Tezepelumab Efficacy in Patients with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma with Comorbid Nasal Polyps in NAVIGATOR

Abstract

Purpose

Tezepelumab, a human monoclonal antibody, blocks thymic stromal lymphopoietin. In the phase 3 NAVIGATOR study (NCT03347279), tezepelumab reduced annualized asthma exacerbation rates (AAERs) versus placebo, irrespective of baseline disease characteristics, and improved lung function and symptom control versus placebo in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. We assessed the efficacy of tezepelumab in patients with severe asthma with or without nasal polyps (NPs) in the 2 years before randomization in NAVIGATOR.

Methods

Patients with severe asthma (N=1059) were randomized (1:1) and received tezepelumab 210 mg or placebo every 4 weeks subcutaneously for 52 weeks. Prespecified exploratory analyses included: AAER over 52 weeks and changes from baseline to week 52 in pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22 scores, and asthma control and health-related quality life (HRQoL) outcomes in NP subgroups. Changes from baseline in fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), blood eosinophil counts, total immunoglobulin E (IgE), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10), and serum interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-13 were assessed (post hoc).

Results

Tezepelumab reduced the AAER over 52 weeks versus placebo by 85% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 72, 92; n=118) and 51% (95% CI: 40, 60; n=941) in patients with and without NPs, respectively. At week 52, tezepelumab improved lung function, asthma control and HRQoL versus placebo in patients with and without NPs. Tezepelumab reduced SNOT-22 total scores (least-squares mean difference versus placebo [95% CI]) in patients with NPs at 28 weeks (–12.57 points [–19.40, –5.73]) and 52 weeks (–10.58 points [–17.75, –3.41]). At week 52, tezepelumab reduced blood eosinophil counts and FeNO, IgE, IL-5, IL-13, EDN and MMP-10 levels versus placebo, irrespective of NP status.

Conclusion

Tezepelumab resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in sino-nasal symptoms and asthma outcomes in patients with severe asthma with comorbid NPs.

Graphical Abstract

Plain Language Summary

Asthma is a long-term condition caused by ongoing inflammation of the lower airways. The main symptoms are difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Approximately 41% of patients with severe asthma also have chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, a condition that affects the upper airways and sinuses. Nasal polyps are painless soft growths inside your nose that can keep growing if not treated. Symptoms include nasal congestion with mucus, facial pain and a reduced sense of smell or taste. People with both severe asthma and nasal polyps often have severe symptoms.

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a signaling molecule released by cells lining the airways in response to airborne triggers, such as smoke, pollen and viruses. TSLP activates several pathways that cause inflammation in the airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Tezepelumab is a biologic treatment that targets the very start of these inflammatory pathways by blocking TSLP.

The 1-year-long clinical trial called “NAVIGATOR” reported that tezepelumab reduced asthma attacks and improved lung function and asthma symptom control compared with placebo in patients with severe asthma that was not controlled with their current medicines. This analysis of data from NAVIGATOR looked at patients with both severe asthma and nasal polyps, showing that tezepelumab treatment improved sino-nasal symptoms compared with placebo. Tezepelumab also reduced asthma attacks and improved asthma symptoms, regardless of a patient’s medical history of nasal polyps. The effects of tezepelumab in patients with severe nasal polyps are being investigated in another clinical trial called “WAYPOINT”.

Keywords:

• chronic rhinosinusitis
• nasal polyps
• SNOT-22
• thymic stromal lymphopoietin

View correction statement:

Tezepelumab Efficacy in Patients with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma with Comorbid Nasal Polyps in NAVIGATOR [Corrigendum]

Introduction

Asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis are common comorbidities, and the frequency of asthma is higher in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) than in those without nasal polyps.^1–4 It has been estimated that approximately 41% of patients with severe asthma also have CRSwNP.⁵ Patients with both conditions tend to have more severe sino-nasal symptoms, more extensive lower airway inflammation, impaired lung function and a reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL) than those with asthma or CRSwNP alone.⁶ The clinical and economic burden of the disease is well documented.⁷

Although the mechanisms underlying the relationship between severe asthma and CRSwNP have not been fully elucidated, it has been suggested that the production of type 2 (T2) inflammatory cytokines, primarily interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13,⁸ induces the migration of eosinophils, mast cells and basophils to the airway mucosa, causing a reactive inflammatory response.^9–11 Pronounced eosinophilic infiltration is a feature in both asthma and CRSwNP.^6,12 Increased levels of extracellular matrix proteins and some matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have also been observed in nasal tissues in patients with CRSwNP (with or without asthma),^13,14 as well as increased serum periostin levels in patients with asthma,¹⁵ supporting an underlying T2 inflammatory pathology.^16–20 Indeed, an association between comorbid asthma and CRSwNP has been reported among patients with a T2 endotype. However, patients with type 1 (T1, related to interferon gamma), type 3 (T3, related to IL-17) and mixed T1/T2 or T2/T3 CRSwNP endotypes have also been identified.¹

Targeted Treatment for the Management of Severe Uncontrolled Asthma with Comorbid CRSwNP

Asthma with comorbid CRSwNP is difficult to control owing to its association with high rates of exacerbations and glucocorticoid dependence.⁶ Several studies have investigated the efficacy of T2-targeted biologic treatments in patients with severe asthma with comorbid nasal polyps. Benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab and omalizumab have been reported to improve both sino-nasal and asthma outcomes in these patients.^21–29 Treatment with dupilumab has also been associated with improvements in upper and lower airway outcome measures in a different study population of patients with severe CRSwNP with comorbid asthma (of any severity).³⁰ However, real-world evidence has shown that some patients with severe asthma do not respond to treatment with these biologics.^31–33 Furthermore, not all patients with asthma with comorbid CRSwNP show evidence of T2 inflammation.¹ The role of eosinophils in airway inflammation has been questioned³⁴ and there is evidence of non-T2 inflammation in the pathophysiology of CRSwNP.³⁵ Overall, there remains an unmet need for an effective medical treatment for patients with severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP. Targeting the epithelium at a higher, upstream level of the inflammatory cascade may provide a broader, more effective approach by encompassing T2 and non-T2 pathways.

TSLP is an epithelial cytokine that is an upstream activator of pro-inflammatory pathways.^36,37 It has been implicated in shared pathophysiological processes underlying both severe asthma and CRSwNP, and is associated with both T2 and non-T2 inflammation.³⁸ TSLP is an alarmin released by airway epithelial cells in response to a variety of stimuli including microbes, allergens, irritants and physical trauma.^39–42 TSLP gene polymorphisms have been associated with the risk for development of chronic rhinosinusitis in Chinese patients and CRSwNP in Japanese patients.^43–45 TSLP mRNA and protein levels are elevated in the nasal polyps of patients with CRSwNP, specifically eosinophilic nasal polyps^46–52 in which increased TSLP bioactivity, as assessed in bioassay studies, is associated with the initiation of T2 inflammatory signaling pathways.^47,53,54 The downstream impact of TSLP-derived signaling in CRSwNP includes effects relevant to both T2 and non-T2 inflammation, including promoting differentiation of naïve cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4+) T helper cells into pro-inflammatory T helper 2 (Th2) cells that produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor,³⁶ as well as driving the release of pro-inflammatory molecules by eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages.^55–58 TSLP potentiates eosinophilic inflammation by promoting eosinophil recruitment, survival and degranulation,^59–62 and activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells.⁶³ In addition, the presence of Charcot–Leyden crystals is a hallmark of eosinophilic airway inflammation and has been identified in eosinophilic nasal polyps.⁶⁴ These crystals may actively promote T2 inflammatory processes and may trigger non-T2 pathways including neutrophilic inflammation via IL-8, independently of IL-17 in nasal polyps.^64,65

Tezepelumab is a mAb (IgG2λ) that binds specifically to TSLP, blocking it from interacting with its heterodimeric receptor.^66,67 Tezepelumab treatment significantly reduced exacerbations and improved lung function, asthma control and health-related quality of life compared with placebo, irrespective of baseline disease characteristics, in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma in the phase 2b PATHWAY study (NCT02054130) and the phase 3 NAVIGATOR study (NCT03347279).^68,69 In PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR, tezepelumab reduced levels of T2 inflammatory biomarkers (ie blood eosinophils, fractional exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO] and immunoglobulin E [IgE]).^69,70 Similarly, in the phase 2 CASCADE study (NCT03688074), tezepelumab reduced the number of airway submucosal eosinophilic inflammatory cells and improved asthma clinical outcomes compared with placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe, uncontrolled asthma.⁷¹ In contrast, a significant reduction in eosinophil cell count in the bronchial submucosa was not observed in patients with asthma who received dupilumab in the phase 2 EXPEDITION study (NCT02573233).⁷²

In a post hoc analysis of PATHWAY, patients with asthma and nasal polyps (n = 23) had higher baseline levels of T2 inflammatory biomarkers than patients without nasal polyps (n = 112). Tezepelumab treatment reduced exacerbations and T2 inflammatory biomarker levels, irrespective of nasal polyp status; however, the effect of tezepelumab on sino-nasal symptoms associated with CRSwNP was not evaluated.⁷³ This exploratory subgroup analysis from the NAVIGATOR study evaluated the effect of tezepelumab treatment on clinical outcomes and biomarker levels in patients with severe asthma with and without a history of comorbid nasal polyps in the 2 years before randomization, including an assessment of sino-nasal symptoms among those with nasal polyps.

Materials and Methods

Study Design

NAVIGATOR was a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Full study design and inclusion and exclusion criteria have been described previously.⁶⁹ Eligible patients were non-smokers, 12–80 years of age, with physician-diagnosed asthma. Before the date of informed consent, patients had been receiving medium- or high‑dose inhaled glucocorticoids (daily dose of at least 500μg fluticasone propionate or equivalent) for at least 12 months and at least one additional controller medication, with or without oral glucocorticoids, for at least 3 months. Patients were required to have a morning pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) below 80% of the predicted normal value (< 90% for patients 12–17 years old) during the run-in period. Furthermore, a post-bronchodilator (albuterol/salbutamol) FEV₁ reversibility of at least 12% and at least 200 mL must have been documented during the 12 months before screening or during the run-in period. Included patients were required to have experienced at least two documented asthma exacerbations (defined as a worsening of asthma symptoms that led to hospitalization, an emergency room visit that resulted in the use of systemic glucocorticoids for ≥ 3 consecutive days, or the use of systemic glucocorticoids for ≥ 3 consecutive days) in the 12 months before the date of informed consent. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive tezepelumab 210 mg or placebo every 4 weeks subcutaneously for 52 weeks.

The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines and applicable regulatory requirements. Approvals from the Copernicus central Institutional Review Board (Cary, NC, USA) and local independent ethics committees were obtained, and all patients or their guardians provided written informed consent in accordance with local requirements.

Outcomes

The presence of a diagnosis of nasal polyps (of any severity) and either rhinitis or chronic sinusitis in a patient’s medical record determined whether they were deemed to have CRSwNP (hereon referred to as “nasal polyps”) at baseline. The exploratory subgroup analysis evaluated the efficacy of tezepelumab in patients with and without a history of nasal polyps in the 2 years before randomization in NAVIGATOR. The primary efficacy endpoint in NAVIGATOR was the annualized asthma exacaerbation rate (AAER; events per patient-year) over the 52-week treatment period in the overall population. The AAER was assessed in patients with and without a history of nasal polyps in the 2 years before randomization in NAVIGATOR. Secondary asthma-related outcomes assessed by nasal polyp status included changes from baseline in pre-bronchodilator FEV₁ (minimum clinically important difference [MCID], 0.1 L),⁷⁴ Asthma Control Questionnaire-6 (ACQ-6) score (range, 0 [no impairment] to 6 [maximum impairment]; MCID, 0.5 points),⁷⁵ Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (standardized) for patients aged 12 years and older (AQLQ[S]+12) overall score (range, 1 [maximum impairment] to 7 [no impairment]; MCID, 0.5 points)⁷⁶ and Asthma Symptom Diary (ASD) score (range, 0 [no symptoms] to 4 [worst possible symptoms]; MCID, 0.5 points).⁷⁷ Changes from baseline in Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22 total and domain scores were assessed only in those patients with a history of nasal polyps (MCID, 8.9 points).^78,79 The SNOT-22 questionnaire comprises 22 items, each scored from 0 (no problem) to 5 (problem as bad as can be) and categorized into five domains: nasal (8 items), ear/facial (4 items), sleep (4 items), function (3 items) and emotion (3 items). SNOT-22 domain scores were calculated as the mean score of items in a given domain (range, 0 to 5). All item scores were summed to determine the SNOT-22 total score, ranging from 0 to 110.

The following exploratory biomarkers were assessed at baseline and at post-baseline time points up to week 52: blood eosinophil counts; FeNO levels; serum levels of total IgE, quantified using an immunoassay (Phadia, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA); serum levels of cytokines (IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-13), quantified using a high-sensitivity sandwiched immunoassay (Simoa, Quanterix, Lexington, MA, USA); eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) levels, quantified using an ELISA assay (ALPCO, Salem, NH, USA); and MMP-10 levels, quantified using the Myriad Rules-Based Medicine xMAP assay (Rules-Based Medicine, Austin, TX, USA). Serum levels of TSLP were measured using a highly sensitive, fit-for-purpose electrochemiluminescence S-PLEX assay (Meso Scale Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD, USA).⁸⁰ This assay specifically detects long-form TSLP and not short-form TSLP. The lower limit of quantification is 2.9 pg/mL. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation in serum were 7.9–8.7% and 4.2–10%, respectively. No interference was observed with IL-2, -3, -4, -5, -7, -9, -12p70, -13, -15, -18, -21, -33 or -17E/-25.

Analyses of AAER and changes from baseline in FEV₁, ACQ-6, AQLQ(S)+12 and ASD, as well as SNOT-22 total scores in those with nasal polyps were prespecified; all other analyses, including SNOT-22 domain scores, were post hoc.

Statistical Analyses

The AAER over 52 weeks was estimated using a negative binomial regression model, with treatment group, region, age group, history of exacerbations, nasal polyps subgroup (yes or no) and treatment-by-subgroup interaction included as covariates.

Changes from baseline to week 52 in pre-bronchodilator FEV₁, ACQ-6 score, AQLQ(S)+12 overall score and ASD score were assessed in patients with and without nasal polyps using a repeated measures model. Treatment, visit, region, age group, nasal polyps subgroup (yes or no), and treatment-by-visit, treatment-by-subgroup, visit-by-subgroup and treatment-by-visit-by-subgroup interactions were included as covariates, and the baseline value for the relevant outcome measure was included as a continuous linear covariate. The changes from baseline to week 52 in SNOT-22 total and domain scores were assessed in patients with nasal polyps using the repeated measures model described above, excluding subgroup and subgroup interaction terms.

Changes from baseline to week 52 in levels of exploratory biomarkers were assessed in patients with and without nasal polyps using the repeated measures model described above. Estimates for the biomarker analyses were geometric mean ratio changes from baseline. Treatment group, region, age group, visit, log of the baseline level of the corresponding biomarker, nasal polyps subgroup (yes or no), and treatment-by-visit, treatment-by-subgroup, visit-by-subgroup and treatment-by-visit-by-subgroup interactions were included as covariates. Geometric least-squares (LS) mean ratio changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and geometric LS mean ratio differences between tezepelumab and placebo with 95% CIs were generated for each parameter over time by antilog transformation of LS means for log-transformed ratio changes from baseline.

All analyses were conducted without control of type 1 error; as such, p values are not presented.

Results

Baseline Demographics and Clinical Characteristics

Of the 1059 patients who received study treatment, 528 received tezepelumab 210 mg Q4W and 531 received placebo. Of these, 118 patients (11.1%) had a history of nasal polyps in the 2 years before randomization in NAVIGATOR (tezepelumab, n = 62; placebo, n = 56) and 941 (88.9%) did not (tezepelumab, n = 466; placebo, n = 475). Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were generally similar between patients with and without a history of nasal polyps (Table 1). As expected, compared with those without nasal polyps, patients with nasal polyps had higher blood eosinophil counts (median: 425 cells/μL versus 240 cells/μL), higher FeNO levels (median: 45.0 ppb versus 29.0 ppb) and a higher number of exacerbations in the past year (> 2 exacerbations: 53.4% versus 38.4%). The proportion of patients who were atopic (FEIA positive for any perennial aeroallergen) was lower for those with nasal polyps than for those without (46.6% versus 66.4%). Patients with nasal polyps had higher baseline exploratory T2 biomarker (TSLP, IL-5, IL-13 and EDN), MMP-10 and IL-8 levels than patients without nasal polyps. There was no difference in baseline IL-6 levels between patients with and without nasal polyps.

Table 1 Baseline Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with and without Nasal Polyps in the 2 Years Before Randomization in the NAVIGATOR Study

Demographic/Clinical Characteristic	Patients with Nasal Polyps			Patients without Nasal Polyps
	Tezepelumab 210 mg Q4W (N = 62)	Placebo (N = 56)	Overall (N = 118)	Tezepelumab 210 mg Q4W (N = 466)	Placebo (N = 475)	Overall (N = 941)
Age, years, mean (SD)	51.2 (13.3)	50.4 (12.6)	50.8 (12.9)	49.7 (16.7)	48.8 (16.2)	49.3 (16.4)
Female, n (%)	37 (59.7)	28 (50.0)	65 (55.1)	298 (63.9)	309 (65.1)	607 (64.5)
Adolescent (aged ≥ 12 to <18 years), n (%)	1 (1.6)	2 (3.6)	3 (2.5)	40 (8.6)	39 (8.2)	79 (8.4)
Pre-bronchodilator FEV1, L, mean (SD)	2.02 (0.75)	1.87 (0.74)	1.95 (0.75)	1.81 (0.71)	1.85 (0.70)	1.83 (0.71)
Pre-bronchodilator FEV1, % of predicted normal value, mean (SD)	66.7 (16.0)	59.3 (16.3)	63.2 (16.5)	62.3 (18.2)	63.1 (18.1)	62.7 (18.1)
bEOS, cells/μL, median (min, max)	375 (40, 3650)	440 (0, 8170)	425 (0, 8170)	240 (0, 1390)	240 (0, 4640)	240 (0, 4640)
< 300 cells/μL, n (%)	24 (38.7)	15 (26.8)	39 (33.1)	285 (61.2)	294 (61.9)	579 (61.5)
≥ 300 cells/μL, n (%)	38 (61.3)	41 (73.2)	79 (66.9)	181 (38.8)	181 (38.1)	362 (38.5)
Serum total IgE, IU/mL, median (min, max)	178.0 (13.8, 2488.5)	159.4 (16.0, 7406.3)	166.1 (13.8, 7406.3)	195.5 (1.5, 12,823.2)	203.6 (1.5, 9740.9)	199.4 (1.5, 12,823.2)
FeNO level, ppb, median (min, max)	45.5 (7.0, 213.0)	45.0 (5.0, 265.0)	45.0 (5.0, 265.0)	29.0 (5.0, 235.0)	28.0 (5.0, 231.0)	29.0 (5.0, 235.0)
Dose of inhaled glucocorticoids, n (%)^a
Medium	11 (17.7)	13 (23.2)	24 (20.3)	120 (25.8)	119 (25.1)	239 (25.4)
High	51 (82.3)	43 (76.8)	94 (79.7)	346 (74.2)	355 (74.7)	701 (74.5)
Use of maintenance oral glucocorticoids, n (%)	7 (11.3)	5 (8.9)	12 (10.2)	42 (9.0)	46 (9.7)	88 (9.4)
Rhinitis, n (%)	48 (77.4)	46 (82.1)	94 (79.7)	308 (66.1)	322 (67.8)	630 (67.0)
Chronic sinusitis, n (%)	36 (58.1)	37 (66.1)	73 (61.9)	90 (19.3)	96 (20.2)	186 (19.8)
FEIA positive for any perennial aeroallergen, n (%)^b	31 (50.0)	24 (42.9)	55 (46.6)	308 (66.1)	317 (66.7)	625 (66.4)
Exacerbations in the past 12 months, n (%)
≤ 2^c	27 (43.5)	28 (50.0)	55 (46.6)	283 (60.7)	297 (62.5)	580 (61.6)
> 2	35 (56.5)	28 (50.0)	63 (53.4)	183 (39.3)	178 (37.5)	361 (38.4)
ACQ-6 score, mean (SD)	2.87 (0.82)	2.78 (0.84)	2.83 (0.83)	2.82 (0.81)	2.79 (0.82)	2.80 (0.81)
AQLQ(S)+12 score, mean (SD)	3.84 (1.02)	3.83 (0.95)	3.83 (0.98)	3.88 (1.03)	3.91 (1.01)	3.89 (1.02)
ASD score, mean (SD)	1.41 (0.72)	1.45 (0.72)	1.43 (0.72)	1.39 (0.70)	1.39 (0.69)	1.39 (0.69)
TSLP, pg/mL, mean (SD)	0.44 (0.30)	0.42 (0.26)	0.43 (0.28)	0.38 (0.28)	0.36 (0.20)	0.37 (0.24)
Median (min, max)	0.33 (0.1, 1.8)	0.35 (0.1, 1.4)	0.34 (0.1, 1.8)	0.32 (0.0, 2.9)	0.32 (0.0, 2.1)	0.32 (0.0, 2.9)
IL-5, pg/mL, mean (SD)	2.62 (3.72)	2.92 (2.75)	2.76 (3.29)	1.58 (2.59)	1.63 (3.03)	1.61 (2.82)
Median (min, max)	1.58 (0.1, 21.4)	2.08 (0.0, 15.3)	1.80 (0.0, 21.4)	0.84 (0.0, 24.0)	0.78 (0.0, 24.0)	0.81 (0.0, 24.0)
IL-13, pg/mL, mean (SD)	0.12 (0.14)	0.18 (0.22)	0.15 (0.18)	0.08 (0.18)	0.08 (0.15)	0.08 (0.16)
Median (min, max)	0.08 (0.0, 0.7)	0.10 (0.0, 1.4)	0.09 (0.0, 1.4)	0.04 (0.0, 3.0)	0.04 (0.0, 1.6)	0.04 (0.0, 3.0)
EDN, μg/L, mean (SD)	43.01 (19.99)	42.42 (21.67)	42.76 (20.58)	34.16 (17.90)	35.04 (18.54)	34.60 (18.22)
Median (min, max)	38.84 (11.2, 78.0)	34.83 (4.7, 76.7)	38.67 (4.7, 78.0)	30.76 (0.0, 79.4)	32.37 (0.0, 80.0)	31.47 (0.0, 80.0)
MMP-10, μg/L, mean (SD)	3.09 (1.86)	3.21 (1.66)	3.15 (1.76)	2.15 (1.47)	2.19 (1.46)	2.17 (1.46)
Median (min, max)	2.70 (0.5, 9.7)	2.90 (0.7, 8.6)	2.80 (0.5, 9.7)	1.80 (0.2, 16.0)	1.80 (0.4, 12.0)	1.80 (0.2, 16.0)
IL-6, pg/mL, mean (SD)	2.95 (4.20)	3.71 (8.00)	3.31 (6.29)	3.74 (6.59)	3.43 (6.91)	3.58 (6.75)
Median (min, max)	2.04 (0.3, 33.2)	1.90 (0.5, 60.7)	1.96 (0.3, 60.7)	2.28 (0.3, 80.7)	1.99 (0.3, 120.0)	2.12 (0.3, 120.0)
IL-8, pg/mL, mean (SD)	61.46 (65.55)	53.11 (38.93)	57.62 (54.83)	47.88 (62.34)	50.97 (50.29)	49.41 (56.68)
Median (min, max)	40.24 (19.8, 444.5)	40.42 (12.1, 200.4)	40.42 (12.1, 444.5)	37.30 (1.5, 1058.0)	37.95 (3.7, 414.6)	37.49 (1.5, 1058.0)

Notes: N, number of patients in the treatment group. ^aOne patient receiving placebo in the subgroup without nasal polyps was receiving low-dose inhaled glucocorticoids. ^bPositive status was defined as at least one positive (≥ 0.35 kilo units of allergen-specific IgE per liter) FEIA test (ImmunoCAP, Thermo Fisher Scientific) result for serum-specific IgE against at least of the following perennial aeroallergens: animal (cat dander, dog dander, cockroach), dust mite (Dermatophagoides farina, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) and mold mix. ^cOne patient in the subgroup without nasal polyps experienced one exacerbation in the 12 months before entering the study.

Abbreviations: ACQ-6, Asthma Control Questionnaire-6; AQLQ(S)+12, Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (standardized) for patients aged 12 years and older; ASD, Asthma Symptom Diary; bEOS, blood eosinophil count; EDN, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin; FEIA, fluorescence enzyme immunoassay; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; IgE, immunoglobulin E; IL, interleukin; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; Q4W, every 4 weeks; SD, standard deviation; SNOT, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin.

Exacerbation Rates

In the placebo group, the AAER over 52 weeks was numerically higher in patients with nasal polyps (2.87 [95% CI: 1.98, 4.17]) than in those without nasal polyps (2.02 [95% CI: 1.76, 2.32]) (Figure 1). Compared with placebo, tezepelumab treatment reduced the AAER over 52 weeks by 85% (95% CI: 72, 92) in patients with nasal polyps and by 51% (95% CI: 40, 60) in those without. See Supplementary Material for results in patients with and without any history of chronic sinusitis, another asthma-relevant comorbidity (Supplementary Figure 1).

Figure 1 AAER over 52 weeks in patients with or without nasal polyps in the 2 years before randomization in the NAVIGATOR study.

Note: n, number of patients contributing to the analysis.

Abbreviations: AAER, annualized asthma exacerbation rate; CI, confidence interval; NP, nasal polyp; Q4W, every 4 weeks.

Pre-Bronchodilator FEV₁

The LS mean difference between tezepelumab and placebo in pre-bronchodilator FEV₁ at week 52 was 0.21 L (95% CI: 0.06, 0.36) in patients with nasal polyps and 0.12 L (95% CI: 0.07, 0.18) in patients without nasal polyps (Table 2). Improvements in pre-bronchodilator FEV₁ were observed as early as week 2 and were largely sustained over 52 weeks in both subgroups (Supplementary Figure 2).

Table 2 Change from Baseline to Week 52 in Pre-Bronchodilator FEV₁ and ACQ-6, AQLQ(S)+12 and ASD Scores in Patients with and without Nasal Polyps in the 2 Years Before Randomization in the NAVIGATOR Study

Endpoint	Patients with Nasal Polyps		Patients without Nasal Polyps
	Tezepelumab 210 mg Q4W (N = 62)	Placebo (N = 56)	Tezepelumab 210 mg Q4W (N = 466)	Placebo (N = 475)
Pre-bronchodilator FEV1, L
Mean (SD) at baseline	2.02 (0.75)	1.87 (0.74)	1.81 (0.71)	1.85 (0.70)
n	62	56	465	475
LS mean change from baseline (SE)	0.33 (0.053)	0.13 (0.055)	0.22 (0.019)	0.09 (0.019)
LS mean difference (95% CI)	0.21 (0.06, 0.36)		0.12 (0.07, 0.18)
ACQ-6 score
Mean (SD) at baseline	2.87 (0.82)	2.78 (0.84)	2.82 (0.81)	2.79 (0.82)
n	62	56	465	475
LS mean change from baseline (SE)	−1.91 (0.133)	−1.11 (0.140)	−1.48 (0.048)	−1.22 (0.048)
LS mean difference (95% CI)	−0.80 (−1.18, −0.42)		−0.27 (−0.40, −0.13)
AQLQ(S)+12 score
Mean (SD) at baseline	3.84 (1.02)	3.83 (0.95)	3.88 (1.03)	3.91 (1.01)
n	62	56	463	470
LS mean change from baseline (SE)	1.89 (0.141)	0.90 (0.151)	1.42 (0.052)	1.17 (0.051)
LS mean difference (95% CI)	0.99 (0.59, 1.40)		0.25 (0.11, 0.39)
ASD score
Mean (SD) at baseline	1.41 (0.72)	1.45 (0.72)	1.39 (0.70)	1.39 (0.69)
n	62	56	463	475
LS mean change from baseline (SE)	−0.80 (0.078)	−0.35 (0.085)	−0.68 (0.028)	−0.61 (0.029)
LS mean difference (95% CI)	−0.45 (−0.67, −0.22)		−0.07 (−0.15, 0.01)

Notes: N, number of patients in the treatment group and given subgroup; n, number of patients with at least one change from baseline value at any post-baseline visit. ACQ-6 score (range, 0 [no impairment] to 6 [maximum impairment]; MCID, 0.5); AQLQ(S)+12 overall score (range, 1 [maximum impairment] to 7 [no impairment]; MCID, 0.5); ASD score (range, 0 [no symptoms] to 4 [worst possible symptoms]; MCID, 0.5).

Abbreviations: ACQ-6, Asthma Control Questionnaire-6; AQLQ(S)+12, Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (standardized) for patients aged 12 years and older; ASD, Asthma Symptom Diary; CI, confidence interval; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; LS, least-squares; MCID, minimum clinically important difference; Q4W, every 4 weeks; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error.

ACQ-6, AQLQ(S)+12 and ASD Scores

Tezepelumab treatment improved ACQ-6 and AQLQ(S)+12 scores compared with placebo in patients with and without a history of nasal polyps (Table 2). Tezepelumab treatment improved ASD scores compared with placebo in patients with nasal polyps (Table 2). The LS mean difference between tezepelumab and placebo in ACQ-6 score at week 52 was −0.80 points (95% CI: −1.18, −0.42) in patients with nasal polyps and −0.27 points (95% CI: −0.40, −0.13) in patients without nasal polyps. Improvements from baseline in ACQ-6 score were observed as early as week 2 and were sustained over 52 weeks in both subgroups (Supplementary Figure 3). The LS mean difference between tezepelumab and placebo in AQLQ(S)+12 score at week 52 was 0.99 points (95% CI: 0.59, 1.40) in patients with nasal polyps and 0.25 points (95% CI: 0.11, 0.39) in patients without nasal polyps. The LS mean difference between tezepelumab and placebo in ASD score at week 52 was –0.45 points (95% CI: –0.67, –0.22) in patients with nasal polyps and –0.07 points (95% CI: –0.15, 0.01) in those without.

SNOT-22 Total and Domain Scores

In patients with a history of nasal polyps in the previous 2 years, the mean (standard deviation [SD]) SNOT-22 total score at baseline was 49.6 points (20.8) for tezepelumab and 49.1 points (19.9) for placebo (Table 3). Mean baseline SNOT-22 domain scores (SD) were also similar between the treatment arms. The nasal domain had the highest score (greatest impairment) at baseline, followed by the sleep, function, emotion and ear/facial domains (Table 3). At week 52, the LS mean change (standard error) from baseline in SNOT-22 total score was −21.06 points (2.50) for tezepelumab and −10.48 points (2.56) for placebo (LS mean difference: –10.58 points [95% CI: –17.75, –3.41] for tezepelumab compared with placebo) (Figure 2). A clinically meaningful improvement from baseline in SNOT-22 total score was observed from the earliest post-baseline time point assessed (week 28; LS mean difference: –12.57 points [–19.40, –5.73]) and was sustained over 52 weeks (Supplementary Figure 4). Tezepelumab treatment resulted in a reduction in all SNOT-22 domain scores at week 52 compared with placebo; the greatest improvement was observed in the sleep domain, followed by the function and nasal domains (Figure 3).

Figure 2 Change from baseline in SNOT-22 total score over 52 weeks in patients with nasal polyps in the 2 years before randomization in the NAVIGATOR study.

Notes: n, number of patients with at least one change from baseline value at any post-baseline visit. Data shown on bars are LS mean change (SE); difference versus placebo is expressed as LS mean (95% CI). SNOT-22 total score range: 0 (no problem) to 110 (problem as bad as can be); MCID, 8.9 points.^78,79

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; LS, least-squares; MCID, minimum clinically important difference; Q4W, every 4 weeks; SE, standard error; SNOT, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test.

Figure 3 Change from baseline in SNOT-22 nasal (A), ear/facial (B), sleep (C), function (D) and emotion (E) domain scores over 52 weeks in patients with nasal polyps in the 2 years before randomization in the NAVIGATOR study.

Notes: n, number of patients with at least one change from baseline value at any post-baseline visit. Data shown on bars are LS mean change (SE); difference versus placebo is expressed as LS mean (95% CI). SNOT-22 comprises 22 items categorized into five domains: nasal (8 items), ear/facial (4 items), sleep (4 items), function (3 items) and emotion (3 items). SNOT-22 domain scores were calculated as the mean score of items in a given domain, ranging from 0 (no problem) to 5 (problem as bad as can be).^78,79

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; LS, least-squares; Q4W, every 4 weeks; SE, standard error; SNOT, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test.

Table 3 Baseline SNOT-22 Total and Domain Scores in Patients with Nasal Polyps in the 2 Years Before Randomization in the NAVIGATOR Study

SNOT-22 Score	Tezepelumab 210 mg Q4W (N = 62)	Placebo (N = 56)
n	56	54
Total	49.6 (20.8)	49.1 (19.9)
Domain
Nasal	2.7 (1.1)	2.6 (0.9)
Ear/facial	1.6 (1.1)	1.4 (1.0)
Sleep	2.4 (1.1)	2.5 (1.2)
Function	2.4 (1.2)	2.4 (1.2)
Emotion	1.8 (1.2)	1.7 (1.3)

Notes: Data are mean (SD). N, number of patients in the treatment group; n, number of patients contributing to the analysis. SNOT-22 comprises 22 items categorized into five domains: nasal (8 items), ear/facial (4 items), sleep (4 items), function (3 items) and emotion (3 items). SNOT-22 domain scores were calculated as the mean score of items in a given domain, ranging from 0 (no problem) to 5 (problem as bad as can be); SNOT-22 total scores range from 0 to 110.^78,79

Abbreviations: Q4W, every 4 weeks; SD, standard deviation; SNOT, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test.

Biomarker Changes

Blood eosinophil counts and levels of FeNO, serum IgE, IL-5, IL-13, EDN and MMP-10 were decreased in patients who received tezepelumab compared with placebo, irrespective of nasal polyp status (Figure 4). Findings for IL-6 and IL-8 were not affected by tezepelumab treatment, irrespective of nasal polyp status (Figure 4). The magnitudes of the reductions in T2 biomarkers were generally similar between patients with and without a history of nasal polyps.

Figure 4 Change from baseline in exploratory biomarkers over 52 weeks with tezepelumab compared with placebo in patients with or without NPs in the 2 years before randomization in the NAVIGATOR study.

Notes: n, number of patients contributing to the analysis at that time point. The dotted line represents no treatment difference.

Abbreviations: bEOS, blood eosinophil count; CI, confidence interval; EDN, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; IgE, immunoglobulin E; IL, interleukin; LS, least-squares; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NP, nasal polyp; Q4W, every 4 weeks.

Discussion

This exploratory analysis investigated the efficacy of tezepelumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma with or without a history of nasal polyps of any severity in the 2 years before randomization in the NAVIGATOR study. The findings extend our understanding of the efficacy of anti-TSLP treatment with tezepelumab in patients with these lower and upper airway comorbidities. Consistent with findings from the phase 2b PATHWAY study, tezepelumab treatment substantially reduced asthma exacerbations and improved lung function, asthma control and health-related quality of life over 52 weeks compared with placebo, irrespective of nasal polyp status.⁷³ The effect of tezepelumab on sino-nasal symptoms associated with CRSwNP was previously unknown. Compared with placebo, tezepelumab treatment resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in sino-nasal symptoms in patients with nasal polyps, as assessed by the change from baseline in SNOT-22 total score over 52 weeks.

The validated SNOT-22 questionnaire is a widely utilized, disease-specific tool that evaluates patient-reported chronic rhinosinusitis sino-nasal symptoms in general, including nasal polyps, and the impact of chronic rhinosinusitis on health-related quality of life.^78,79,81 Patients treated with tezepelumab showed clinically meaningful improvements in SNOT-22 total score that were numerically greater than for placebo from the first post-baseline time point assessed (week 28) and that were sustained over the 52-week study treatment period. The magnitude of the change in SNOT-22 total score from baseline to week 52 (LS mean difference versus placebo: –10.58 points) exceeded the MCID (8.9 points)^78,79 and was comparable to that reported in post hoc analyses from studies for other T2-targeted biologics. In the LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST study, dupilumab improved SNOT-22 total scores in patients with moderate-to-severe, uncontrolled asthma with comorbid chronic rhinitis (with or without nasal polyps) (LS mean difference versus placebo: –10.32).^27,82 In the ANDHI study, benralizumab improved nasal polyp outcomes in patients with severe eosinophilic uncontrolled asthma with ongoing nasal polyps and a high SNOT-22 total score at baseline (> 30 points), as measured by a clinically meaningful change in SNOT-22 total score from baseline to week 24 (LS mean difference versus placebo: –10.44 points).²¹ Finally, in the MUSCA study, mepolizumab improved SNOT-22 total scores from baseline to week 24 in patients with severe, eosinophilic asthma with comorbid nasal polyps (LS mean difference versus placebo: –11.8).²⁴ In the POLYP 1 and 2 studies, omalizumab significantly improved SNOT-22 total scores from baseline to week 24, although this was in a different study population of patients with nasal polyps with an inadequate response to intranasal corticosteroids (LS mean difference versus placebo: –10.43 and –8.84 points, respectively).⁸³ Differences in study populations should be taken into consideration when comparing the results from different trials.

In the present study, analysis of the changes from baseline in SNOT-22 domain scores highlighted the factors driving the overall improvement in SNOT-22 total score. Tezepelumab treatment improved all five SNOT-22 domain scores at week 52, with the greatest improvements seen for the sleep, function and nasal domains. The beneficial effect of tezepelumab on sino-nasal symptoms may contribute to the improvement in sleep scores, which in turn has a positive impact on functioning.⁸⁴

The findings from the present analysis provide an insight into the underlying pathophysiology and anti-TSLP mechanism in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma with comorbid nasal polyps. The patients with comorbid nasal polyps had higher baseline levels of T2 inflammatory biomarkers than those without nasal polyps, as observed in PATHWAY⁷³ and reported previously.¹⁸ Patients with nasal polyps typically have high eosinophil levels, higher than those reported in asthma alone.⁶ In agreement, in NAVIGATOR, 67% of patients with nasal polyps had a baseline blood eosinophil count of at least 300 cells/μL compared with 39% of patients in the subgroup without nasal polyps. Although the small sample size should be taken into consideration, 33% (n = 39) of the patients with nasal polyps had a baseline blood eosinophil count of less than 300 cells/μL, supporting the involvement of non-T2 driven pathways in severe asthma with comorbid nasal polyps. Tezepelumab treatment was associated with reductions in the levels of a broad spectrum of T2-associated exploratory biomarkers (blood eosinophils, FeNO, IgE, IL-5, IL-13 and EDN) and the tissue remodeling protein MMP-10. The greatest reductions were observed for the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-5 and IL-13. IL-5 promotes the maturation, proliferation, activation and migration of eosinophils, while the biological activity of IL-13 elevates FeNO levels.^85,86 Accordingly, in the present study, it is unsurprising that the effects of tezepelumab on IL-5 and IL-13 were accompanied by reductions in blood eosinophil counts and FeNO levels. Targeting both IL-5 and IL-13 may help to target mucosal inflammation, a key driving factor in the pathophysiology of nasal polyps. IL-8, an inflammatory biomarker often associated with neutrophilic inflammation⁸⁷ and often found elevated locally in patients with CRSwNP,⁸⁸ was elevated in the serum of patients with nasal polyps in this analysis. Tezepelumab treatment was not associated with any change in serum IL-6 or IL-8 levels. It is important to note that the patients included in the analysis were enriched for T2 inflammation. In addition, the evaluation of serum biomarkers may not fully reflect the mechanism of action of tezepelumab at the lung or nasal tissue level.

Consistent with the findings reported for the PATHWAY study,⁷³ the results from this exploratory analysis suggest that patients with comorbid nasal polyps had more severe asthma at baseline than those without. Firstly, patients with nasal polyps had experienced more exacerbations in the 12 months before entering the study than those without nasal polyps. Similarly, among patients receiving placebo, those with nasal polyps were more likely to have experienced exacerbations over the 52-week study period than those without. However, the small number of patients with nasal polyps in NAVIGATOR limits the ability to draw conclusions around disease severity in the two subgroups. A greater reduction in the AAER was observed in patients with nasal polyps who were treated with tezepelumab compared with placebo (85% [95% CI: 72, 92]), than in those without nasal polyps (51% [95% CI: 40, 60]). The reduction in the AAER observed with tezepelumab in patients with nasal polyps in NAVIGATOR was greater than that observed in a post hoc pooled analysis of mepolizumab in patients with severe asthma and any history of nasal polyps (68%).⁸⁹ Dupilumab reduced the AAER by up to 63% in a similar cohort of patients in the LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST study.⁹⁰ These comparisons should be interpreted with caution owing to differences in study population numbers and study design.

Asthma control and health-related quality of life were assessed in this exploratory analysis using well-recognized tools. The study findings demonstrate that, compared with placebo, tezepelumab treatment resulted in improvements in ACQ-6 and AQLQ(S)+12 scores in patients with nasal polyps that were clinically meaningful and numerically higher than those observed in patients without nasal polyps; improvements in ASD score were numerically higher in those with nasal polyps.

Limitations of this study include the exploratory nature of the analysis and limited sample size; the study was not powered to evaluate the impact of tezepelumab treatment in patients with nasal polyps. For this analysis, patients were required to have a history of nasal polyps in the 2 years before randomization in the NAVIGATOR study, as determined from patients’ medical records. As no formal diagnosis was completed, the study findings may not necessarily be based on the clinical situation at the time of the study. Severe asthma with comorbid nasal polyps is frequently associated with T2 inflammation, and the specific contribution of non-T2 inflammation in disease pathogenesis in this subgroup is unknown. Analysis of exploratory biomarkers in nasal polyp tissue and/or nasal lining fluid would enable further understanding of the mechanism of action underlying the efficacy of tezepelumab in patients with nasal polyps, in whom T2 and non-T2 inflammatory mechanisms may be more prominent.

Conclusions

Findings from this study support the potential benefits of tezepelumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma with comorbid nasal polyps, further demonstrating the efficacy of this anti-TSLP therapy in a broad patient population of patients with severe asthma. Tezepelumab treatment resulted in improvements in the SNOT-22 total score for sino-nasal symptoms, including nasal polyps, that were clinically meaningful and greater than those for placebo. Tezepelumab also reduced exacerbations and improved lung function, asthma control and health-related quality of life over 52 weeks compared with placebo in adults and adolescents, irrespective of nasal polyp status. A phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (WAYPOINT) is evaluating the efficacy and safety of tezepelumab in patients with severe CRSwNP.

Data Sharing Statement

This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT03347279 (registration date: 20 November 2017). Data underlying the findings described in this manuscript may be obtained in accordance with AstraZeneca’s data sharing policy described at: https://astrazenecagrouptrials.pharmacm.com/ST/Submission/Disclosure.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines and applicable regulatory requirements. All patients or their guardians provided written informed consent before participation in the study.

Author Contributions

All authors made significant contributions to the work reported, whether to the study conception, design and execution; data acquisition, analysis and interpretation; or all these areas. All authors contributed to drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; agreed on the journal to which the article was submitted; and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

Tanya M Laidlaw has served on scientific advisory boards for Amgen, GSK, Regeneron and Sanofi. Andrew Menzies-Gow is an employee of AstraZeneca and may own stock or stock options in AstraZeneca; has attended advisory board meetings for AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Regeneron, Sanofi and Teva Pharmaceuticals; has received speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Sanofi and Teva Pharmaceuticals; has participated in research with AstraZeneca, for which his institution has been remunerated; has attended international conferences with Teva Pharmaceuticals; and has consultancy agreements with AstraZeneca and Sanofi. Joseph K Han has received consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, Genentech, Gossamer Bio, GSK, Novartis, Regeneron and Sanofi-Genzyme. Elliot Israel has served as a consultant to and received personal fees from 4D Pharma, AB Science, the Allergy and Asthma Network, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Avillion, Biometry, Cowen, Equillium, Genentech, GSK, Merck, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Novartis, Pneuma Respiratory, PPS Health, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Sienna Biopharmaceuticals, Teva Pharmaceuticalsand Westchester Medical Center; has received non-financial support from Circassia, Teva Pharmaceuticals and Vorso Corp; and has received clinical research grants from AstraZeneca, Avillion, Genentech, Gossamer Bio, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Novartis, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute and Sanofi; royalties or licenses from UpToDate – Wolters Kluwer; stock options from Nesos Corp; study drug for NIH PrecISE trial for CSL Behring, Laurel Pharmaceuticals, Om Pharmaceuticals, Nestlé and Sun Pharmaceuticals; study drug for NIH IDEA for Sanofi-Regeneron. Jason K Lee has received research support from ALK, AstraZeneca Bausch Health, Genentech, GSK, Meda, Medexus, Miravo, Novartis, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme and Takeda; has received fees for speakers’ bureau from Aralez, AstraZeneca, GSK, Medexus, Merck, Mylan, Novartis and Sanofi-Genzyme; and has received consultancy fees from and is an advisory committee member of AstraZeneca, GSK, Medexus, Novartis, Regeneron and Sanofi-Genzyme. Tobias Welte has received fees for lectures and/or advisory board meetings from AstraZeneca, Berlin-Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Pfizer and Sanofi Aventis; grants from the German Ministry of Research and Education, AstraZeneca and GSK. Jonathan Corren has received grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, Genentech, RAPT, Regeneron and Vectura; and has received grants from Optinose, Pulmatrix, Sanofi and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Scott Caveney and Jean-Pierre Llanos are employees of Amgen and own stock in Amgen. Nicole Martin, Neil Martin, Ayman Megally, Bhavini Parikh and Sylvia Vong are employees of AstraZeneca and may own stock or stock options in AstraZeneca. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Christopher S Ambrose, MD, Gene Colice, MD, and Bill Cook, PhD, of AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, for their contributions to the NAVIGATOR study. Andrew Menzies-Gow has a new and additional affiliation of Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK. Medical writing support for this manuscript was provided by Elizabeth Gandhi, PhD, of PharmaGenesis Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, with funding from AstraZeneca and Amgen Inc. The findings reported in this manuscript have been previously presented (in part) at the European Respiratory Society International Congress, September 5–8, 2021, virtual meeting (Menzies-Gow A, et al. Eur Respir J. 2021;58:PA876) and at the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology Annual Meeting February 25–28, 2022, Phoenix, AZ, USA (Carr T, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;149:Suppl AB152).

Additional information

Funding

This study was funded by AstraZeneca and Amgen Inc.