Apixaban Use in Patients with Protein C and S Deficiency: A Case Series and Review of Literature

Abstract

Background

Historically, warfarin was the mainstay anticoagulant agent to manage patients presenting with thrombotic disorders caused by Protein C or S deficiency. Several direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) were introduced over the past decade. They showed superiority over warfarin in patients with venous thromboembolism in many landmark trials. Insufficient data are available that examine the outcome of utilizing apixaban in patients with protein S deficiency induce thrombosis.

Case(s) Presentation

We reported the clinical outcomes of utilizing apixaban in four patients with systemic thrombosis caused by protein C or S deficiency who presented to a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Four patients exhibited typical features of thrombotic events. After confirming the diagnosis, one patient was initially started on apixaban, and the other three patients were converted from warfarin to apixaban. Three of the four patients tolerated the apixaban during the follow-up period. Additionally, they did not have any bleeding or thrombotic complications. However, one patient developed recurrent thrombotic events despite switching to different type of DOAC and was ultimately transitioned back to warfarin.

Conclusion

Based on the available emerging evidence and our case series, the use of apixaban could be effective in preventing recurrent thrombotic events in patients with inherited thrombophilia without safety concerns. Further, large studies are warranted to investigate the safety and efficacy of apixaban in these population.

Keywords:

• apixaban
• protein S deficiency
• thrombosis
• bleeding

Introduction

Several endogenous proteins such as protein S, protein C, and antithrombin are known to maintain the hemostatic equilibrium.¹ The deficiency of any of these proteins could disrupt the hemostatic equilibrium and eventually cause venous thromboembolism (VTE).¹ These deficiencies might be acquired or inherited as autosomal dominant traits.¹ There are other types of thrombophilia, such as Factor V Leiden mutation, homocystinuria, and prothrombin G20210A.² Individuals with hereditary protein C or S deficiency are more prone to develop VTE by approximately 11-folds compared to individuals without protein C or S deficiency.³

VTE manifested as either deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or both. Patients with inherited thrombophilia may require receiving anticoagulation therapy as primary or secondary prevention.^1,4 Historically, vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) such as warfarin were used to treat inherited thrombophilia’s induced VTE.⁵ Over the past decades, several large randomized clinical trials showed that most of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are as effective as warfarin with better safety profile.^6–8 These drugs were developed to address some of the primary drawbacks of warfarin, such as inter-individual variability, the prolonged time to attain full therapeutic effect, the narrow therapeutic index, the frequent coagulation monitoring, and the complex medication and food interactions.⁹ Moreover, several studies showed that DOACs may possess an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio and better quality of life for the treatment and prevention of VTE compared to warfarin therapy.^10,11

Most of the studies that evaluated the efficacy and safety of DOACs in this subset of the patient population were small and predominantly included patients with low risk for thrombophilia (Factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A). Furthermore, the use of apixaban in hereditary thrombophilia, specifically high-risk thrombophilia (protein S deficiency), is controversial due to the lack of solid evidence. This case series aims to represent the experience of using apixaban in four patients with protein C and S deficiency.

Case #1

In our first patient case, we describe a 41-year-old woman known to have chronic kidney disease (CKD) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Protein S deficiency was detected upon presentation with an extensive portal vein and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis and prior to initiating this patient on any anticoagulant. As a result, warfarin was initiated, targeting an International Normalized Ratio (INR) range of 2–3. She continued on warfarin for nine months. Her blood test showed a decreased protein S activity (22.8%). During the duration of treatment with warfarin, she presented to the emergency department four times. She was treated for bleeding and supratherapeutic INR levels. A multidisciplinary decision was made to switch her from warfarin to apixaban 2.5 mg BID. She remained on apixaban for approximately three years with no recurrent thrombotic or bleeding events up until her most recent follow-up (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics

Demographic Data	Case #1	Case #2	Case #3	Case #4
Age (years)	41	49	36	51
BMI (kg/m^2)	32.47	33.51	32.4	34.13
Gender	Female	Male	Male	Female
Weight (kg)	77	98	112	82
Blood group	O+	NA	B-	NA
Co-existing illness
Hypertension (HTN)	No	No	Yes	Yes
Asthma	No	No	No	Yes
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)	No	No	No	No
Diabetes mellitus (DM)	No	No	No	Yes
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)	Yes	No	No	No
Ischemic heart disease (IHD)	No	No	No	No
Atrial fibrillation (AFib or AF)	No	No	No	No
Heart failure (HF)	No	No	No	No
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)	No	No	No	No
Dyslipidemia (DLP)	No	No	No	Yes
CVA (Stroke)	No	No	No	Yes
Hypothyroidism	No	No	No	No
Valvular disease	No	No	No	No
Venous thromboembolism (VTE)	No	Yes	Yes (PE)	No
CABG	No	No	No	No
Liver disease (any)	No	No	No	No
Peptic ulcer disease	Yes	No	No	No
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)	No	No	No	No
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APLS)	No	No	No	No
Cancer	No	No	No	No
History of major bleeding	No	No	No	No
Baseline Labs
Protein S activity	22.8%	45.5%	20%	25.1%
Protein C activity	NA	NA	NA	49%
Serum creatinine (µmol/l)	90	88	90	55
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (mmol/l)	6.7	4.9	NA	3
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	5	NA	10.2	5.7
INR	1.97	1.03	1.75	5.09
Platelets count (10^9/L)	317	239	259	415
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) (seconds)	NA	NA	37.1	57.4
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (U/L)	13	29	41	43
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (U/L)	17	24	108	24
Albumin (gm/L)	31	41	44	40
White blood cells (WBCs) (10^9/L)	7.44	6.4	4.85	14.16
Blood glucose level (mmol/l)	5.9	4.8	NA	8
Hematocrit (Hct) (L/L)	0.33	0.45	0.47	0.37
Fibrinogen (gm/L)	3.17	NA	NA	NA
D-dimer (mg/l)	1.79	6.47	NA	NA
Apixaban use	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Date of initiation	28/06/2018	24/11/2016	2018	05/10/2016
Dose of apixaban	5 mg	10 mg	5 mg (initially) then increased to 10 mg	10 mg
Concomitant antiplatelets use (ie, aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor)	No	No	No	No
GI prophylaxis	Yes (PPI)	Yes (PPI)	No	Yes

Table 2 Outcomes after Apixaban initiation

Outcomes	Case #1	Case #2	Case #3	Case #4
Major bleeding	No	No	No	No
Minor bleeding	No	No	No	No
Hospital admission within 6 months of apixaban initiation	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Hospital admission within 12 months of apixaban initiation	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
New stroke within 6 months of apixaban initiation	No	No	No	No
Any new stroke after apixaban initiation	No	No	No	No
New VTE within 6 months of Apixaban initiation	No	No	No	No
Any new VTE after Apixaban initiation	No	No	Yes (PE)	No
Any new thrombosis after apixaban initiation	No	No	Yes (PE)	No
Switched to other anticoagulants (eg, warfarin)	No	No	Yes (Warfarin)	No

Case #2

In our second case, we describe a 49-year-old man with a body mass index of 33.5 kg/m² who was medically free. However, he presented to the emergency department with shortness of breath, pain in the lower extremity, and coughing blood-streaked sputum. He was diagnosed with an unprovoked DVT and PE. His protein S activity was 44.5%, and he was initiated on apixaban with a loading dose of 10 mg BID for seven days and continued on a maintenance dose of 5 mg BID. He had no thrombotic or bleeding events for over five years and up until the date of this paper (Tables 1 and 2).

Case #3

In our third case, we describe a 36-year-old man known to have protein S deficiency detected on presentation with a DVT at a young age (17 years). He had extremely decreased protein S activity (20%). He was treated with warfarin for over 14 years until another DVT occurred and was switched to rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily. He remained on rivaroxaban for approximately four years until he developed a PE. Then he was switched to apixaban 2.5 mg BID, later his dose was increased to 5 mg BID. Two years later, he developed a massive PE requiring intensive care unit admission, and he was switched back to warfarin at that time. Despite the patient adherence, no reason was identified for his recurrent VTE events while being on apixaban therapy. (Tables 1 and 2).

Case #4

Our last case is a 51-year-old woman known to have a low protein C activity (49%) and protein S activity (25%) with a prior history of cerebral venous thrombosis on lifelong anticoagulation using warfarin. She was on warfarin before the cerebral thrombosis event and remained on it after the event. However, a decision was made to switch her to apixaban 5 mg BID after developing subarachnoid hemorrhage and having reports of supratherapeutic and fluctuating INR levels with warfarin. For approximatly five years period and until her most recent follow-up she had no thrombotic or bleeding events while on apixaban (Tables 1 and 2).

Discussion

In this case series, we presented the data for four patients with protein C or S deficiency complicated by VTE or cerebral venous thrombosis maintained on apixaban. Three of the presented cases remained free from thrombotic or bleeding events for several years after apixaban initiation. However, one of the cases developed a new thrombotic event that required an alternative anticoagulant.

Published guidelines did not make a firm statement regarding the anticoagulation modality and duration in patients with thrombophilia due to limited evidence. The American Society of Hematology (ASH) has provided a conditional recommendation for a shorter course (3–6 months) for the primary treatment of unprovoked VTE in patients with more than one nonenvironmental risk factor for recurrent VTE. These risk factors included inherited thrombophilia, older age, and male gender. Following the primary treatment course, the ASH suggested indefinite antithrombotic therapy over stopping anticoagulation. Moreover, they recommended an annual visit to review the clinical indication for indefinite antithrombotic therapy as well as any complications for the secondary prevention of recurrent VTE.⁴

Secondary prevention of VTE with VKA could be challenging due to frequent laboratory testing, narrow therapeutic index, complex dosage regimens, and drug–drug or drug–food interactions. Apixaban has several advantages over warfarin as having similar efficacy profile with minimal risk of bleeding .¹² It could be an appealing option for patients with protein C or S deficiency requiring prolonged anticoagulation therapy. Protein S deficiency patients are known to have complex anticoagulation management that further complicate the appropriate choice of anticoagulants agent. Several reports evaluated the use of DOACs in patients with thrombophilia and showed relatively positive efficacy and safety outcomes. However, the majority of the available evidence in this field are originating from case studies and retrospective cohorts with numerous confounding factors.

Skelley et al conducted a systematic review to evaluate the use of DOACs in patients with hypercoagulable states related to thrombophilia.¹³ Six case studies were included in which dabigatran was used in one case, and rivaroxaban was used in the remaining five cases. Overall, all patients did not develop recurrent VTE episodes except one patient who developed a thrombosis in the popliteal and tibial veins. The only clinical trial included in that review was a post-hoc, sub-group analysis conducted on the data from the RE-MEDY trial. The authors concluded that the use of dabigatran in patients with thrombophilia demonstrated non-inferiority compared to warfarin in terms of recurrent VTE or VTE-related death.¹³ Consistent with our case series, a follow-up study conducted on 45 patients with severe inherited thrombophilia, found that DOACs were safe and effective for treating 18 patients with protein S deficiency with VTE.¹⁴ In these 45 patients, both rivaroxaban and apixaban showed no thromboembolism, stroke or major bleeding during the 29-month follow-up period. In agreement with this study, we reported no stroke events for at least six months of apixaban initiation in the four cases.

Additionally, none of our cases developed minor or major bleeding after apixaban use. In line with our report, a recent meta-analysis showed no difference in major bleeding between patients treated with DOACs compared to VKAs, including those with protein S deficiencies.¹⁵ This meta-analysis reviewed studies involving rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and edoxaban but did not include any study related to apixaban use in protein S deficiency.

On the other hand, a single-center cohort study was conducted on 56 VTE patients that included 12 patients with protein S deficiency in which apixaban was used in 25% of them.¹⁶ This study reported one non-fatal VTE that was observed in one patient on apixaban. Additionally, this study showed that major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major bleeding occurred in only six patients (10.7%), in which two of them were on apixaban.¹⁶ Similar to our conclusion, this study concluded that full-dose apixaban is effective and safe in patients with severe inherited thrombophilia including protein S deficiency. However, the degree of protein S deficiency needs to be assessed prior to apixaban use in order to accurately link it with the clinical outcomes. Further, large studies are warranted to explicitly investigate the safety and efficacy of apixaban in this subset of patients. Our case series is the first to describe the use of these agents in a Saudi individuals. Based on our repeorted cases, the use of apixaban as alternative to warfarin is feasible and might be safe and effective.

Conclusion

Based on the available emerging evidence and our case series, the use of apixaban could be effective in preventing recurrent thrombotic events in patients with inherited thrombophilia without safety concerns. Larger randomized clinical trials are warranted to confirm our finding.

Data Sharing Statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

The study was approved by King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Institutional Review Board, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Reference No: NRC21R/550/12). Participants’ confidentiality was strictly observed throughout the study by using anonymous unique serial numbers for each subject and restricting data only to the investigators. Written informed consent was obtained from the four patients for publication of this case series and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the investigators in the Saudi Critical Care Pharmacy Research (SCAPE) platform who participated in this project.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no competing interests in this work.