Do eyes with and without optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis age equally?

Abstract

Purpose

Anterior visual pathway reflects axonal loss caused by both optic neuritis (ON) and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the axonal injury post-ON is thought to be complete by 6 months of onset, most studies using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to evaluate retinal changes as a marker of neurodegeneration exclude eyes with a history of ON or consider them separately. The objective of this study was to assess whether the eyes post-ON (>6 months) show in later years different rate of chronic retinal changes than the fellow eyes not affected by ON.

Patients and methods

Fifty-six patients with MS with a history of ON in one eye (ON eyes) and no ON in the fellow (FL) eye, who were followed by OCT for >2 years, were selected from a cohort of patients with MS. Paired eye analysis was performed.

Results

Mean interval post-ON at baseline was 5.65 (SD 5.05) years. Mean length of follow-up by OCT was 4.57 years. There was no statistical difference in absolute or relative thinning of retinal nerve fiber layer in peripapillary area between the ON and FL eyes.

Conclusion

This study has shown that we do not need to exclude eyes with a history of ON from longitudinal studies of neurodegeneration in MS, provided that we use data outside of the frame of acute changes post-ON. Long-term changes of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer in ON and FL eyes are equal.

Keywords:

• optical coherence tomography
• neurodegeneration
• multiple sclerosis
• retina

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by a highly variable disease course and degree of symptoms.¹ While the cause of the disease remains to be elucidated, it is evident that both inflammation and neurodegeneration, focal and diffuse changes, lead to injury of the central nervous system tissue in MS. Axonal loss may be unnoticed in early stages of the disease and difficult to quantify on standard brain imaging, but it ultimately results in disability.² Thinning of retinal layers reflects a degree of axonal injury in the brain in MS and can be noninvasively imaged using optical coherence tomography (OCT).^3,4 It has been shown that thinning of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) correlates with objective neurological findings measured by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and other biomarkers of MS, such as lesion volume and brain atrophy measures.^5–8

The visual pathway is affected by slow changes reflecting chronic axonal injury as well as by acute inflammatory episodes of optic neuritis (ON).⁹ Up to 75% of patients with MS experience at least one episode of ON in their lifetime.^10,11 Within the first 6 months of the symptom onset, one episode of ON leads, in most patients, to a significant decrease in pRNFL thickness (about 20 µm).^5,12 Studies looking at retinal measurements as a marker of neurodegeneration either exclude all eyes with a history of ON and focus on eyes without ON, as the event of ON disrupts the correlations with measures of axonal loss, or consider them in a separate analysis.^13–15 Previous studies looking at the damage to retinal structures as a consequence of ON in MS had shown that retinal changes occur early and assessment at 6 months after the onset of ON is considered to be a final outcome of ON.^12,16 Therefore, we hypothesize that eyes with a history of ON do not have to be excluded from later studies, as they reflect the same rate of neurodegeneration as the eyes without ON.

The objective of this study was to assess whether the eyes post-ON (>6 months) show in later years the same rate of chronic retinal changes as the fellow (FL) eyes not affected by ON.

Patients and methods

From a cohort of patients followed in an academic MS center longitudinally by OCT and clinical assessments were selected patients with a diagnosis of MS or a clinically isolated syndrome, who had a history of at least one ON (N=409). All subjects gave written informed consent for participation in the longitudinal OCT study (IRB# 00002705 General University Hospital). Diagnosis of MS was supported by findings on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and results of cerebrospinal fluid assessment.¹⁷ Diagnosis and date of ON were obtained from the chart review. Neurological exam expressed as EDSS was performed by an MS specialist.¹⁸

Peripapillary ring scans (3.4 mm in diameter, ART 100) manually centered around the optic nerve head were obtained by two operators at room light conditions on one Spectral Domain OCT device (Heidelberg Spectralis) with the use of an eye tracking function and marking the first OCT scan as a reference for all follow-ups. The pupils were not dilated. Thickness of retinal fiber layer (RNFL) was automatically measured by a built-in software (software version 5.8.3.0) in temporal segment (RNFL T), nasal segment (RNFL N) and as a mean thickness of RNFL in peripapillary ring that averages temporal, nasal, superior and inferior segments (RNFL G).

From this dataset were excluded patients meeting the following criteria: history of more than one unilateral ON before or during the follow-up, history of diabetes, glaucoma, uveitis or other eye diseases, refractive errors over 6 D. Scans performed <6 months after the onset of ON and scans not meeting the consensus criteria for retinal OCT quality assessment (OSCAR-IB criteria), for instance, due to a failure of segmentation algorithm or a poor signal quality due to unclear ocular media, were also excluded.^19,20 Out of 130 patients meeting the above criteria, we further selected only those patients followed for at least 2 years and with at least four analyzable OCT assessments. The four OCT measurements were required to be able to fit individual linear regression model, because we lost one measurement due to a computation of differences between each pair of eyes. Three measurements are the meaningful minimum number of data points to apply linear regression model (ordinary least squares [OLS] estimates). Paired eyes (FL and ON eyes) of 56 patients were accepted for the analysis.

Statistical analysis

First, we compared the ON and FL eyes’ RNFL parameters (variables) at baseline and their (absolute and relative) changes toward the end of the follow-up (last time point), running Welch’s one-way analysis of means for normally distributed variables and Mann–Whitney test for non-normally distributed variables. Lilliefors normality test was used to assess whether the variable was normally or non-normally distributed. Second, we tested the (null) hypothesis that both eyes (ON and FL eyes belonging to one object = patient) mirror each other in a gradual decline of RNFL thickness during the follow-up by estimating the linear trend of absolute differences between relative changes (to baseline) of ON and FL eyes within each patient. We fitted the linear mixed-effects model for the absolute differences (response variable) on time in years (fixed effect) with random intercept. By doing this, an inter-eye dependency was considered, and each pair of eyes was analyzed as one object belonging to the same patient. The estimated regression coefficient beta1 (fixed effect of time) is assumed to be not statistically different from zero if the null hypothesis is true, for example, in case that both paired eyes’ relative changes from baseline are not different during the follow-up. The statistical significance of the coefficient beta1 was tested by Student’s t-test for regression coefficient with Satterthwaite approximations to degrees of freedom. Calculations were performed in the statistical system R (www.r-project.org).²¹

Results

Fifty-six subjects met the criteria for the analysis. There were 15 men and 41 women, with a mean age 39 years and with median EDSS score 2.5 (range 1.0–5.5). At the time of the first admittable OCT scan post-ON (baseline), 6 patients had diagnosis of clinically isolated syndrome, 49 had relapsing MS and 1 patient was diagnosed with secondary progressive MS. Demographic data and treatment status are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics

Number of subjects	56
Sex (male:female)	15:41
Duration of MS (years), mean (SD)	10.01 (6.60)
EDSS, median (range)	2.50 (1.00–5.50)
MS phenotype, n (%)
CIS	6 (10.7)
RR MS	49 (87.5)
SP MS	1 (1.8)
Treatment for MS, n (%)
Interferon	16 (28.8)
Glatiramer acetate	6 (10.7)
Azathioprine	2 (3.6)
Intravenous immunoglobulin	2 (3.6)
Fumarate	1 (1.8)
Natalizumab	9 (16.1)
No treatment	20 (35.7)
Age at ON onset (years), mean (SD)	29.07 (7.95)
Age at baseline OCT (years), mean (SD)	39.08 (7.79)

Abbreviations: CIS, clinically isolated syndrome; EDSS, Expanded Disability Scale Score; MS, multiple sclerosis; OCT, optical coherence tomography; ON, optic neuritis; RR MS, relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis; SP MS, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Mean interval between the onset of ON and the baseline of the study was 5.65 (SD 5.05) years. Mean length of follow-up by OCT was 4.57 (SD 1.44) years. Patients had between four OCT and ten OCT scans over the follow-up with the median time (interquartile range) between the scans being 0.96 (0.50–1.09) years. Characteristics for RNFL parameters at baseline and changes during the follow-up (from baseline to the last available assessment) are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Descriptive characteristics for RNFL parameters (baseline values and changes during follow-up) and their comparison between ON and FL eyes

	ON eyes	FL eyes	P-value
n	56	56
RNFL G baseline (µm), mean (SD)	81.02 (13.02)	90.88 (10.79)	<0.001
RNFL T baseline (µm), mean (SD)	53.93 (13.46)	65.02 (13.39)	<0.001
RNFL N baseline (µm), mean (SD)	59.86 (12.99)	65.70 (14.09)	0.025
Delta RNFL G abs (µm), median (range)	−2.00 (−14.00 to 2.00)	−1.00 (−12.00 to 2.00)	0.620a
Delta RNFL T abs (µm), median (range)	−2.00 (−14.00 to 3.00)	−2.00 (−8.00 to 2.00)	0.404a
Delta RNFL N abs (µm), median (range)	−0.50 (−8.00 to 6.00)	−1.00 (−28.00 to 6.00)	0.346a
Delta RNFL G rel, median (range)	−0.02 (−0.18 to 0.03)	−0.01 (−0.12 to 0.02)	0.386a
Delta RNFL T rel, median (range)	−0.01 (−0.16 to 0.36)	−0.02 (−0.36 to 0.11)	0.440a
Delta RNFL N rel, median (range)	−0.04 (−0.25 to 0.03)	−0.03 (−0.11−0.04)	0.058a
Number of OCT scans, median (range)	5.00 (4.00–10.00)
Length of OCT follow-up (years), mean (SD)	4.57 (1.44)
Median (IQR) [range]	4.42 (3.67–5.49) [2.03–7.29]
ON to baseline interval (years), mean (SD)	5.65 (5.05)
Median (IQR) [range]	4.15 (2.24–7.30) [0.53–23.35]

Notes: RNFL at baseline (in µm) was compared by parametric t-test.

a For non-normally distributed variables, nonparametric Mann–Whitney test was used.

Abbreviations: Delta RNFL G abs, absolute change in RNFL G (mean peripapillary RNFL) between baseline and last scan, respectively, for RNFL N (nasal segment), RNFL T (temporal segment); delta RNFL G rel, change in RNFL G relative to baseline, respectively, for RNFL N, RNFL T; FL eyes, fellow eyes; IQR, interquartile range; OCT, optical coherence tomography; ON, optic neuritis; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer.

As expected, mean RNFL T at baseline in the ON eyes was significantly thinner than in the FL eyes (53.93 vs 65.02 µm, P<0.001). There was no statistical difference in absolute or relative thinning of RNFL (delta RNFL T, delta RNFL N, delta RNFL G) between the ON and FL eyes during the follow-up (Table 2).

The mixed-effects model was fitted using absolute differences between ON and FL eyes’ relative change to baseline (Table 3). The beta’s values around zero and the corresponding P-values give an evidence of nonsignificance between ON and FL eyes aging during follow-up years. Mean linear trends for ON and FL eyes’ aging were estimated separately for RNFL G, RNFL T and RNFL N (shown in Figure 1).

Table 3 Results of the mixed-effects model using absolute differences between ON and FL eyes’ relative change to baseline

	Beta1	SE	P-value
RNFL G	−0.001965	0.001749	0.262
RNFL N	−0.000215	0.001569	0.891
RNFL T	−0.006963	0.006633	0.295

Notes: The beta1 represents the difference between ON and FL eyes’ relative changes/year. P-values for the comparison of different trends of relative changes are given by Student’s t-tests with Satterthwaite approximations to df.

Abbreviations: df, degrees of freedom; FL eyes, fellow eyes; ON, optic neuritis; RNFL G, mean peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness; RNFL N and RNFL T, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness for nasal and temporal segment, respectively; SE, standard error.

Figure 1 Mean linear trend for RNFL values.

Notes: The graph shows mean linear trends from baseline for the next 5 years. These trends were estimated using mixed-effects model. The intercept (value on y-axis) denotes mean thickness at the baseline for each parameter (RNFL G, RNFL N, RNFL T) and both (post-ON and fellow) eyes. The paired slopes for both eyes within one RNFL parameter tend to be similar.
Abbreviations: ON, optical neuritis; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer; RNFL G, mean peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness; RNFL N and RNFL T, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness for nasal and temporal segment, respectively.

Discussion

OCT has a unique role in neurology, as it allows noninvasive, highly reproducible measurements of changes in anterior visual pathway. OCT biomarkers, such as peripapillary RNFL thickness, became valuable tools in monitoring the axonal injury in MS. Major studies evaluating retinal changes in MS as a measure of neurodegeneration include only eyes without ON perhaps due to uncertainty of a confounding process lingering in the affected eye post-ON.^7,14,22,23 Biomarkers, in general, have high utility if they are widely applicable. Therefore, it is important to answer the question whether such restriction is necessary.

In this study, we had shown that long-term decline in RNFL thickness is not different between eyes without ON and eyes post-ON, provided that we include only measures obtained >6 months after the onset of ON. We chose analysis of paired eyes (one affected by ON and the other one unaffected) followed by the same OCT instrument and the same protocol over time to eliminate potential confounding factors such as treatment effect, disease activity, technical variability and so on.

It has been shown that damage to retinal structures starts early in a course of ON and can be detected within a month of onset.²⁴ Henderson et al, in a study following eyes with acute ON for up to 18 months, had shown that 99% of the decline in pRNFL occurs by 6 months after the onset of clinical symptoms.¹⁶ Garcia-Martin et al have followed eyes post-ON up to 24 months and also concluded that ON is not a risk factor for increased chronic damage in MS patients.²⁵

One question that cannot be answered by our study is whether the FL eyes have a different rate of RNFL thinning than the eyes of MS patients without a history of ON in either eye. It has been shown that RNFL in the FL eyes of patients with MS post-ON is thinner than RNFL in the eyes of patients with no ON in history. It is not clear whether this is caused by subclinical episodes of ON²⁶ or it reflects a different rate of RNFL thinning. A longitudinal study by Saidha et al that followed retinal changes (Cirrus HD-OCT) and brain atrophy measures in patients with MS had shown that history of ON in one or neither eye has affected relationship between GCIP (ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer) and brain atrophy measures.¹⁵ That supports a notion that patients with and without history of ON may have different rates of retinal atrophy in eyes unaffected by ON. Another limitation of our study is the lack of full retinal segmentation, which limits us in assessing ganglion cell + inner plexiform and other layers.

Conclusion

Measurements of axonal injury are an essential tool in monitoring severity of the disease in MS. OCT as a highly reproducible, noninvasive and well-tolerated imaging method is a great candidate to become a predictive tool in MS. Biomarkers are most valuable in clinical practice when applicable to a wide spectrum of patients. This study has shown that we do not need to exclude all eyes with a history of ON from longitudinal studies, provided that we use data outside of the frame of acute changes post-ON. Long-term changes of pRNFL in ON and FL eyes of patients with MS are equal.

Acknowledgments

Data collection and statistical analysis were supported by a research grant provided by Biogen Idec. This work was supported by the Czech Ministry of Education project PROGRES-Q27/LF1. LS also received long-term institutional support of research activities by Faculty of Informatics and Statistics, University of Economics, Prague.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.