https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4821-8773
Abstract
Background
The development of beta-blocker (BB) medications is considered one of the most critical milestones of drug research. Several trials showed possible anti-anxiety effects of BBs. Our primary goal is to investigate the prevalence of anxiety disorder and the use of BBs as anxiolytic without medical prescription among medical and pharmacological students in Saudi Arabia.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted at multiple universities in Saudi Arabia. Students were given a questionnaire containing 44 questions that included demographic data, school location, BB usage behavior, GPA status before and after using BBs, and a GAD-7 anxiety screening questionnaire.
Results
A total of 3326 mainly female senior students participated in the study with a mean age of 21.9±1.7 years. According to the GAD-7 score, half of the sampled students did not meet criteria indicative of anxiety disorder, and one-third were considered to have mild anxiety with a significant positive correlation between the BB usage and the GAD-7 score. A total of 6.4% of the sample reported usage of BBs. Therapeutics and Internal Medicine were the most common subjects for which BBs were used. When compared to pharmacy students, medical students were more likely to be male, smokers, diagnosed with psychiatric illness, having a higher mean GAD-7 score, report BB usage, and correctly identified common and serious BB side effects.
Conclusion
The inappropriate use of BB drugs without medical advice might have short- and long-term effects, and those may be more vulnerable to have psychological issues in the future. Our findings shed light on the need to identify students who are taking BBs as being at high risk of underlying anxiety disorders.
Introduction
Beta-blocker (BB) drugs are considered one of the most critical milestones of drugs of all time. Not long after the time when BBs were discovered in the early 1960s,Citation1 these medications became a focus of importance in psychiatry. Therefore, several trials for the possible anti-anxiety effects had followed this discovery. Several trials studied its effective role in the treatment of anxiety, addiction and withdrawal symptoms, schizophrenia, stage fright, and performance anxiety.Citation2
BBs are also used to control cardiovascular disorders that involve angina, tremors, hypertension, and arrhythmias.Citation3,Citation4 They achieve slowing of the heart rate in both patients and healthy people through a combination of decreasing sympathetic outflow and blocking beta-adrenergic receptors.Citation5 Despite the medical indications, many recent studies illustrated the increasing use of BBs over time.Citation6
Physicians showed great concerns about BB side effects especially non-selective BBs which are associated with more adverse effects, are more commonly used for anxiety (ie, propranolol). Such as BB-induced weight gain and adverse metabolic effects. Moreover, BBs are associated with a slightly increased risk of type II diabetes mellitus. Non-selective BBs may also exacerbate asthmatic attacks due to their blockage of the B2-adrenergic receptors and may need to be avoided in respiratory patients.Citation7
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by six persistent disabling anxiety symptoms for at least six months. Anxiety disorders are one of the common mental illnesses in the community. Their strong adverse effect on patients’ life quality is a major reported concern. Despite the availability of their effective treatment, these disorders may still be underdiagnosed and undertreated.Citation8
Test anxiety is unpleasant feeling of tension with autonomic system activation that occurs when being assessed for performance or clinical examination.Citation9 Students are more prone to experiencing stress due to the nature of their daily work, which may adversely affect their mental health and academic performance. In particular, medical and pharmacological students are more likely to worry about many life and academic issues. Consequently, they are prone to practice different stress-relieving methods. The most common method is the use of medications, such as BBs, to overcome performance anxiety.Citation10
Short-term memory-related tasks such as exam preparation and public speaking are more sensitive to the negative effects of stress; therefore, tension and stress can reduce performance quality. Propranolol indeed helps in reducing stress, which improves intellectual tasks and the overall exam performance.Citation11–Citation13
A national, non-random online poll for the nonmedical uses of prescription drugs by the journal Nature reported that 20% of participants used prescription drugs to improve their concentration for a particular task. Of those polled, 15% had taken BBs such as propranolol.Citation14 Controlled double-blinded trials showed that propranolol has positive outcomes in treating anxiety.Citation15,Citation16
Self-medication involves using nonprescription medicines, often over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. These are typically used for minor self-diagnosed conditions without a physician’s supervision.Citation17
Self-medication includes purchasing drugs without a prescription, sharing medications with others, or taking drugs available at home for a prolonged period. This is due to the easy accessibility of drugs in Saudi Arabia, with no need for having medical prescriptions. People can acquire prescribed medicines, such as anti-acne treatments and antibiotics, over-the-counter.Citation18
The self-prescription of BBs is increasing among the students due to easy availability in pharmacies and the students’ specific medical knowledge.Citation19,Citation20 Due to its previously mentioned adverse effects, further analysis, and a better understanding of this matter are essential. Safety protocols and measures need to be applied to prevent students’ self-prescription behavior.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large national study in Saudi Arabia to investigate the use of BBs among medical and pharmacy students as an over-the-counter (OTC) medication. Our primary goal is to investigate the prevalence of anxiety disorder and the use of BBs as an anxiolytic without medical prescription among medical and pharmacological students in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, we will evaluate the effect of BBs on exam performance and the awareness of BB side effects.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical and pharmacological students in Saudi Arabia. We included all healthy medical and pharmacological students in Saudi Arabia regardless of age, gender, nationality and level. We excluded students with an active psychiatric or chronic illness such as hypertension who were diagnosed before and actively following with their physician. The questionnaire was developed after several reviews by the research team. The questionnaire was composed of 44 questions divided into five parts. The first part included demographic data, school location, educational level of participants, smoking and shisha status (Smoking pipe), and frequency of energy drink consumption. The second part of the questionnaire was applied to identify participants who have chronic diseases, known psychiatric illnesses, or hand tremors. The third part included tasks to identify participants who used BBs before exams and seminars, the reasons for using BBs, GPA status assessed before and after using BBs have been used, knowledge of the side effects of BBs, and real-life experiences of such effect were assessed as well. The fourth part assessed whether another person had recommended the BBs to students and self-prescription as well; the thought of harmfulness of misuse of BBs was evaluated; also, other self-prescribed medications were evaluated other than BBs. The fifth part was a GAD-7 questionnaire, which is an anxiety screening tool, containing seven items to evaluate the anxiety symptoms in the past two weeks. The GAD-7 score ranges from 0 to 21. The anxiety severity was indicated by the measured score, which is gathered through the answered GAD-7 questionnaire. Those students who did not have anxiety scored less than five in GAD-7, while those scoring 5–9, 10–14, and ≥15 were considered to have mild, moderate, and severe anxiety, respectively.
A student from different universities has been contacted and agreed to help in data collection. A group was created, and then the questionnaire was explained to each one of the data collectors. A hard-copy questionnaire was distributed among medical and pharmacological students from different universities in Saudi Arabia. All students agreed to participate before filling the questionnaire. One of the research teams who distributes the questionnaire was available for any inquiry. All data collectors from different regions in Saudi Arabia sent the data files to the main investigator.
The data extracted to excel sheet then export to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for analysis. We defined statistical significance as p < 0.05. t-tests were used for continuous variables and chi-squared tests were performed for categorical variables, and unpaired.
Result
A total of 3326 students participated in the study with a mean age of 21.9±1.7 years (). The sample consisted of mainly female medical students, senior students attending government universities in the western Saudi region. Approximately one-fifth of the sample reports smoking cigarettes, Shisha or Argela. Most of them reported no or rare consumption of energy drinks. Although approximately 16% of the samples reported chronic medical or existed psychiatric disorders, interestingly, 20.6% report hands tremor. Three-fourths of the participants report being diagnosed with psychiatric disorders before college enrollment, with depression, social phobia, and anxiety being the most common disorders reported. According to the GAD-7 score, half of the sample was normal, and one-third was considered to have mild anxiety.
Table 1 Baseline Characteristics for the Whole Cohort
Of those sampled, 6.4% reported usage of BBs, mostly before the clinical exams, seminar presentations, and the theory exam (). Internists and psychiatrists were the most common providers to prescribe BBs, while students’ course material and advice from college students of the same level were the most common source for the non-prescribed BBs usage. The most common reason for BBs usage was feeling anxious on the exam day and the subjective feeling that the student will do better with BBs usage. Therapeutics and Internal Medicine were the most common subjects for which BBs were used. A quarter of the BBs users experienced related side effects, with only a few of the participating students correctly identified the common or serious side effects of BBs. Most of the students report no change in their GPA with the usage of BBs. More than half of the students believe that non-prescribed BBs are harmful. Self-prescription was common among the BBs users, with analgesics and antibiotics being the most common self-prescribed medications.
Table 2 Prevalence and Characteristics of Beta-Blockers Usage
When compared to pharmacy students, medical students were more likely to be male (P <0.001), to be private university students (P <0.001), to be smokers (0.078), to be diagnosed with psychiatric illness (P 0.012), to have depression (P 0.043), to have a higher mean GAD-7 score (P 0.266), to have reported BBs usage (P 0.285), as using BBs because of being anxious or not feeling well prepared for the exam (P 0.034), as mostly avoiding self-prescribed medications (P <0.001), and as correctly identifying common and serious side effects of BBs (P 0.297 and P 0.071, respectively) ().
Table 3 Group Characteristics Based on the College of the Participants
Female respondents were more likely to use BBs when compared to males (). Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between the usage of BBs and the GAD-7 score (). Partial correlation adjusting for school location, bachelor’s degree specialty, age, gender, smoking, chronic illness, existed psychiatric illness, and tremor showed a non-significant negative correlation between BBs usage and GAD-7 score (r - 0.181, P 0.193).
Figure 1 Beta blockers usage based on gender (%). P value < 0.001.
Figure 2 Beta blockers usage based on GAD-7 screening. P value 0.009.
Discussion
Test anxiety is unpleasant feeling of tension with autonomic system activation that occurs when being assessed for performance or clinical examination.Citation9 Medical education around the globe is considered one of the most demanding training programs; subsequently, much commitment, time, and emotion are necessary.Citation21 Such pressure may have a negative impact on student psychology and can trigger anxiety and depression.Citation22,Citation23 Anxiety is common among the general population, but it is often undetected and untreated.Citation24,Citation25 Anxious people can experience various kinds of symptoms, including fear, palpitations, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, and urinary incontinence.Citation26 The prevalence of a large range of anxieties among medical students outside North America had been reported in between 7.7% and 65.5% of individuals.Citation27 We reported 15% of BB users are self-prescribers, which is within the literature-reported range; the main reason was they were studied well, but 53% feel anxious in exams, and 31% of users were feeling more confident in exams. Anxiety among medical and pharmacological students warrants special attention as it can affect academic performance and dropout rates.Citation28 Medical students are predisposed to different types of stress, such as studying overload, lack of sleep, financial burdens, student abuse, and exposure to deaths of patients; all these factors are possible causes for the high rate of anxiety.Citation29–Citation32 Our study demonstrated mild anxiety in 30% of medical and pharmacological students which is consistent with the literature. BBs are used to control cardiovascular disorders that involve angina, tremors, hypertension, and arrhythmias.Citation3,Citation4 Exam- and stress-related anxiety symptoms can also be relieved by BBs.Citation33 Students gained a wide knowledge about drugs in medical school and self-prescribed as a common practice.Citation34–Citation36 The sources of information regarding the uses of BBs before exams in the present study were 37% and 32% from material studying and friends, respectively.
Propranolol is one of the common self-prescribed drugs among medical, pharmacological, and dental students.Citation33,Citation37–Citation39 A single-institution national study among students in 2015 reported that exam performance was improved with users of BBs.Citation37 In the present study, we found the majority of BB users have the same GPA despite using BBs for exam performance, and approximately 32% had grade improvement. Abukhalaf et al conducted a survey among 885 students in a single institution and found 17% used BBs without medical prescription, and the usage was five times more among medical students than dental students. However, the side effects of using BBs, such as hypotension, shortness of breath, and fainting, were experienced by 1.7% of users.Citation37 We found that 24% of participants had experienced BB side effects. However, only 2% and 5% knew the common and serious side effects, respectively. Most participants in the present study (63%) agreed with the harmfulness of non-prescribed BBs.
Interestingly, Butt et al published a study in 2016 where they found that students who take BBs before exams are at significantly more risk of taking an antidepressant in the future and have a higher rate of suicide attempts than non-BB users.Citation35 Therefore, wide awareness is needed of the fact that BB users before exams might be more vulnerable to psychological issues and need special attention.
Present study has several strengths including large sample size and been the first onsite study done at multiple universities in different regions of Saudi Arabia.
Despite these strengths, this study has several limitations. Present study is a questionnaire-based study, a student who has chronic illnesses or psychiatric disorder was self-reported and not from a national database or contacting treating physician. Although the GAD-7 is a validated screening questionnaire, the healthy student who has high score was not evaluated by psychiatric physician.
Conclusion
The inappropriate use of BB drugs without medical advice might have short- and long-term effects, and those users may be more vulnerable to having psychological issues in the future. Our findings shed light on the need to take measures to identify students who are taking BB drugs as being at a high risk of underlying anxiety disorders. We suggest implementing a national student support program to help the students with stress and anxiety in different ways rather than using BBs unless indicated.
Ethical Approval and Consent
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All students agreed to participate before filling the questionnaire. The research project was approved by the research ethical committee at Taif university (Approval number 42-0047).
Acknowledgment
We would like to acknowledge the Taif University Research Support Project Number (TURSP-2020/37), Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia for supporting this project.
We also would like to acknowledge all data collectors from different universities, we could not conduct the study without their tremendous effort. Eman Ali Albrahim1, Fatimah Abdullatif Alabbad1, Nosibah Khaled Telmesani1, Maram Mubarak Alqahtani1, Fozia Khalaf Alsugair1, Lateefah Talal Alshammari1, Basim Faiqe Khan1, Zahra Abdulwahed Alsaeed 1, Renad momammed Almohammedi2, Othman Mohammed Alobaid2, Shooq Fahad Alfadel2, Tahani Nasser Alrashidi3, Ahad Massad Almohammadi3, Haifa Mohammad Alshammary4, Hajar Ghassab Alruwaili4, Meshari Hamed Altowairqi5, Yousef Zaben Alotibi5, Mashael Mohammed Alharthi5, Asmaa Turki Altowairqi5, Reem Mohammed noor Kalakattawi5, Amal Turki Altowairqi5, Abdullah Ammah Alharbi5, Turki Dubayan Altowairqi5, Afnan Mohammed Kalakattawi5, Safiyh Ahmad Alasiri6, Reem Awad Alqhatani6, Mariam Ali Suhluli6, Ahmed Ibrahim Asiri6, Amani Mohammed Alwadei7, Norah Saad Aljohani7, Alanood Mohammed Alwadei7, Rahaf Suhail Alotaibi8, Wa’ad Abdullah Alzaher8, Altaf Mohammed Almoallem8, Rawan Zienelabdein Mahgoub9, Ebtehag Faham Alsulami10, Mohammed Ahmed Safhi10, Ahmed Muhdar Omar10, Faisal Salem Alqhtani10, Maram Jawad Alshammary11, Ahoud Faisal Altamimi11, Nouf Abdulrahman Alromaih11, Wejdan Saad Alrawaili12, Amal Abdullah Albuqaisi12, Mashael Eissa Alfaifi13, Mohannad Faisal Tobaigy13, Rehab Mohammed Alhamoud13, Nuha Abker Areeshi13, Nouf Mousa Moqri13, Sara Ali Halawi13, Rahmah Naif Alzaid14, Abdulmajeed Oqla Alnosair14, Muath Ali Alshehri15, Mohammed Ali Alshehri16.
1Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal university in Dammam
2King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences
3Tabuk university
4Northern Border university
5Taif university
6King Khalid university
7Najran university
8Princess Nora Bint Abdulrahman university
9Dar Aluloom university
10King Abdulaziz university
11Qassim university
12Hail university
13Jazan university
14Aljouf university
15Almaarefa university
16Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University.
Disclosure
Authors have no conflicts of interest to report in this work.
Additional information
Funding
References
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