https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6968-950X
Abstract
Objective: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic disorder associated with severe pain. According to the National Fibromyalgia Association, the prevalence of FMS is between 3% and 6% in the general population, with about 90% of the patients being women. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D and serotonin levels and FMS severity.
Methods: Forty participants with fibromyalgia (mean age: 37.8±9.5 years) were included and had their medical history taken, a physical examination, and laboratory testing in the Rheumatology Department at Al-Ameen Hospital in Taif, Saudi Arabia. The revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) was used to determine the FMS severity.
Results: The results showed that 42.5% of the patients were considered to have mild/moderate fibromyalgia, with the remainder having severe/extreme fibromyalgia. The latter were more likely to have lower serotonin levels. The results showed a significant dose-dependent negative relationship between the serotonin levels and FIQR scores (P=0.002). However, no significant correlations were found between the vitamin D levels and FIQR scores (P=0.112).
Conclusion: The findings of this study show that the improved health of FMS patients is associated with normal serotonin levels.
Introduction
Fibromyalgia is the second most common disorder for which patients are usually directed to rheumatology clinics.Citation1–Citation3 Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic disorder associated with a severe pain that can affect a patient’s musculoskeletal system, daily routine, and mood.Citation3,Citation4 According to the National Fibromyalgia Association, the prevalence of FMS has been reported as 3% to 6% of the general population, and ~90% of the patients are women.Citation5 The symptoms of fibromyalgia usually appear between the ages of 20 and 50 years old. However, the incidence rises with age, with more than 7% of the patients in the 70- to 80-year age range meeting the criteria as set forth by the American College of Rheumatology Classification of Fibromyalgia.
Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is one of the most important monoamine neurotransmitters in humans. It is generated by the central nervous system, particularly in serotonergic neurons.Citation6,Citation7 Serotonin influences the brain in matters such as behavioral control, cognitive performance, emotional aspect, and mood swings.Citation8,Citation9 Hence, a decrease in serotonin levels may be associated with several disorders such as major depression, aggressive behavior, bipolar disorder, and sudden infant death syndrome.Citation10 Many researchers have indicated that FMS is also associated with low serotonin levels.Citation11,Citation12
Vitamin D is an important element for human nutrition. It is an essential vitamin that is classified as a steroid hormone, and it affects calcium and phosphate levels in the blood.Citation13 In addition, vitamin D (25-OH) is considered the active form of vitamin D,Citation14 and a deficiency can lead to many musculoskeletal diseases such as osteomalacia, rickets, and osteoporosis.Citation15,Citation16 The exact pathophysiology of FMS is still unclear, although several studies have also linked vitamin D deficiency to FMS.Citation17,Citation18 However, studies examining the relationship of vitamin D and serotonin levels in fibromyalgia patients are lacking.
Our primary goal was to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and low serotonin levels among randomly selected FMS patients. We also assessed the relationships between vitamin D and serotonin levels and FMS severity.
Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study was designed and conducted at the Rheumatology Department of Al-Ameen Hospital in Taif, Saudi Arabia between September 2017 and April 2018. Forty patients (32 females, 8 males; aged 20–60 years) diagnosed with FMS according to the American College of Rheumatology FMS classification criteria were selected from the rheumatology clinic at Al-Ameen Hospital. We excluded all patients with musculoskeletal problems, those with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, and those with a psychiatric diagnosis.
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Taif University, Saudi Arabia (No.: 39-36-0141). Regarding the patient privacy and medical ethics, all patients were informed that their data will be used for the research purposes. In accordance with the declaration of Helsinki, all patients provided an oral consent, which was approved by Taif University IRB.
All patients had their medical history taken and were clinically assessed according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria. These criteria aim to do the following: (1) assess the pain and symptoms over the past week for 19 body parts (FMS tender points) and measure the severity level of the symptoms fatigue, waking unrefreshed, and cognitive (memory or thought) problems; (2) determine if the symptoms have lasted continuously over at least three months at a similar level; and (3) ensure that no other health problems exist that would explain the pain and other symptoms.
Blood samples were obtained from the FMS patients to determine the vitamin D (25-OH) and serum serotonin levels, and a questionnaire was distributed. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: a demographic questionnaire and the revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR).Citation19 The demographic questionnaire included the age, sex, educational status, income level, body mass index (BMI), daily caffeinated beverage consumption, smoking status, and medication usage. The FIQR questionnaire was used to determine the FMS severity based on the total FIQR score. The FIQR questionnaire contains 21 separate questions divided into three parts: (a) 9 functional questions, (b) 2 overall impact questions, and (c) 10 symptom questions.Citation19 The patients were divided into groups based on four different FIQR score ranges: 0–42, mild; 43–59, moderate; 60–74, severe; and 75–100, extreme.Citation19
After the blood samples were collected from the patients, the vitamin D status was determined and the 25(OH) D values were classified as deficient (≤20 ng/mL) or normal (>20 ng/mL).Citation20 The serum serotonin levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and classified as low (<68 ng/mL) or normal (≥68 ng/mL), with the normal range being 68–232 ng/mL.
The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) version 20.0. Frequencies and percentages were used to evaluate each variable. Chi-square tests were used to study the relationships between variables, and sample t-tests were used to compare means.
Results
Forty participants with fibromyalgia (mean age: 37.8±9.5 years) were recruited (). The majority were female and married, and almost half had a low educational level. The mean BMI was 29.5±5.0, with 40% in the overweight category. About 22.5% of the patients had hypertension. In terms of medication use, most of the patients were using a painkiller. The data also showed that more than two-thirds of the patients were smokers, and one-third were active smokers. Seventy percent of the patients consumed more than 4 cups of caffeinated beverages per day.
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the whole cohort
The average FIQR score was 62.2±17.2, and more than half the patients (57.5%) were categorized as having severe or extreme fibromyalgia. The laboratory tests showed the mean serotonin level was 87.1±76.3 (ng/mL), and the mean vitamin D level was 23.1±9.8 (ng/mL). More than half the patients (60%) had low vitamin D and serotonin levels.
A quarter of the patients (25%) had moderate fibromyalgia, while 17.5% had mild fibromyalgia (). As high as 25% of the patients with severe fibromyalgia and 32.5% with extreme fibromyalgia were more likely to have lower serotonin levels (P=0.002) and less likely to have normal vitamin D levels (P=0.029). However, those with severe/extreme fibromyalgia were more likely to be male (P=0.749), report a low income (P=0.665), be married (P=0.727), and have hypertension (P=0.527). They were less likely to use painkillers (P=0.260) and had a lower mean BMI (P=0.418) and lower vitamin D levels (P=0.112).
Table 2 Correlation analyses between different variables and FIQR scores
The results showed a significant dose-dependent negative relationship between the serotonin levels and FIQR scores (P=0.002; ), but no significant correlation was seen between the vitamin D levels and FIQR scores (P=0.112; ). A partial correlation adjusted for age, marital status, education, income, BMI, caffeine intake, smoking, and hypertension also showed a significant negative correlation between the serotonin levels and the FIQR scores (r=−0.520, P=0.002) and a non-significant positive correlation between the vitamin D levels and FIQR scores (r=0.015, P=0.935).
Figure 1 Serotonin level according to the FIQR categories, it shows a significant negative correlation between serotonin level and FIQR scores.
Figure 2 Vitamin D level according to the FIQR categories, it shows there is no significant positive correlation between vitamin D level and FIQR scores.
Discussion
This study investigated the relationship between vitamin D and serotonin levels among patients with FMS. Our results indicated there is an association between FMS and hypertension, with 22.5% of the FMS patients having high blood pressure. This finding corresponds with a study by the de Rezende Pena group,Citation13 which found 26.4% of the FMS patients have such an association, as well as other medical studies indicating similar results.Citation21,Citation22 The findings also showed a clear association exists between obesity and FMS among the patients. This outcome is consistent with other medical studies.Citation13,Citation23 These phenomena of increased BMI and hypertension in association with other medical comorbidities and a lack of exercise can be due to psychological issues such as depression.Citation23
In addition, a negative relationship between the serotonin levels and FIQR scores (P=0.002) was indicated in this study (), which is consistent with previous research. A study by the El Shazly groupCitation24 observed a significant decrease in serotonin levels (P=0.001) among FMS patients. In another study, serotonin levels were decreased by more than 44% in FMS patients in comparison with healthy individuals.Citation25 However, low serotonin levels are not necessarily linked with the occurrence of FMS, as other factors such as pathological serotonin receptors or anti-5 HT receptor antibodies are also associated with low serotonin levels.Citation26 Several medications are available that can help treat FMS, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered an effective treatment.Citation27
In terms of the relationship between the vitamin D levels and FIQR scores, there were no significant differences between the variables (P=0.112), which is consistent with the results of a study by the de Rezende Pena group.Citation13 However, other medical studies have indicated a vitamin D deficiency is associated with FMS for dietary reasonsCitation28,Citation29 due to minimal sunlight exposure and a lack of vitamin D intake by patients.
Conclusions
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between vitamin D and serotonin levels among patients with FMS. Forty patients, aged 20–60 years and diagnosed with FMS, were selected from a hospital rheumatology clinic. Our results showed a significant negative correlation between the serotonin levels and FIQR scores and a non-significant positive correlation between the vitamin D levels and FIQR scores. These results support the importance of serotonin medication to improve the symptoms of FMS patients. Given that serotonin levels play a significant role in the FMS diagnosis, doctors should request testing for the serum serotonin level in any patient suspected of having FMS. Finally, increasing the sample size and conducting this study in different regions of Saudi Arabia would be recommended for future studies to enhance our understanding of how serotonin and vitamin D levels influence FMS.
Acknowledgments
Research assistance support was provided by Hassan M. Awad and Mss. Monnette Farmento.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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