Abstract
Periprosthetic osteolysis (PO) is a frequent complication in patients with joint implants. There are no data regarding the prevalence of PO in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and osteoarthritis (OA).
Objectives
To evaluate the prevalence of PO in patients with RA, JCA, AS, and OA, who have undergone total hip replacement (THR), and to identify factors associated with its development.
Methods
The study included patients diagnosed with RA (ACR 1987), AS (modified New York criteria), JCA (European 1977 criteria), and osteoarthritis (OA) (ACR 1990 criteria) with unilateral or bilateral THR. Demographic, clinical, and therapeutic data were collected. Panoramic pelvic plain radiographs were performed, to determine the presence of PO at acetabular and femoral levels. Images were read by two independent observers.
Results
One hundred twenty-two hip prostheses were analyzed (74 cemented, 30 cementless, and 18 hybrids). The average time from prosthesis implantation to pelvic radiograph was comparable among groups. PO was observed in 72 hips (59%). In 55% of cases, PO was detected on the femoral component, with a lower prevalence in RA (53%) vs AS (64.7%) and JCA (76.5%). Acetabular PO was more frequent in JCA patients (58.8%), compared with RA (11.6%) and OA (28.5%) patients (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.06, respectively). There was no significant association between the presence of PO and clinical, functional, or therapeutic features.
Conclusion
The prevalence of PO was 59%, being more frequent at the femoral level. Larger studies must be carried out to determine the clinical significance of radiologic PO.
Introduction
In some patients, joint damage produced by different rheumatic diseases requires joint replacement in order to relieve pain and restore mobility and function. Periprosthetic osteolysis (PO) is a complication frequently observed in patients with joint implants. About 20% to 30% of patients will present evidence of osteolysis within ten years from the implant collocation.Citation1–Citation3 PO is defined as lytic areas or bone loss in zones near the prosthesis detected by a conventional radiography. Patients with PO will frequently need a revision arthroplasty, increasing direct costs of patients care. On the other hand, it is common to delay the indication of total hip replacement (THR) in young patients for long periods of time due to fear of developing this complication, since they would eventually need two or three surgical revisions during their life.Citation4–Citation10
There are two types of aseptic PO:
that due to mechanical factors related to design and prosthesis characteristics and;
that caused by immunologic mechanisms capable of producing a graft-versus-host reaction generated by prosthetic material. It has been postulated that molecules released by such implants trigger a complex inflammatory response, releasing different pro-inflammatory cytokines, which induce osteoclast activation and subsequent periprosthetic bone resorption.Citation9–Citation21
Previous studies on PO have been performed almost exclusively on patients with OA.Citation3–Citation7 So far, there is no data about the incidence and/or prevalence of PO in THR patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as RA, JCA, and AS.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of PO in patients with RA, JCA, AS, and OA, who have undergone THR, to compare the frequency among groups and to identify possible factors associated to its development.
Material and methods
The study included patients diagnosed with RA (ACR 1987 criteria), JCA (European 1977 criteria), AS (modified New York criteria), and OA (ACR 1990 criteria), who have undergone unilateral or bilateral THR, with a time from prosthesis implantation greater than or equal to one year.Citation22–Citation24 Demographic, clinical, and therapeutic data of all patients were collected, as well as body mass index (BMI) and the presence of comorbid diseases.
Tender and swollen joint count, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, VAS for activity, physician’s global assessment, morning stiffness in minutes, and functional capacity (HAQ) were determined in patients with RA and JCA.
Lumbar pain at night, morning stiffness, VAS for pain and activity, physician’s global assessment, lumbar spine mobility (modified Schober), functional capacity measured by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), and disease activity measured by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) were accessed in patients with AS.
VAS for pain and functional capacity evaluation by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index WOMAC questionnaire were determined in OA patients.
Patients’ medical records were revised to determine the treatments received. Duration of treatment with each disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) and cumulative doses of methotrexate and steroids were calculated.
Type of prosthesis (cemented, cementless, or hybrid), post-operatory complications, and frequency and cause of prosthesis revision, if any, were also recorded.
For evaluation of post-operatory results at the time of study, we calculated scales of pain, muscular strength, gait, and functional capacity of each operated hip on every patient, according to Merle d’Aubigné and Postel criteria modified by Salvati and Wilson.Citation21 Each item was measured on a scale from one to ten, and a value of five or more was considered a good post-operative result.
Patients with THR due to traumatic or non-traumatic fracture and patients with prosthesis revision due to infectious osteolysis were excluded from this study.
Panoramic pelvic plain radiography was performed on each patient, taking into account the following requirements: anteroposterior view with focus on the pubic area, and X-rays including both hips up to the distal part of the femoral shafts. Since most of our patients have annual or biannual control radiographs, we reviewed those radiographs in order to obtain greater certainty on PO diagnosis.
Acetabular osteolysis was defined as the appearance of a radiolucid zone in the pelvic area around the acetabulum and femoral osteolysis was defined as the appearance of the same lesions in the femoral shaft area. The margins of each one of these lesions had to be sufficiently clear as to be delineated with a pencil.
In order to determine the location of each one of the osteolytic injuries, the femoral component was divided into seven zones (Gruen zones)Citation22 and the acetabular component was divided into three zones (De Lee and Charnley zones)Citation23 (). All radiographs were evaluated by two independent observers, who were not aware of the clinical features of the patients. There were acceptable intra- and inter-observer correlations (kappa = 0.74 and 0.47, respectively).
Figure 1 Radiologic osteolysis location according to: (A) Gruen zones and (B) De Lee and Charnley zones.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as medians (m) with their corresponding interquartile range (IQR) or as means (X) and ± standard deviations (SD). Differences in frequency of PO among groups were compared by Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. Continuous variables were compared by Student’s t-test with Levene’s test for homogeneity of variance, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and/or Kruskal–Wallis’s test. The possible association of the different factors related to the disease (in each group) and the development of PO were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression model, using presence or not of PO as a dependent variable. Intra- and inter-observer correlations were analyzed using kappa test. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis.
Results
The study included 81 patients (39 RA patients, 11 JCA patients, 9 AS patients, and 22 OA patients), who received 122 hip prostheses. Clinical and demographic features of patients are listed in .
Table 1 Clinical and demographic features of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and osteoarthritis
For better understanding, number and type of prosthesis and time since implant collocation are depicted in .
Figure 2 Features of total hip replacement.
On the whole, we observed radiologic osteolysis in 72 out of the 122 evaluated hips (59%). Median time since implant collocation was, for RA patients, 78 months (IQR 18-324) for right replacement, and 52 months (IQR 12-204) for left replacement. In AS patients, it was of 144 months (IQR 19-314) for right replacement and 103 months (IQR 19-300) for left replacement. In JCA patients, it was of 96 months (IQR 48-174) for right replacement and 117 months (IQR 58-216) for left replacement. In OA patients, it was of 130.5 months (IQR 12-336) for right replacement and 51 months (IQR 12-320) for left replacement. There were no statistically significant differences among the different groups (P = 0.086).
Frequencies of radiologic PO in the different diseases and types of prostheses are detailed in and .
Table 2 Prevalence of radiologic osteolysis in patients with RA, JCA, AS, and OA
Table 3 Prevalence of radiologic osteolysis according to type of prosthesis
We observed that in 55% of cases, radiologic osteolysis was detected on the femur. When femur component was divided into seven zones (Gruen zones),Citation2 Gruen zones six and seven were the more frequently affected .
Figure 3 Radiologic osteolysis in Gruen zones 6 and 7 (white arrows).
The prevalence of pelvic osteolysis was 41.6%, and it was more frequently observed in JCA patients (58.8%), compared with RA (11.6%) and OA (28.5%) patients (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.06, respectively).
Of the 72 hips with osteolysis, only seven (9.72%) had to be subjected to revision surgery as a consequence of clinical manifestations.
We did not observe any association between the presence of PO and demographic, clinical, functional, or therapeutic variables in the different diseases analyzed.
Patients with radiologic osteolysis presented scales of pain, muscular strength, gait, and functional capacity of each hip similar to that of patients without osteolysis ().
Table 4 Association between periprosthetic osteolysis and functional assessment of total hip replacement (according to the Merle d’Aubigné and Postel score modified by Salvati and Wilson)
Discussion
Joint replacement is considered to be one of the orthopedic surgical procedures having the greatest impact in functional capacity and quality of life in rheumatic patients. Nevertheless, its success is often limited by implant loosening, which is very likely to occur over the course of time. This condition requires, on average, five to ten years for its development, and it is primarily caused by chronic osteoclastic bone resorption around the prosthetic surface.
In recent years, a great number of publications have tried to find an explanation for this process. The most accepted theory explains this phenomenon as an inflammatory response directed to particles released by the joint surface. This would produce a graft-versus-host reaction, followed by post-inflammatory cytokine activation that would end with osteoclast activation and a subsequent periprosthetic bone resorption.Citation9–Citation20
However, an individual susceptibility to develop PO may exist, since its frequency may vary in patients with the same pathology and similar joint implants.Citation10
Previous studies have assessed the prevalence of this process in patients with hip osteoarthritis; however, to our knowledge, there are few studies that evaluate the prevalence of PO in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (RA, JCA, and AS) that receive THR. Recently, Zwartele et al performed a literature review on cementless THA in patients with RA. They found only 37 studies that matched the search criteria. Failure rates of aseptic loosening were reported in six out of 26 studies of the cup and in two out of 25 studies of the stem.Citation25
In our group, the prevalence of PO was 59%, being more frequent at the femoral level (55% of cases), and in cemented prostheses. We also observed a higher frequency of PO in patients with JCA, although without statistical significance.
It is important to point out that a very low percentage of patients (9.72%) whose prostheses presented radiologic osteolysis required revision surgery. Furthermore, when evaluating the functional impact that this complication may generate on patients, we observed that those with radiologic osteolysis presented scales of pain, muscular strength, gait, and functional capacity similar to that of patients without osteolysis.
Although our patients were not assessed lengthwise following prosthesis implantation, we did not find a clear significant association between the presence of radiologic osteolysis and clinical and therapeutic features.
Looking at our findings, we consider that more studies should be performed in order to evaluate the real clinical significance of PO in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic pathologies. A better understanding of this complication will allow the conducting of preventive and therapeutic strategies in the near future.
Disclosures
The study was supported in part by Fundación Reumatológica Argentina, Dr Osvaldo García Morteo. Fundación Reumatológica Argentina, did not play a role in the investigation.
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