Australians with osteoarthritis: satisfaction with health care providers and the perceived helpfulness of treatments and information sources

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction of Australian patients who suffer from osteoarthritis (OA) with their health care providers and the perceived helpfulness of treatments and information sources.

Methods

A self-administered questionnaire was conducted with a sample of 560 Australian patients who suffer from OA with questions about satisfaction with health care providers and the helpfulness of different treatment options and information sources. Logistic regression models were used to assess potential predictors of satisfaction. Thematic analysis was undertaken for attitudinal factors associated with satisfaction.

Results

A total of 435 participants returned questionnaires (response rate 78%). Most respondents were highly satisfied with the care provided by their general practitioner (GP) (84%), communication with their GP (88%), time spent with their GP (84%), and their ability to talk freely with their GP about their medical problem (93%), but less satisfied with their ability to talk freely about associated emotional problems (77%). Satisfaction with pharmacists (80%), rheumatologists (76%), and orthopedic surgeons (72%) was high. Joint replacement surgery (91%), prescription anti-inflammatory medications (66%), aids and assistive devices (65%), intra-articular injections (63%), and prescription painkiller medications (62%) were perceived as effective treatments. Less highly rated treatments were exercise (48%), physiotherapy (43%), and complementary medicines (29%). A majority of patients were satisfied with the information to manage their OA (65%). From the multivariable logistic regression analysis, four GP satisfaction factors were found to be predictors of overall satisfaction with GP care: the amount of time that the GP spends with the patient (P=0.005), the information the GP provides about what to expect (P<0.001), the communication between patient and GP (P=0.001), and the information that the GP provides about medications (P=0.042).

Conclusion

The study showed that although patients with OA were generally satisfied with their health care providers, there was notable variation in the perceived helpfulness of therapeutic options. The importance to patients of having access to good quality information about their condition was emphasized.

Keywords:

• multidisciplinary care
• beliefs
• attitudes
• patient preference

Introduction

Health care that is responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values is now the dominant paradigm in health service delivery.¹ Within this framework, patient satisfaction has emerged as a key indicator of the quality of health care. Donabedian regards patient satisfaction as a “patient’s judgement on the quality of care in all its aspects, but particularly as concerns the interpersonal process”.² Satisfied patients are more likely to benefit from their health care and have improved quality of life.³ Satisfaction with care has particular relevance to chronic conditions, such as osteoarthritis (OA), which are largely self-managed, and where adherence to recommended treatments is critical for successful health outcomes.⁴

OA is a highly prevalent and costly condition, causing pain and disability for 1.9 million Australians.⁵ Approximately half the population aged over 65 years have radiological evidence of OA, and it is expected that the prevalence of this condition will increase as the population ages and becomes increasingly obese.⁶ While OA is incurable, there is a range of therapeutic options for symptomatic relief, including pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments.

For many patients, however, effective interventions appear not to have been adopted. Many factors have been proposed as contributing to nonadherence, including a patient’s personal characteristics,⁷ social factors,⁸ the doctor–patient relationship,⁹ and cognitive factors, including beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions.¹⁰ Yet, there have been few studies in Australia that have investigated patients’ views about the management of their OA.

The aim of this study was to evaluate in Australian patients with OA their satisfaction with their health care providers, the determinants of that satisfaction, and the perceived helpfulness of treatments and information sources. An understanding of these perceptions may provide an insight into aspects of care that could be targeted for intervention with the objective of improving OA care.

Methods

Recruitment

A survey was conducted of 560 participants (293 in New South Wales, 267 in South Australia) who self-identified as having OA. These participants were sourced from the Care-Track Australia (CTA) study.¹¹ The CTA was a study conducted in 2009–2010 to assess the appropriateness of health care delivery in Australia. The study examined compliance with quality indicators for 22 common conditions, including OA, in a population-based sample. The quality indicators were taken from a previous US study¹² and other sources, and modified after review by expert panels. For recruitment into the CTA study, residential telephone numbers in selected areas in New South Wales and South Australia were randomly selected from the online White Pages. Trained staff then conducted computer-assisted telephone interviews to recruit participants and obtain the required information. Full details of the recruitment method have been described elsewhere.¹³

Survey instrument

A 19-page self-administered questionnaire comprising three parts was developed (see Supplementary material). A full description of the development and contents of the questionnaire has been previously published;¹³ however, in brief, the first section was based on Stanford University’s Health Assessment Questionnaire,¹⁴ the second section on the Patient Knowledge Questionnaire for Osteoarthritis,¹⁵ and the final section explored the participants’ attitudes toward OA and its management. The questionnaire items for this latter section were developed by the authors and assessed for validity by sending the questionnaire to three experts in the field of OA who were asked to judge each question for validity. Reliability of the questions was assessed using a test–retest study. Responses to this final section formed the basis of this paper. Here, participants were given options to respond to yes/no questions, open-ended text, and 5-, 6-, and 10-point Likert scales about satisfaction with aspects of their general practitioner (GP) care, helpfulness of other health professionals in dealing with their OA, effectiveness of different treatment options, including complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and knowledge and satisfaction with sources of information to manage OA.

Statistical considerations and analysis

The sample size was predetermined as this study was part of CTA. The total number of 435 respondents was sufficient to provide prevalence estimates to, at worst, ±5% accuracy with 95% confidence.

Initial analysis indicated that the majority of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with their GP, and so the question was dichotomized to 1= satisfied or very satisfied, or 0= not satisfied. Logistic regression models were used to assess a number of potential predictors of satisfaction. These included age, sex, level of education, and a number of GP-related questions, which can be found in Table 1. Those variables found to predict satisfaction at the P≤0.05 level were then entered into a multivariable model using backwards elimination. Descriptive results provided in Tables 2–4 are shown as percentages with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical analyses were undertaken using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists, version 21 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).

Table 1 Univariate and multivariate predictors of satisfaction with GP care

Variable	Comparison	OR	95% CI (OR)	Siga	Sigb
Age	Each additional year of age	1.03	1.00–1.01	0.030
Sex	Male	1.00
	Female	0.90	0.51–1.61	0.727
Education	<Year 12	1.00
	Year 12 or higher	0.79	0.46–1.35	0.389
Amount of time GP spends with patient	One level more satisfied	12.50	7.14–20.00	<0.001	0.005
Ability to talk freely with GP about medical problems	One level more satisfied	11.11	6.25–20.00	<0.001
GP’s response when symptoms explained	One level more satisfied	14.29	7.69–25.00	<0.001
GP’s willingness to answer questions	One level more satisfied	14.29	7.69–25.00	<0.001
GP’s willingness to address new problems	One level more satisfied	7.69	4.76–12.50	<0.001
Information provided by GP about illness	One level more satisfied	14.29	7.69–25.00	<0.001
Information GP provides about what to expect	One level more satisfied	20.00	10.00–33.30	<0.001	<0.001
Communication between patient and GP	One level more satisfied	16.67	9.09–33.30	<0.001	0.001
Ability to talk freely with GP about emotional problems	One level more satisfied	4.17	2.94–5.88	<0.001
Information GP provides about medications	One level more satisfied	14.29	7.99–25.58	<0.001	0.042

Notes:

a Based on logistic regression

b From multivariable model. Blank spaces indicate variables that did not reach statistical significance during the backwards elimination process and were thus dropped from the final model.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; GP, general practitioner; OR, odds ratio; Sig, significance.

Table 2 Respondent satisfaction with other health professionals

Health professional	%	n	Denominator	95% CI (%)
Pharmacist	80	77	96	71–87
Rheumatologist	76	37	49	62–85
Orthopedic surgeon	72	90	125	64–79
Complementary medicine practitionera	61	62	102	51–70
Podiatrist	60	71	119	51–68
Physiotherapist	59	87	147	51–67
Occupational therapist	58	18	31	41–74
Dietician	50	14	28	33–67

Note:

a For example, chiropractor, osteopath, homeopath, naturopath, or masseur.

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Helpfulness of information sources

Information source	%	n	Denominator	95% CI (%)
General practitioner	94	383	407	91–96
Other health professionala	94	109	116	88–97
Physiotherapist/occupational therapist	92	178	194	87–95
Internet	90	118	131	84–94
Podiatrist	88	140	159	82–92
Rheumatologist	87	71	82	78–92
OA support group(s)	82	14	17	59–94
Family and/or friends	82	203	248	77–86
Newspapers, magazines, books	81	174	216	75–85
Television	62	101	163	54–69

Note:

a For example, chiropractor, osteopath, homeopath, naturopath, or masseur.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OA, osteoarthritis.

Simple thematic analysis was applied to the open-ended responses to further illuminate factors related to respondent satisfaction with their health care provider and treatment and information sources, and a number of relevant quotations from this source were included in the results.

Ethical considerations

The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of South Australia. All participants provided written informed consent.

Results

Study population

A total of 435 questionnaires were returned out of 560 sent, representing a response rate of 78%. The mean (standard deviation) age of the patients was 69 (10) years, and 308/435 (71%) were female. Approximately half the respondents (208/432; 48%) had some form of tertiary education, and the majority (309/435; 71%) was retired from the workforce.

Respondent satisfaction with their GP in managing their OA

In general, respondents were highly satisfied with the level of care provided by their GPs, with 356/426 (84%, 95% CI 80%–87%) reporting that they were satisfied or very satisfied. Similarly, 373/426 (88%, 95% CI 84%–90%) of respondents stated that they were satisfied or very satisfied with the communication with their GP. Eighty-four percent of respondents were highly satisfied with the time spent with their GPs and 93% reported high satisfaction with their ability to talk freely to their GP about their medical problems.

Respondents were slightly less satisfied with their ability to talk freely to their GPs about any emotional problems associated with their condition, with 325/423 (77%, 95% CI 73%–81%) stating that they were either satisfied or very satisfied with this aspect. The tendency of GPs to trivialize OA was the source of some frustration. A typical comment was “I dislike his tendency to put new symptoms down to getting older.” [Female, 50 years old]

Respondents were asked to rate the information provided to them by their GP. Responses were generally positive, with the proportion satisfied or very satisfied being 360/425 (85%, 95% CI 81%–88%) for information about their condition; 337/426 (79%, 95% CI 75%–83%) for information about their prognosis; and 368/427 (86%, 95% CI 83%–87%) for information about their medications.

We explored those factors associated with participants being satisfied or very satisfied with their GP care, and the results are presented in Table 1.

In the univariate model, patients who were older and, not unexpectedly, those who were satisfied with each component of GP care were more likely to express overall satisfaction with care. When all statistically significant variables from the univariate model were entered into the multivariable model, four GP satisfaction factors remained: the amount of time that the GP spends with the patient (P=0.005), the information the GP provides about what to expect (P<0.001), the communication between patient and GP (P=0.001), and the information that the GP provides about medications (P=0.042). Nagelkerke’s R-squared for the multivariable model was 0.734.

Notably, adherence with GP advice was extremely high with 408/425 (96%, 95% CI 94%–98%) of respondents always or usually following the guidance given. Where the GP’s advice was not followed, it was often related to anxiety about taking medications. In some instances, the condition itself limited adherence with GP advice: “I can’t do much exercise, my legs and my neck hurt too much”. [Female, 64 years old]

Respondent satisfaction with other health professionals

Respondents were asked to rate how helpful other health professionals were in dealing with their OA (Table 2). Satisfaction ratings for these other professionals rated less than that for their GP. The highest ranked professionals, with responses of either “very helpful” or “extremely helpful”, were pharmacists, rheumatologists, and orthopedic surgeons, while satisfaction ratings of less than 60% were reported for physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and dieticians.

Helpfulness of OA treatment

Of the common treatments for reducing pain and disability associated with OA, the most helpful (ratings of “helpful” and “extremely helpful”) were joint replacement surgery and prescription anti-inflammatory medications (Table 3). The least helpful therapies reported were weight loss, complementary medicines, and topical creams.

Table 3 Helpfulness of OA treatments

Treatments	%	n	Denominator	95% CI (%)
Joint replacement surgery	91	96	105	85–95
Prescription anti-inflammatory medications	66	178	271	60–71
Aids and assistive devices	65	90	139	57–72
Intra-articular injections	63	98	155	55–70
Prescription painkiller medications	62	144	233	55–68
Exercise	48	178	374	43–53
OTC painkiller/anti-inflammatory medications	45	155	348	39–50
Physiotherapy	43	90	208	37–50
Complementary therapies	39	53	136	31–47
Other (eg, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, heat or cold therapy)	36	39	108	28–46
Weight loss	34	87	256	28–40
Complementary medicines	29	88	303	24–34
Topical creams	22	60	272	18–27

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OA, osteoarthritis; OTC, over-the-counter.

Some respondents expressed concern about the potential adverse effects of drugs with comments, such as the following, from a patient regarding non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]):

My GP prescribed Mobic (meloxicam) which I took daily. It helped quite a bit, but in retrospect I realized that I shouldn’t have taken it every day for two years. I became very ill with a bleeding stomach ulcer which went undiagnosed for several months despite 5 or 6 visits to 2 separate doctors. [Female, 66 years old]

Information sources

A majority of respondents were satisfied with the information to manage their OA, with 65% (274/420; 95% CI 61%–70%) reporting high overall satisfaction (“very satisfied” or “satisfied”). Ratings for the information sources that helped them to manage their condition were high for health professionals with responses of “helped a bit” to “extremely helpful” for GPs, rheumatologists, physiotherapists, and/or occupational therapists, podiatrists, and other health professionals (Table 4). Family and/or friends were also considered a helpful source of information.

Only a very small number of respondents reported using OA support groups. Several respondents expressed a lack of awareness about support services. Newspapers, magazines and books, and the Internet were helpful for most respondents, while television was the least helpful information source.

Despite general satisfaction with available sources of information, respondents still expressed a need for further material on their condition, with a considerable number wanting to know more about proven treatments. Many respondents expressed despondency about the inaccessibility of reliable information:

I do not know what is available and what information is worth taking notice of or is just rubbish or not scientifically accredited and can be more dangerous than helpful. [Female, 61 years]

Others found the format confusing.

A recurring theme for respondents was their concern about the adverse impact of medications and the need to know more about them, with comments, such as:

I find NSAIDs very helpful, but I do worry about long-term side effects. My husband was hospitalised a few years ago with a duodenal ulcer from taking Voltaren (diclofenac). He needed several blood transfusions because of internal bleeding and has now been advised to never again take anti-inflammatory medication. [Female, 64 years old]

Discussion

Most respondents were highly satisfied with the care provided by their GP, but less so with that provided by allied health professionals. The main predictors of satisfaction with their GP were the time spent with the patient, information provided about what to expect, communication with the patient, and information about medications. The treatment considered to be most helpful was joint replacement surgery. The GP, other health professionals, and the Internet were perceived as the most helpful sources of information.

OA is common and may cause considerable pain, discomfort, and disability. As it cannot be cured, optimizing the available treatments is important. This study sought to better understand patient satisfaction with their care provider and the management of their condition.

Satisfaction with GPs and other health care providers

GPs are the primary providers of care for patients with OA and so it is important that patient satisfaction is measured and evaluated as this has been linked to improved adherence to clinical recommendations, continuity of care, and clinical outcomes.⁴ Despite this, little has been known about satisfaction with GP care for OA in Australia, as most studies have focused on satisfaction with primary care in general.^16–18 The mostly high patient satisfaction ratings reported in our study are consistent with more general research concerning primary care.

As reported elsewhere,¹⁶ we found that patient satisfaction increased with the amount of time spent with their GP. While relieving the time pressures that many Australian GPs experience¹⁹ may not be a viable option, the recent recommendation made by Arthritis Australia in support of specialist OA practice nurses warrants further exploration,²⁰ as they are the health care professionals most likely to provide self-management support for patients with chronic disease.²¹

The effectiveness of communication between GP and patient and the information provided by GPs about what to expect were shown in our study to be significant predictors of overall patient satisfaction. Numerous other studies of primary care have made similar findings.^22–24 The educational need for enhanced GP skills in lifestyle counseling for patients with OA, identified as an issue for Australian GPs over 10 years ago,²⁵ still needs to be addressed.

Although our study found that nearly all patients reported following the advice given by their GP, it is plausible that the actual rate of adherence may be lower than the rate reported. Other studies have suggested nonadherence among patients with OA represents an important and widespread issue,^26,27 and it is possible that respondents to our survey understated their actual behavior.

Helpfulness of OA treatment

Several studies have investigated patient satisfaction with treatments for OA with consistently high satisfaction being reported for joint replacement surgery and prescribed medications. Given that an estimated 80%–90% experience pain relief and functional improvement with joint replacement surgery,²⁸ it is not surprising that this intervention was also rated highly by over 90% of our study participants. Other studies have reported similar satisfaction ratings.^29,30

Our finding that nearly two-thirds of patients perceived prescription analgesics and prescription anti-inflammatories to be effective was similar to other studies that reported 50%–70% satisfaction with these medications.^30,31 Many respondents expressed an awareness of the risks associated with NSAID use, but for some, as has been suggested by other authors, their potential seriousness may be underestimated.³²

Less than half the respondents considered over-the-counter medications, such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) and some NSAIDs, to be very or extremely helpful. Despite their accepted efficacy, patients may have viewed them as less credible, as they were not medically prescribed.³³ It has also been reported that patients are not always aware of the place that long-term regular paracetamol plays in the management of OA.³⁴ This was also reflected in our study, so better patient education by their GPs may be warranted. Intra-articular injections can provide rapid short-term relief of OA; however, not all GPs offer this treatment, possibly due to time limitations and/or having not been exposed to this approach during their medical training.

The finding that only 43% of respondents found physiotherapy helpful contrasted with other studies of satisfaction with physiotherapy for musculoskeletal conditions.^35,36 It has been reported elsewhere that patients appear to evaluate care and outcome separately and for many, satisfaction with outcome is more important.³⁷ If this is so, low satisfaction with physiotherapy may be attributable to unrealistic expectations of treatment outcomes (eg, restoration of mobility).

CAM use among OA sufferers is widespread¹³ notwithstanding a paucity of evidence for effectiveness,³⁸ and this is affirmed by the low number of respondents in our survey who found CAM to be helpful. Previous studies have reported that CAM use is not attributable to dissatisfaction with conventional medicine per se, but rather to congruence with the user’s values, beliefs, and philosophical orientation toward health and life.³⁹

Information about OA

Studies have found that patients who are well informed about therapeutic options are more likely to adhere to recommended treatments,⁴⁰ which is particularly pertinent to OA because of its high sensitivity to patient preferences at all stages of severity.⁴¹ Our finding that many respondents expressed a strong desire for improved information about OA, particularly about what to expect as their condition progressed, was consistent with the results reported by Mann and Gooberman-Hill.⁴²

Notably, many respondents in our study expressed a need to know more about the effectiveness of different treatments. However, providing information alone cannot ensure better health outcomes, and this has been recognized by studies which found self-management programs that combined behavioral modification with information provision are more effective than information alone.⁴³

A majority of respondents in our study chose the GP as their preferred information source for managing OA, consistent with findings from a Canadian survey of patients with arthritic conditions.⁴⁴ Many respondents obtained information from family and friends, although the reliability of this source has been questioned.⁴⁵

Of the media sources of information, the Internet was considered the most valuable. The unregulated nature of the Internet, however, means that much of the information may be unreliable and potentially biased. A literature review of OA websites reported that accurate and trustworthy information was more commonly found on government or education institution sponsored sites,⁴⁶ but the issue remains that patients may not have the experience, knowledge, or education to properly assess the credibility of available information.⁴⁷

There were several limitations to our study. First, we had limited information about health provider practices (practice size, age profile, number of practice nurses employed for clinical work, etc). We also had no clinical information on respondents, such as severity of OA, joints affected, duration of symptoms, and comorbidities. This made it difficult to contextualize the results.

Second, although the response rate was high, there was a possibility of selection bias. For example, those in the target population with OA of the hand may have found the physical completion of the questionnaire difficult, and so may not have responded to the survey. Similarly, those in the target population with cognitive impairment may also have had difficulty completing the survey.

In our study, OA was self-reported rather than diagnosed by a medical professional, which may impact on the findings. Finally, as with all self-reported questionnaires, there is a risk of social desirability bias. For example, patients may have overstated adherence to GP advice, because they did not wish to appear lazy or noncompliant.

Conclusion

The study showed that although patients with OA were generally satisfied with the management of their condition, there was notable variation in the perceived helpfulness of different therapeutic options. Given that better health outcomes in OA can be achieved if treatment recommendations are followed, future research should consider the relationship between adherence and perception of treatment. It would also be informative to further explore the influence of OA information on satisfaction with care.

Author contributions

MB conceived and performed the study, designed the questionnaire, analyzed and interpreted the data, and drafted the manuscript. TH coordinated the mail out and receipt of questionnaires and data entry, and critically revised the manuscript. TH, WR, PH, and AE analyzed and interpreted the data and critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

We thank all participants who generously gave their time. This study was funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council Program Grant (number 568612).

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.