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Original Research

The effect of patient care education on burden of care and the quality of life of caregivers of stroke patients

, &
Pages 211-217 | Published online: 20 Mar 2019

Abstract

Background

Care for stroke patients at home is a very complicated and tough activity.

Objective

The study was conducted to examine the effect of patient care education on burden of care and quality of life of caregivers of stroke patients.

Materials and methods

The study was an educational trial conducted on 100 caregivers of the stroke patients in Al-Zahra educational hospital, Isfahan, Iran. The intervention group received some training to empower caregivers in family-oriented care in form of an educational counseling program. Data were collected and analyzed using the questionnaires, including demographic, quality of life Short Form-36, and Zarit burden of care questionnaires.

Results

The mean ages of caregivers were 48.52 years in the intervention and 45.14 years in the control groups. The results indicated significant differences in mean of quality of life and burden of care in the caregivers of the intervention group after intervention (P<0.01), which was insignificant in the control group. The average burden on the caregivers of both groups was significantly associated with health status, economic status, marital status, the number of children, care hours, care days, and familial relationship of the caregivers with the patients (P<0.01) before intervention. In addition, quality of life of both groups was significantly related to their health status (P<0.01) before intervention.

Conclusion

Patient care education reduced the burden of care and improved quality of life of the caregivers of stroke patients. Thus, to reduce the complications of caring for stroke patients, family education should be the priority of nursing and discharging procedures.

View correction statement:
The Effect Of Patient Care Education On Burden Of Care And Quality Of Life Of Caregivers Of Stroke Patients [Corrigendum]

Introduction

Stroke is the commonest vascular disorder and the third leading cause of adult mortality in the world.Citation1Citation4 This is significantly higher in Iran compared with the Western countries and occurs at an earlier age.Citation5 Its prevalence in Iran is reported to be 139 per 100,000 people.Citation6 Stroke is one of the most important causes of chronic and severe disabilities,Citation7 and most of the patients with it suffer from a range of debilitating neurological disorders like cognitive, mental, emotional, communicative or physical, functional, and social disabilities causing many problems for their families.Citation8 Thus, these patients will be dependent on their families for their physical and emotional needs after discharge from the hospital.Citation9

Managing this chronic disorder at home is a very complex activity in need of special care and services.Citation10 Caring for such patients causes psychological and emotional distresses for caregivers.Citation11 In addition, the risk of chronic diseases in these people is twice that of the people of their same age and gender, which can change their quality of life.Citation12 Issues, such as mental, psychological, physical, and socioeconomic disorders, threaten the health of the family and cause a feeling of lack of control over life affairs. The aftermath of problems are defined as “care burden”.Citation13 In other words, burden of care involves physical, emotional, and psychological hardship that caregivers of family members may experience when caring for their patients.Citation14 The burden of care may impose serious harm to the mental and physical health of family members, of which hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, and immune deficiency are some.Citation15 The main caregivers are exposed to more stress as the patient’s biological, social, and psychological needs is prioritized in comparison to their own; therefore, the caregivers are in the group of people who are exhausted due to excessive pressures and demands with their quality of life decreasing.Citation16

According to various studies, the highest burden of care for family members (father, mother, sister, …) is imposed on the spouse and children of stroke patients. This may result in a reduction in their physical and mental function, with no desirable services provided to the patients.Citation15 It is estimated that the burden of care for the family of people with stroke is increasing in the world due to the lack of support from the organizations and associations.Citation17 Regarding this, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of patient care education on burden of care and quality of life of caregivers of stroke patients.

Methods

The study

This was an educational trial study conducted to determine the effect of patient care education on the burden of care and quality of life in the family of stroke patients in Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, in 2017. After the approval by the ethics committee of the Arak Medical University’s Ethics Council (with the ethics code IR.ARAKMU.REC.1395.272), the informed consent was received from all the participants showing their willingness to participate in the study. The sampling was done using random block allocation and participants were divided into two groups of intervention and control (each group included 50 patients).

The inclusion criteria were, the desire of the caregiver to participate in the research, caregiver being a family member (father, mother, sister, …), caregiver providing care for a stroke patient for at least 6 hours a day for at least 1 month, age of the caregiver being >18 years, and the presence of all or some of the stroke complications which the caregiver has faced in previous month. These complications were like sensory impairment, movement, swallowing, speech impairment, vision, and urinary and feces discharge problems in the patient. The exclusion criteria were the unwillingness to continue and the death of the patient or the caregiver.

Sampling

The sample size was determined according to a similar study, and based on the following formula: n=(tn1,α/2+tn1,β)2d2

It included 100 patients assigned to two groups of control and intervention with 50 participants in each (α=0.05, β=0.2, d=0.4937, m1=21.26, m2=24.23, sd1=4.29, sd2=4.26).

The subjects were first selected using purposive sampling (after first month of the event), and after obtaining written informed consent (the consent forms were taken from family members of the patients; it was supposed to be filled by one of the parents or big brother or protector) and being included in the sampling, they were randomly assigned to two groups of intervention (A) and control (B) using randomized blocking method. First, the blocks with four parts (AABB, ABAB, ABBA, BBAA, BABA, BAAB, and so on) were designed. Then these blocks were randomly sorted and the individuals were assigned to two groups according to A and B. This continued until the sample size was completed.

Data collection tools

  1. The demographic questionnaire of the caregiver included age, sex, history of illness, marital status, educational level, economic status, number of children, time of care, number of days of care, and relation to the patient.

  2. Zarit burden of care questionnaire.

    This questionnaire examines the burden of care associated with the physical, psychological, economic, and social life status. The questionnaire consists of 22 questions, which includes a minimum score of 0 and a maximum of 88. Classification of scores is as follows: no to low maintenance (0–20 points), low to moderate (21–40), moderate to severe (41–60), and very high load (61–88).

  3. The quality of life Short Form-36 (SF-36) quality of life questionnaire

This questionnaire has 36 questions and consists of eight scales, with each scale consisting of 2–10 items. The sub-scales of this questionnaire are as follows: physical functioning, physical health, emotional health, tiresome, emotional well-being, social functioning, pain, and general health.

Implementation

After completing the demographic characteristics questionnaires, SF-36 quality of life, and Zarit burden of care, the intervention group received face-to-face training besides the routine training during two sessions of 1.5 hours in the hospital and a training booklet was provided to the caregiver. The booklet consists of 30 pages of nursing interventions for stroke patients written in an easy and practical language. The booklet was illustrated. Two telephone consultations were conducted with the intervention group at intervals of 3 days with two sessions of visits and practical training at home 1 week after the second telephone counseling. During each home visit, the researcher (student of Master of Science in Nursing) was the trainer of the caregivers and the patient was around during the training. The trainer responded to all related nursing intervention questions and caregiver did some practice on the patient under the supervision of the trainer. Then after 1 month, SF-36 quality of life, and Zarit burden of care questionnaires were again completed by the caregivers in the intervention group.

The control group completed demographic characteristics questionnaires, SF-36 quality of life, and Zarit burden of care questionnaires and received the routine training, which means the training of patients by the department staff in the center. After the study and data collection, all caregivers in control group were trained and the booklet also was given to them.

Results

As shows, most caregivers of the stroke patients participating in this study were women (72% in the intervention group and 54% in the control group, P=0.41), and their mean age was 48.52 years in the intervention group and 45.14 years in the control group. Most of the participants were married (78% in the intervention group and 70% in the control group, P=0.83). Moreover, 44% of both groups had an average economic status (P=0.19; ).

Table 1 Demographic information of the caregivers of stroke patients

shows the changes in burden of care in caregivers of stroke patients at the time before and after intervention (1 month). The table shows that the educational intervention of the present study could reduce the caring time of the caregiver in the intervention group from 67.84±4.23 to 41.50±10.79, which was significant (P<0.01; ).

Table 2 Changes in burden of care in caregivers of stroke patients before and after intervention

is the comparison of the mean of burden of care (personal, social, emotional, and economic) in caregivers of stroke patients before and after intervention, and shows the factors affecting the level of burden of care in caregivers. According to these results, burden of care of stroke patients was significantly related to economic health, marital status, number of children, hours of care, care days, and the relationship of the caregivers with patients ( and ).

Table 3 Comparison of the mean of burden of care (individual, social, emotional, and economic) among caregivers of stroke patients before and after intervention

Table 4 Correlation of not suitable demographic characteristics of caregivers in both groups with their burden of care before intervention

As a matter of fact, all the problems of the caregivers like: bad health status of the caregivers, marital status of the caregivers (to be alone), bad economic status of the caregivers, having two or more children, the relationship of the caregivers with the patients (father, mother, sister, …), providing many hours of care, increasing the number of care days of the patient had a negative effect on their burden of care.

shows changes in quality of life of caregivers of stroke patients before and after intervention. The intervention of the present study could increase quality of life of the caregiver in the intervention group from 50.64±5.23 to 59.54±16.29, which was significant (P<0.01) ().

Table 5 quality of life changes in caregivers of stroke patients before and after intervention

The results showed that the mean scores of quality of life and its sub-scales increased in the intervention group compared with the control group, except for physical function and pain that did not differ significantly ().

Table 6 Mean quality of life and its dimensions in the intervention and control group before and after intervention

Discussion

In line with the present study, in the study by Tabrizi et al, most of the caregivers were married.Citation18 In the study by Gholizade et al, most of the caregivers were married too.Citation19 The results of the two recent studies, in line with the results of the present study, show that, in relation to family members, married people have a more active role in caring for their patients, such as higher accountability compared with single people.

According to the results of the present study, patient care education has improved the burden of care in the caregivers of the patients. In a study, Gutiérrez-Maldonado et al examined the burden of care and general health in the families of schizophrenic patients with the results showing that the level of education has a significant relationship with the burden of care in the caregiver of these patients, meaning that the higher the level of caregivers’ education, the lower the burden of care in them.Citation20 Although education in this study meant general education (educational literacy), it shows that general education, as well as specialized care of the patient, is effective in enhancing the care burden. Thus, the results of the study by Maldonado et al can be consistent with the results of the present study. It should be noted that Tabrizi et al also conducted a study whose results confirmed the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral interventions in reducing the burden of care in Alzheimer patients’ caregiver,Citation21 confirming the result of this study.

NarimaniCitation22 examined the effect of teaching coping strategies on quality of life and burden of care of family caregivers in a stroke patient. Training coping strategies, like patient care education, is an educational program for reducing or improving the care burden. The average burden of care of the caregivers in post-test was significantly less than the pretest, showing the effectiveness of coping strategies training in reducing the burden of care.Citation22 As stated previously, since coping strategies, such as patient care is an educational program, it is in line with the results of the present study in being effective in reducing the care burden. Arshi et alCitation23 examined the relationship between the burden of care and family functioning in children with cancer. One of the sub-results of this study was that the majority of caring parents with a cancerous child had non-academic studies, so Arshi et al stated that parental education was one of the factors affecting the burden of care.Citation23 These results could confirm the result of the present study regarding the effectiveness of patient care education in improving the care burden.

According to previous studies, several factors are related to the care burden, of which the quality of interpersonal and patient relationships, cognitive ability of the patient, signs and symptoms of the patient’s psychological and behavioral patterns, caring gender, and increasing adverse life events can be cited.Citation24 The degree of burden of care experienced by caregivers depends on several factors, including physical and mental health, physical and mental illness, social life, ethics, and the income of the caregiver. Indeed, burden of care is one of the important concepts with many studies devoted to the family domain.Citation25 All scholars believe that caregivers’ burden of care is not confined to a unique concept, but as a multidimensional concept, it takes care of personal differences and adaptive trends. Some writers have defined the burden of care as an effect that providing care can have on mental health, physical, work or even economic caregivers or other family members. Increased burden of care is significantly connected to decreasing the health and quality of life of caregivers of stroke patients, especially in mental health and social functioning.Citation26 The greatest burden of care is imposed upon family members who are spouses and children, and of course, this burden of care is much higher for women.Citation15

In a study, Gholizade et al examine the effectiveness of patient care education on quality of life of caregivers of stroke patients in form of a randomized field trial. The results showed that the dimensions of quality of life of caregivers were significantly higher in the intervention group 1 month after the training compared with the control group.Citation19 which was completely consistent with the results of our study. In addition, the results of this study showed that patient care education improves the dimensions of general, physical, and mental health in caregivers of patients. This result is consistent with the improvement of the physical health dimension and is disparate with mental health dimension. Baghcheki and KoohestaniCitation27 studied the relationship between the incapacity of the elderly with stroke and quality of life of caregivers before and after discharge. The results showed that quality of life of the main caregivers of the stroke patients decreases after a patient’s discharge, and they need help and support for adaptation to lifestyle changes.Citation27 Although care and support care for the caregivers are important, studies show that due to the focus of the system on the patients themselves and the lack of proper communication with their families, these studies are often not well considered or supported.Citation28 Although it is important to care and support carers, studies have shown that due to the focus of the system on patients themselves and the lack of proper communication with families, they are often not given adequate attention and support. Focus on family as part of a patient’s treatment and care program has been eliminated from interventional studies and general clinical practice.Citation29 Empowering a family based on the involvement of family members to solve a problem may be an effective step to help family members. This activity will increase their caregiving knowledge and reduce their physical and emotional stresses. So they can improve their patient’s condition.Citation30

Providing an appropriate training and support package for stroke patients and caregivers will help to increase their level of satisfaction as they need to obtain accurate and reliable information on the disease and its care.Citation31,Citation32

Conclusion

Training patient care reduces the burden of care and improves quality of life in caregivers of stroke patients. Hence, family education should be set as a priority of nursing and discharge procedures to reduce the complications of caring for stroke patients.

Acknowledgments

The researchers would like to thank families of patients admitted to the ICU of Alzahra Hospital in Isfahan, Iran, and the Deputy of Research, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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