The use of autologous serum for the treatment of ocular surface disease at a Swedish tertiary referral center

Abstract

Purpose

The study aims to describe an intact cohort with mixed ocular surface disease (OSD) treated with autologous serum (AS) eye drops in a tertiary eye center.

Patients and methods

All cases (n=32 eyes, 24 patients) treated with AS for OSD at the Department of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, between 2002 and 2013 were included and medical records were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

Mean duration of treatment with 20% AS was 28.3±56.1 (median: 12, range: 3–217) days. The most common indication for AS treatment was a persistent epithelial defect (PED), which was seen in 16 eyes of 14 patients. Mean duration of PED prior to treatment was 19.3±18.9 (median: 10, range: 5–68) days. Complete or partial epithelial healing occurred in nine eyes (56.2%). The remaining seven eyes (44%) did not respond to treatment or data were missing. The second group consisted of nine eyes of five patients with superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) secondary to dry eye syndrome. Complete or partial healing of the epithelium occurred in five eyes (56%), and the remaining four eyes (44%) were lost to follow-up. A third group included five eyes with AS as an adjuvant treatment after corneal perforation, whereas a fourth group consisted of one patient with dry eye after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).

Conclusion

In this cohort, patients with PED or SPK responded well to treatment with AS. Standardized preparation protocols, defined optimal serum concentrations for various indications, and large randomized clinical trials are needed to fully comprehend the role of AS in the treatment of OSD.

Keywords:

• dry eye syndrome
• persistent epithelial defect
• superficial punctate keratitis

Introduction

Ocular surface disease (OSD) can be challenging for ophthalmologists worldwide. Disturbances affecting the delicate balance among cornea, tear film, and conjunctiva are studied with the aim of optimizing treatment for the specific patient. The loss of epithelial integrity of the cornea may initiate processes resulting in inflammation, melting, and perforation. Conditions that may lead to nonhealing epithelial defects include keratoconjunctivitis sicca (eg, Sjögren’s syndrome), Stevens–Johnsons syndrome, mucous membrane pemphigoid, neurotrophic cornea (herpes, diabetes), exposure keratitis, stem cell failure, etc. A healthy tear film provides the cornea and conjunctiva with essential components needed to maintain stability. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), vitamin A, and transforming growth factor α and β (TGF-α and -β) are present in tears and confer important proliferative effects on the epithelium.^1–6 Fibronectin has been suggested to be a scaffold that promotes epithelial healing by facilitating cell attachment.⁷ Reduction of these epitheliotrophic factors due to disease can lead to epithelial defects. Serum is the fluid part of blood devoid of its cellular components. It contains several growth factors, many in higher concentrations compared to that in tears.^8,9 In keeping with this, application of human serum appears to be a logical regimen to treat OSD.

The first report on using autologous serum (AS) in patients with eye disease was published in 1975. Ralph et al¹⁰ investigated the use of a mobile perfusion pump with different fluids (among them, diluted serum) to moisten dry eyes of 12 patients. Nine years later, Fox et al¹¹ used diluted AS in comparison to saline solution in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca with favorable results. Despite these results, the treatment did not gain popularity for a number of years until the late 1990s, when several clinical studies on the subject were conducted.¹² The purpose of this study is to describe the use and outcome of topical treatment with AS in a nonselected cohort of patients with moderate-to-severe OSD at a Swedish tertiary referral center.

Materials and methods

A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate all patients treated with AS drops at the Department of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden. During the period of January 2002 to May 2013, 32 eyes of 24 patients received treatment with AS drops. Because one of the purposes of the study was to describe an unselected patient group and the spectrum of indications for AS treatment at a tertiary referral center, no patients were excluded from analysis on grounds of insufficient medical records or because they were lost to follow-up. Four main groups could be identified on the basis of biomicroscopy findings: 1) patients with a persisting epithelial defect (PED) that did not heal in the expected period of time; 2) dry eyes showing superficial punctate keratitis (SPK); and 3) a group of patients with corneal perforations receiving AS as adjuvant treatment. For patients with overlapping conditions or patients exhibiting several of the above-mentioned signs, the most severe condition was chosen as the basis for classification. One patient, treated under the diagnosis of severe post-laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) pain with moderate signs of dry eye, constituted a fourth group. Clinical data on indications for treatment, duration of OSD, and previous and simultaneous treatment for OSD were retrieved from medical records. Data were also collected on duration and frequency of treatment with AS, as well as on ocular findings prior to treatment and at last follow-up. Outcome measures included the proportion of patients with healed corneal epithelium and time to healing. The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee in Gothenburg, and the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed. Informed patient consent was not required according to the Regional Ethics Committee in Gothenburg, as this was a retrospective study.

Treatment protocol

AS drops were prepared by taking 10 mL of peripheral blood from each patient. The samples were allowed to clot for 30 minutes and were then centrifuged for 9 minutes at 2,900× g. Serum was extracted under sterile conditions. The serum (2 mL) was diluted with 8 mL of saline solution for a final concentration of 20%. One patient who did not respond to 20% serum was also treated with 100% serum. No testing for blood-borne diseases was performed. Antibiotics were not added to the solution but were included in the treatment regimen in 24 of 32 eyes. The bottles were frozen at −20°C and patients were instructed to store bottles in the freezer, keep current bottle in the refrigerator, and discard it after 1 day. Dosage of drops varied between patients from two to eight times daily, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of all patients with ocular surface disease treated with AS drops at the Department of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, between 2001 and 2013

Patient (eye)	Age (years)	Sex	Indication for AS treatment	Systemic and/or ocular disease	AS treatment regimen (frequency/duration)	Number of AS treatments	Previous treatment measures	Concurrent medical treatment (including artificial tears)	Concurrent surgery
1 (R/L)	54	M	SPK	Graft-vers us-host disease	×4, 7 days	One	Punctal occlusion	Topical steroids, topical cyclosporine; systemic steroids; patching	None
2 (R)	82	F	PED	Herpes zoster, neurotrophic cornea	×4, 21 days	One	No previous invasive treatment	Topical antibiotics, steroids, cycloplegics, IOP-lowering medication	None
3 (R)	81	F	Perforation	Rheumatoid arthritis	×3–4, DM	One	Cyanoacrylate glue	Topical antibiotics, steroids, topical cyclosporine, systemic steroids, methotrexate; BCL	AM
4 (R)	83	F	Perforation	Pemphigoid	DM	One	AM, tarsorrhaphy	Topical antibiotics, systemic steroids; BCL	None
5 (R/L)	78	F	SPK	Scleroderma, dry eye	×3–4, 5 days	One	No previous invasive treatment	Topical antibiotics, steroids	Punctal cautery
6 (L)	39	M	PED	Multiple surgical procedures	×4, DM	One	PKP, vitrectomy	Topical steroids, IOP-lowering medication, systemic antibiotics, acetazolamide; BCL	None
7 (R/L)	57	M	PED/perforation	Fifth and seventh nerve palsy, neurotrophic cornea	×4, 35/23 days	One	Tarsorrhaphy, PKP (L)	Topical antibiotics, steroids, systemic tetracycline	Retarsorrhaphy (L)
8 (L)	77	F	SPK	Sjögren’s syndrome	×3–4, 21 days	One	Punctal cautery	–	None
9 (L)	91	M	Perforation	Blepharitis, degeneration	×4, 6 days	One	AM, cyanacrylate glue	Topical antibiotics, systemic tetracycline	None
10 (L)	68	F	PED	Surgery of facial tumor, postradiation therapy	×3, 1–5 days	One	Reconstructive eyelid surgery	Topical antibiotics, IOP-lowering drug; BCL	None
11 (R/L)	25	F	SPK	Rheumatic disease, diabetes	×4, 8/7 days	One	Punctal occlusion	Topical steroids, topical cyclosporine, acetylcysteine	None
12 (L)	92	F	PED	Status postkeratitis, dry eye	×5, 4 days	One	No previous invasive treatment	Topical antibiotics, steroids, cycloplegics; systemic tetracycline; BCL	AM
13 (R)	14	M	PED	Chemical injury, limbal stem cell deficiency	×2, 13 days	One	AM×2	Topical antibiotics, steroids, cycloplegics, systemic tetracycline; BCL	None
14 (R/L)	28/23,28	M	PED	Hyper-lgE syndrome	×3–5, 6/47/unknown number of days	Three (R); two (L)	No previous invasive treatment	Topical antibiotics, steroids, topical cyclosporine; BCL	Removal of plaque, AM
				Vernal keratoconjunctivitis	×3, 11/14 days				×3(L)
				Shield ulcer	Noncompliant
15 (R)	62	M	Perforation	Chemical injury, limbal stem cell deficiency	×2–3, DM	One	AM×3	Topical antibiotics, steroids, systemic tetracycline; BCL	None
16 (R)	27	F	PED	Congenital ly neurotrophic cornea	×2–4, 18/29/60 days	Three	Punctal cautery	Topical antibiotics, steroids	None
17 (R/L)	31	F	SPK	Blepharitis, dry eye	×3–4, unknown duration. Noncompliant	One	Punctal occlusion, botox-induced ptosis	–	None
18 (L)	71	F	PED	Schnitzler syndrome, status postkeratitis	×3, 8 days	One	No previous invasive treatment	Topical antibiotics, steroids, systemic steroids, methotrexate	AM
19 (R)	37	F	PED	Herpes simplex, neurotrophic cornea, diabetes	×4, 8 days	One	No previous invasive treatment	Topical antibiotics, steroids; systemic valaciclovir	None
20 (L)	55	F	PED	Neurotrophic cornea of unknown etiology	×4, 20/47 days	Two	Tarsorrhaphy, botox-induced ptosis	Topical antibiotics, steroids	None
21 (L)	75	M	PED	Exposure postsurgery for ptosis	×4–5, 18 days	One	Reconstructive eyelid surgery	Topical antibiotics; BCL	None
22 (L)	90	F	PED	Status postkeratitis, dry eye	×4, 17 days	One	No previous invasive treatment	Topical antibiotics, steroids, systemic tetracycline; BCL	AM
23 (R/L)	80	F	PED	Thyroid-associated orbitopathy, exposure keratitis	×3, 15 days	One	Tarsorrhaphy	Topical antibiotics, steroids; systemic valaciclovir; BCL	Surgical correction of eyelids/AM + tarsorrhaphy
24 (R/L)	31	F	Pain post-LASIK, dry eye	Pain post-LASIK, dry eye	×8, 217/60 days (ongoing)	Two	Punctal occlusion	Topical steroids, topical diclofenac	None

Abbreviations: AM, amniotic membrane; AS, autologous serum; BCL, bandage contact lens; DM, data missing; F, female; IOP, intraocular pressure; L, left; LASIK, laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis; M, male; PED, persistent epithelial defect; PKP, penetrating keratoplasty; R, right; SPK, superficial punctate keratitis.

Results

Treatment with AS for OSD was introduced in January 2002 at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. All 24 patients (32 eyes) treated with AS until May 2013 were included in the study. Clinical characteristics of the patients are given in Table 1, listed consecutively as they were put on AS treatment. Mean age of the patients at initiation of treatment was 56.5±24.5 (median: 57.5; range: 14–92) years and the male/female ratio was 1:2. All patients were given 20% AS as eye drops at the first treatment. One patient had 100% AS drops in a subsequent treatment episode. The frequency of applying serum varied among patients, although 84% (27 eyes) were prescribed drops three to four times daily. Mean treatment duration was 28.3±56.1 (median: 12; range: 3–217) days. None of the patients had any adverse effects related to treatment. As described earlier, patients were classified on the basis of biomicroscopy findings, resulting in four subgroups, each comprising several underlying ocular and/or systemic conditions (Table 1). A summary of the outcome and follow-up period for all groups treated with AS is presented in Table 2.

Table 2 Outcome of treatment with autologous serum in eyes with different types of ocular surface disease

Indication	Patientsa, n (%)	Eyes, n (%)	Treatments, n	Proportion of eyes with > 1 treatment (%)	Duration of treatmentb, median (range) days	Proportion of eyes with healed epitheliumb, n (%)	Follow-upc, median (range) months
PED	14 (58.3)	16 (50.0)	22	4 (25.0)	15 (3–35)	Complete healing: 6 (37.5); partial success: 3 (18.8); 7 (43.8)d	12.5 (2–88)
SPK	5 (20.8)	9 (28.1)	9	0 (0)	7 (5–21)	3 (33.3) complete healing, 2 (22.2) partial success, 4 (44.4)d	66 (<1–121)
Perforation	5 (20.8)	5 (15.6)	5	0 (0)	14.5 (6–23)	NA	28 (<1–71)
Pain post-LASIK	1 (4.2)	2 (6.3)	4	1 (100)	217 (NA)	NA	9

Notes:

a N=24 patients. However, in one patient, one eye was classified as having PED and the other eye as with perforation, hence the sum of 25 patients.

b Only first treatment included.

c Follow-up time is given for all eyes (n=32).

d Remaining 43.8% with no measurable effect, lost to follow-up, or suspected noncompliance.

Abbreviations: LASIK, laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis; NA, not applicable; PED, persistent epithelial defect; SPK, superficial punctate keratitis.

Persistent epithelial defects

The etiology of PED is presented for each eye in Table 1. Six out of 16 eyes had neurotrophic corneas. Three eyes were dry, one of those suffering from Schnitzler’s syndrome. Three eyes had primary exposure keratitis, in two eyes due to thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and in one patient as a consequence of previous ptosis surgery. Limbal stem cell deficiency was diagnosed in one eye that had previous chemical injury. One eye had received local radiation for maxillary tumor and had eyelid abnormalities combined with loss of corneal sensitivity. Two eyes of one patient included in this group were subsequently diagnosed as having a shield ulcer associated with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. The mean duration of PED before the first treatment was 19.3±18.9 (median: 10; range: 5–68) days. Time to complete healing was 9.2±18.9 (median: 6; range: 3–16) days, which occurred in six (37.5%) eyes. Partial healing occurred in three (18.8%) eyes and was followed by application of amniotic membrane at days 3, 5, and 14, respectively. The remaining seven eyes did not show any healing or the data from medical journals were not interpretable. Two of these seven eyes had amniotic membrane transplantation during the first days of treatment, which precluded assessment of healing. Two patients (three eyes) were denoted as noncompliant.

Superficial punctate keratitis

Nine eyes of five patients were treated with AS because of refractory SPK in dry eye syndrome. Complete success with regression of fluorescein staining was achieved in three eyes in 7/7/15 days during treatment (Table 2). Partial success with less-extensive SPK was observed in two eyes. The remaining two patients (four eyes) were lost to follow-up. Seven eyes had occlusion of puncti (plugs or diathermia) before treatment, five of those in close conjunction with initiation of AS treatment. Two eyes had diathermal occlusion during treatment. All patients received artificial tears frequently. Patient 1 had addition of cyclosporine in the treatment regimen and patient 11 received acetylcysteine topically during treatment. No patients had bandage contact lenses before or during treatment.

Perforation

Five eyes of five patients received AS as adjuvant treatment after perforation of the cornea. The etiology of perforation is outlined in Table 1. In four cases, amniotic membrane transplantation was carried out prior to, simultaneously, or after AS treatment. In Case 7, a tectonic penetrating keratoplasty was conducted before treatment, and Case 15 ultimately needed an allogenic limbal stem cell transplant.

Post-LASIK dry eye/pain syndrome

One patient could not be classified into any of the above-mentioned groups. This 31-year-old woman underwent LASIK surgery 7 years earlier due to contact lens intolerance. Postoperatively she suffered from persistent irritation, ocular pain, and photophobia. There were moderate signs of dry eye syndrome without epithelial defects. AS drops (20%) were prepared and given in combination with insertion of punctal plugs. The patient experienced symptomatic relief in terms of sense of dryness, while ocular pain did not respond to treatment. However, a preparation of 100% serum further decreased the symptoms.

Discussion

The aim of this study was to present all patients treated with AS at Sahlgrenska University Hospital since the introduction of AS as a treatment option at this clinic. Being a retrospective study, patients were offered other treatments simultaneously to hasten recovery. In the PED group, ten of 16 eyes were treated with bandage contact lenses simultaneously, a combination that has been shown to facilitate epithelial migration.¹³ In the SPK group, occlusion of puncti was performed in seven of nine eyes in close conjunction to or during AS treatment. The remaining two eyes had punctal occlusion earlier during the course of disease. This approach is likely to have influenced the outcome. Ogawa et al¹⁴ presented 14 patients suffering from graft-versus-host disease treated with AS, seven of them requiring additive punctal plugs to maintain epithelial integrity, whereas Kojima et al¹⁵ included only patients without punctal occlusion to evaluate the solitary effect of AS drops.

In this cohort, AS was given with a mean duration of treatment of 28.3 (median: 12) days, which is considerably shorter compared to several other studies.^15–19 In the PED group, this may be explained by an early intervention with amniotic membrane transplantation. An active approach is also reflected by the mean duration of PEDs before treatment in this study: 19.3 (median: 10) days, compared to similar studies with mean 22.4–204 days.^13,17,19,20

Recently, a Cochrane review was published investigating topical AS as treatment in dry eye syndrome.²¹ Out of 330 reports, only four trials were included in the investigation. In addition to the lack of prospective randomized controlled trials, there is an issue of different treatment protocols. In the present study, a concentration of 20% AS was used. Diluting the serum was advocated by Tsubota et al⁹ in 1999, based on measurements of fivefold increased levels of TGF-β in undiluted serum compared with that in tears. Because of the known antiproliferative effect of TGF-β,²² the solution was diluted to produce a more tear-like product. Despite this, in clinical practice, higher concentrations – up to 100% – have been successfully used and, on the contrary, seem to speed up epithelial closure.²³ The explanation for this could be possible proliferative effects of TGF-β,²² differences in serum growth factor levels among individuals, or variations in the serum preparation procedure. Different time durations and forces used in the centrifugation procedure result in different concentrations of growth factors. Geerling et al⁸ showed a fivefold decrease in TGF-β concentration compared to Tsubota et al’s⁹ previous measurements, using higher force and longer time of centrifugation. The variation in concentrations of growth factors in different studies renders comparisons difficult; the frequency of application is another factor that varies among studies. Attempts have been made to standardize the protocols of serum production.^24,25

The patients in this study were prescribed AS drops three to four times daily in a majority of cases (27 eyes, 84.4%). Comparable studies present application frequencies of five to ten times daily.^{9,11,13–18,20} The different drop regimen in this study can be explained by an initial lack of experience in treatment with AS and because of concomitant treatment. The stability of growth factors during storage is another factor to consider. EGF, NGF, TGF-β, fibronectin, and vitamins A and E have shown stability in samples stored up to 6 months at −20°C and 1 week at +4°C.^26,27 Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P were degraded at +4°C in 24 hours.²⁶ The stability did not depend on serum dilution because results were similar for 20%, 50%, and 100% serum.²⁷

Topical application of AS requires safety considerations. There were no adverse effects during treatment in this patient group. Very few complications are reported in the literature. Cases of keratitis, conjunctivitis, or eyelid eczema could possibly be related to treatment with serum.^14,18,28 Considering the risks of contamination and transfer of bacteria to a vulnerable site, cultures were taken in several studies. Stored serum was analyzed and it showed no growth in studies, however there were few samples.^9,11,18 Lagnado et al²⁴ found 13 out of 134 samples to be positive in culture; however, none of the treated patients showed any signs of infection. Immunological mechanisms in the serum might have enough bacteriostatic effect and addition of antibiotics to the solution is generally not recommended.

Immunoglobulin (Ig) deposits have been reported in a patient treated for a PED in a grafted herpetic cornea. The corneal transplant reepithelized, leaving an opacified stromal ring. This was subsequently analyzed as the patient developed allograft rejection and had to be retransplanted. The opacification showed high concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA, which was interpreted as originating from the AS drops.²⁹ In this study group, two eyes of one patient with hyper-IgE syndrome received treatment for vernal keratoconjunctivitis with shield ulcer. There is a known association between hyper–IgE syndrome and vernal keratoconjunctivitis.³⁰ No adverse or positive effects were seen. Compliance to treatment was suspected as being poor in this patient when given in the domestic setting. Theoretically, a higher concentration of IgE, similar to that in serum, could potentially deteriorate the condition. There are, to our knowledge, no case reports written on this subject.

The issue of transferring antibodies or proinflammatory agents from serum to eye of systemically ill patients, suggesting deterioration, could be avoided by using allogenic serum, and umbilical cord serum in particular has been suggested.^25,31

The indication for treatment is a key question when choosing patients for treatment with AS. Having a patient with epithelial defects, one has to consider the underlying mechanisms behind the finding. In a case of dry eye syndrome and inadequate tear production, AS acts as a biological tear substitute, replacing essential growth factors. While treating a patient with true stem cell deficiency, the serum cannot replace lost cells and expectations should be kept low. However, as is often seen in OSD, multifactorial pathology plays a large role, such as in aniridic keratopathy, where corneal epitheliopathy depends on stem cell deficiency combined with an alteration in the microenvironment of stem cells due to mutation in the PAX6 gene. Applying AS influences this environment and has been shown to give subjective and objective improvement.³² In our study, neurotrophic corneas with PEDs seem to respond well to AS treatment. Theoretically, among the growth factors present in serum and tears, NGF might play a greater role and it has also been used in the purified form with some success.² Serum is relatively rich in NGF, compared to tears, with values reaching 468.3±317.4 pg/mL and 54 pg/mL, respectively.³³ Both NGF and AS have provided improved corneal sensitivity.^2,34

Conclusion

AS has a role in the treatment of OSD when used for the right indications. This retrospective case series cannot evaluate its true effect, especially because several treatments were given simultaneously. Additional randomized controlled trials, investigating AS using a standardized protocol for preparation and evaluation of optimized serum concentrations for various indications, are needed. The advantage of purifying growth factors to ensure low variability among treatments, versus the possible potentiating effect of giving a multitude of factors of variable concentrations as in serum, is to be evaluated.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (number 2011–3132), Swedish government (“Agreement concerning research and education of doctors”; ALF-GBG-145921), Göteborg Medical Society, Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation, Dr Reinhard Marcuses Foundation, Konung Gustaf V:s och Drottning Victorias Frimurarestiftelse, Hjalmar Svensson Foundation, Greta Andersson Foundation, Herman Svensson Foundation, Ögonfonden, De Blindas Vänner, and Kronprinsessan Margaretas Arbetsnämnd för Synskadade.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.