4F and G), while M1 macrophage biomarkers (IL12A, TNF, NOS2, and PTGS2) suggested only low or no correlation (Figure 4F). Overall, our findings suggest that QSER1 upregulation is associated with M2 macrophage polarization, contributing to HCC development.

Discussion

In this study, we managed to identify the potential of QSER1 as a feasible biomarker in HCC patients. Our study is the first to analyze the differential expression of QSER1 in HCC tissues using different public datasets and investigate its role in cancer-related signaling pathways to determine its possible biological importance in HCC carcinogenesis. Using TCGA, HCCDB, GEO, and HPA datasets, we found that QSER1 was expressively upregulated in HCC tissues, and its expression level was negatively related to the OS and PFS of HCC patients. Using the TIMER algorithm, we demonstrated that the expression level of QSER1 was associated with the degrees of infiltration of multiple immune cell types. In addition, we found that QSER1 may lead to M2 macrophage polarization to influence the development and progression of HCC.

It is well known that the levels of AFP, a routine biomarker widely used in clinical practice, correlate with the pathological grading, progression and prognosis of HCC.^25–27 However, there are few studies on the prognostic indicators of AFP-negative HCC.²⁷ In the present study, QSER1 expression levels were found to be strongly correlated with serum AFP levels and postoperative outcome of HCC. This suggests that QSER1 may also be a valid predictive target for outcome in AFP-negative HCC patients. TP53 mutations are among the most common genetic changes in HCC.²⁸ It is clinically important to tailor a specific prognostic approach to TP53 mutant HCCs and to explore additional treatment options.²⁸ Our results suggest that QSER1 may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with TP53-mutated HCC. Also, cirrhosis is associated with reduced survival and increased incidence of HCC.²⁹ Advanced fibrosis is an independent predictor of HCC progression.³⁰ The Ishak score, a complex staging system, provides the most accurate assessment of the extent of cirrhosis in HCC patients.³¹ However, our results suggest that QSER1 may not significantly correlate with the cirrhosis level in HCC. Finally, although TNM stage is an important predictor for HCC outcome,³² Insufficient sample size may have contributed to the insignificant statistical difference in Stage IV (N=6).

As QSER1 is an essential paralog of PRR12, the functions of QSER1 and PRR12 are similar.³³ PRR12 is aberrantly expressed in gliomas and is involved in the development and progression of gliomas.³⁴ Similarly, QSER1 is downregulated by miR-181b targeting and may be associated with enhanced sensitivity of glioma cells to temozolomide.⁹ The long-term progression from chronic liver disease to a confirmed diagnosis of HCC involves multiple steps.³⁵ Genetic mutations can induce normal cell carcinogenesis and promote tumor progression.³⁶ High-grade dysplastic nodules (HGDNs) are precancerous lesions that precede hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and approximately 20% of HGDNs eventually progress to HCC.³⁷ Lee et al found that QSER1 presents an HGDN-specific mutation that is the genetic basis for the progression of HGDN to malignant disease.¹²

Interestingly, recent reports suggest that QSER1 interacts with TET1 to protect transcriptional and developmental procedures from DNMT3-mediated de novo methylation.³⁸ In addition, QSER1 has been reported to interact with the NANOG and TET1 proteins that induce pluripotent stem cells.³⁹ Hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells are currently considered a specific subpopulation with significant tumorigenic potential and play a vital role in the development and recurrence of HCC.^40,41 In addition, Das et al proved that QSER1 was expressively overexpressed in HCC and was related to HCC recurrence.¹³ Overall, these reports are consistent with our results. We found that QSER1 expression levels increased with disease progression and were associated with worse survival situations.

Dysfunction of the immune system is a crucial factor in cancer development and progression.⁴² Tumor immune escape is mainly facilitated by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which is associated with a high accumulation of cells negatively regulating immune activity, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), suppressor B cells, and M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the TME.⁴³ Targeted immune checkpoint therapy has been widely used for cancer treatment.⁴⁴ A study found that QSER1 is overexpressed in pathological cardiomyopathy and is associated with B-lymphocyte infiltration.⁴⁵ Our study revealed that QSER1 was associated with the immune response and T-cell activation. Specifically, our outcomes also suggested that QSER1 may take part in the polarization of M2 macrophages.

In HCC, it has been reported that macrophages can promote tumor progression at many stages and induce immunosuppression, metastasis, and chemoresistance, subsequently resulting in decreased survival.^46,47 Furthermore, macrophages are highly vital and heterogeneous within and between tumors, ranging from antitumor (M1) to protumor (M2) states.⁴⁸ We demonstrate that QSER1 is closely associated with M2 macrophage infiltration and positively correlates with specific biomarkers of M2 while connecting insignificantly with M1 markers. Previous studies have proven that M2 macrophages can promote angiogenesis, metastasis, and, most significantly, immunosuppression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.⁴⁹ We discovered that macrophages were expressively connected with a poorer prognosis in HCC. Moreover, our survival analysis showed that patients with high macrophage infiltration and facilitated QSER1 expression had poor overall results. Hence, the poor prognosis associated with increased QSER1 may be due, at least to some degree, to the polarization of M2 macrophages. In conclusion, the current study provides rudimentary evidence that QSER1 may be involved in inducing and maintaining the recruitment of M2 macrophages. In other words, targeting QSER1 may represent a promising method to re-program macrophages into an antitumor M1 phenotype.

Although this research has provided us with a better understanding of the oncogenic role of QSER1 in the progression and development of hepatocellular carcinoma, there are still some limiting factors. First, all cohorts of hepatocellular carcinoma patients used were retrospective, as this type of study design may lead to information bias. The clinical value of QSER1 remains to be further recognized in prospectively designed studies, which may reduce the bias due to uncontrollable factors. Moreover, although genomic studies have emerged as one of the most effective approaches to accelerate the translation of cancer research, correlation analyses based on bioinformatics algorithms can only provide preliminary evidence of this relationship. They cannot establish a causal correlation between QSER1 and the immune response. Because of the complexity of immune regulation in cancer pathogenesis and progression, the precise molecular mechanisms of QSER1-mediated immune responses need to be further investigated.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the expression of QSER1 is highly increased in HCC and is related to poorer clinicopathological features and poorer prognosis. QSER1 may influence HCC progression through M2 macrophage recruitment and polarization and mediate immunosuppression in the tumor immune microenvironment. Our study provides good insights into the premonitory and predictive biomarker role of HCC and offers a new precision immunotherapeutic method to combat HCC.

Abbreviations

HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; QSER1, glutamine and serine rich 1; TCGA, the Cancer Genome Atlas; ICGC, International Cancer Genome Consortium; GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus; OS, overall survival; RFS, recurrence-free survival; HCCDB, Hepatocellular Carcinoma Comprehensive Molecular Database; HPA, Human Protein Atlas; AUC, area under curve; HR, hazard ratio; TIMER, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource.

Data Sharing Statement

This article contains data to support the results of this study.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

This research obtained approval from the Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital Central South University (approval number, 202009493). Since the clinical data of this study is publicly obtained from the TCGA and GEO program, the approval of the local ethics committee was not needed.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.81974423, 81902729), the Special Funding for the Construction of Innovative Provinces in Hunan (Grant Nos.2019SK2031, Grant Nos.2020SK4003), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (Grant Nos.2020JJ5904), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos.2020M672517, 2021T140749), the Project Program of National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital, Grant Nos.2021KFJJ03), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (Grant Nos.2020zzts852).