Patient adherence to the face-down positioning after macular hole surgery

Abstract

Purpose

To determine adherence to face-down positioning (FDP) among patients who underwent vitrectomy and gas tamponade for macular hole (MH) repair.

Method

A total of 69 patients (37 females and 32 males) who underwent primary vitrectomy for MH repair were studied. Nurses recorded whether the patient complied with FDP each time they examined the patient. FDP score was obtained from the nursing records; patients were given a score of 1 if they complied with the FDP and 0 if they did not. The score was recorded four times per day for the first 3 postoperative days. A perfect FDP score was 12.

Results

The mean ± standard deviation of the FDP scores was 10.6±1.8 (range: 4–12). Overall, 32 (46.4%) patients scored a perfect 12, and 7 (10.1%) patients scored <8. Failure of the MH closure was observed in only one patient (1.4%), who showed the poorest adherence to FDP (score =4). Consequently, the closure rate in patients with FDP score <7 (2/3, 66.7%) was significantly lower than in patients with an FDP score ≥7 (66/66, 100%) (P<0.05, Fisher’s exact probability test).

Conclusion

While adherence to FDP after MH surgery was better than that observed after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachments in our previous study, the percentage of patients with FDP scores <8 did not differ. Statistically, the poor adherence to FDP can negatively impact the effectiveness of the surgery for MH repair.

Keywords:

• adherence
• face-down positioning
• gas tamponade
• macular hole
• vitrectomy

Introduction

Face-down positioning (FDP) is a standard posture recommended for patients following vitrectomy and gas tamponade procedures during macular hole (MH) surgery.^1–28 Patients find the FDP inconvenient, and so it is not readily tolerated; therefore, the optimal method and duration of the FDP have been debated for many years.^2–28 Shortening the duration of the FDP^{2,5,8,10,11,14,16,17,22} and adopting alleviated positioning, such as avoidance of the supine or face-up positioning by the patients,^{6–13,15,19,20,22–25,27,28} have been proposed and statistically compared with strict FDP.^{5,7–12,21–25,27,28} However, these studies lacked adherence controls, and the intervention was the advice given to the patients to maintain the positioning rather than the positioning itself.²¹ Even if the same advice was given to all the patients, some patients complied strictly, whereas others did not. Therefore, the disclosure of the actual adherence scores will help access the necessity of FDP in the prognosis of MH surgery.

Recently, we investigated 127 patients who underwent vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.²⁹ We observed that the adherence to FDP varied considerably among the patients and that some patients failed to maintain the FDP for nearly or more than half the prescribed the time. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in adherence to FDP in patients with causative diseases and the impact of adherence on the prognosis after MH surgery.

Method

Methodology and subjects

We retrospectively examined the nursing records of patients who had undergone primary vitrectomy and gas tamponade for idiopathic MH at the Fujita Health University Hospital (Toyoake, Japan) for a period of 1 year between April 2012 and March 2013. A total of 69 patients (37 females and 32 males) were included. The nursing records included detailed information related to the adherence of the patients to FDP.

Surgery

All the patients who had signed consent forms for the surgery and FDP received instructions on FDP. Pars plana vitrectomy was performed by experienced surgeons. Further, each patient also underwent triamcinolone-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling of approximately two disc diameters, prophylactic phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, a complete fluid-gas exchange, and gas tamponade with 20% sulfur hexafluoride.

Postoperatively, the patients were advised to maintain FDP as much as possible every day for at least 1 wk. After the second week, when the MH closure was confirmed by optical coherence tomography, some patients were advised only to avoid the face-up position until the disappearance of the intraocular gas.

Nursing records

If the patients underwent gas tamponade, this was indicated in the hospital chart. Each time the patient was examined, including the four routine ward rounds per day, the nurse recorded whether the patient had complied with FDP. The nurse instructed the patient to resume FDP. If patients were found sleeping in a position other than FDP, the nurse woke them and asked them to assume FDP.

Each time the patient was checked, the nurse entered the data regarding the patient adherence to FDP into a handheld terminal. The data were exported and stored in a digital hospital chart.

FDP Score

To quantify the patients’ adherence to FDP, the position of each patient was scored four times per day: at midnight, morning, midday, and evening, at approximately 24:00 h, 6:00 h, 12:00 h, and 18:00 h, respectively. Patient monitoring began at 24:00 h on the day of the surgery. Although the nurses continued these examinations until the gas disappeared or the patient was discharged, we only counted the score for the first 3 consecutive days in our initial attempt.²⁹ Consequently, a total of 12 observations were recorded, and the patients were given a score of 1 each time they followed FDP. Thus, a patient with perfect adherence would have a score of 12 (Figure 1).

Figure 1 FDP score.

Notes: Patients were given 1 point every time they followed FDP (top left panel); otherwise, the score was 0 (top right panel). Scores were recorded four times per day, from midnight on the day of the surgery up to 3 consecutive days: midnight (24:00 h), morning (6:00 h), midday (12:00 h), and evening (18:00 h). A perfect FDP score was 12 (bottom panel).
Abbreviation: FDP, face-down positioning.

Results

Outline and gender differences

Table 1 shows the demographics of all the patients. The mean ± standard deviation of the FDP score was 10.6±1.8 (range, 4–12) for all the patients. The mean FDP score in female patients (10.9±1.5) was higher than that in males (10.3±2.1); however, this difference was not statistically significant (P>0.2, Mann–Whitney U test).

Table 1 Subjects and the FDP score

	All subjects	Gender comparison
		Female	Male
n (cases)	69	37	32
Eye (cases, right/left)	40/29	24/13	16/16
Age (years, mean ± SD)	66.2±6.8	66.0±6.8	66.4±6.9
FDP score
(mean ± SD)	10.6±1.8	10.9±1.5	10.3±2.1
A perfect 12 (cases)	32 (46.4%)	19 (51.4%)	13 (40.6%)
Less than 8 (cases)	7 (10.1%)	2 (5.4%)	5 (15.6%)

Abbreviations: FDP, face-down positioning; SD, standard deviation.

A total of 32 patients (46.4%) had a perfect score of 12, which included 19 (51.4%) females and 13 (40.6%) males. Seven patients (10.1%) were given low scores,²⁹ with an FDP score <8, including two females (5.4%) and five males (15.6%). There were more perfect scorers and fewer low scorers among female patients than that among male patients; however, there were no statistically significant differences between the males and females (P>0.37 and P>0.16, respectively, χ² test).

Age analysis and individual observations

Figure 2 shows the distribution of the FDP score as a function of age. No significant correlation of the FDP score with age was observed, irrespective of sex.

Figure 2 Age distribution of the FDP score in females (left panel) and in male patients (right panel).

Notes: The filled tetragon in the bottom panel represents a 55-year-old male (#48), who was the only patient who failed to achieve initial MH closure. The shaded tetragon in the bottom panel represents a 72-year-old male (#26) who developed a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the same eye 6 months later.
Abbreviations: FDP, face-down positioning; MH, macular hole.

Patients who failed to score a perfect 12 FDP score included a 79-year-old male (#10) with a score of 9 and a 64-year-old female (#14) with a score of 10. The lowest scorers included a 72-year-old male (#26) with a score of 6 and a 55-year-old male (#48) with a score of 4 (Figure 3). As the patient did not follow FDP, the data regarding their actual body position are not available; however, there was some data available, for example, the patients often remained in the supine position or sitting upright position during the daytime hours.

Figure 3 FDP score of patients who failed to score a perfect 12: #10 represents a 79-year-old male with an FDP score of 9 (top left panel); #14 represents a 64-year-old female with an FDP score of 10 (top right panel); #26 represents a 72-year-old male with an FDP score of 6 (bottom left panel); and #48 represents a 55-year-old male with an FDP score of 4 (bottom right panel).

Abbreviations: FDP, face-down positioning; yo, year old.

Patients #10 and #14 had intermediate scores, which are shown in the upper panels of Figure 3. These patients usually maintained FDP during the day, but tended to lose a point at midnight. The patients who showed the poorest adherence (#26 and #48) did not maintain FDP even during the day (lower panels of Figure 3). Any disability or any problematic behavior was not mentioned in the nursing records. The patients understood the advice given by the nurse each time but were often found in the supine position during the next examination. Moreover, repeated instructions did not improve their adherence.

Prognosis after surgery

Primary anatomical MH closure was achieved in 68 eyes (98.6%). Only one patient (1.4%, #48) failed to achieve MH closure, and this patient had the lowest FDP score (Figures 2 and 3). Consequently, the closure rate in patients with an FDP score <8 (6/7, 85.7%) was lower than that in patients with an FDP score ≥8 (62/62, 100%); however, the difference was not statistically significant (P<0.11, Fisher’s exact probability test). A statistically significant difference was observed when a FDP score of 7 was used as the cutoff level; the closure rate in patients with FDP score <7 (2/3, 66.7%) was significantly lower than that in patients with an FDP score ≥7 (66/66, 100%) (Table 2, P<0.05, Fisher’s exact probability test).

Table 2 Closure rate

	All subjects	FDP score
		≥7		<7
n (cases)	69	66	*1	3	*1
Primary closure (cases)	68 (98.6%)	66 (100%)		2 (66.7%)

Note:

* 1 represents P<0.05 Fisher’s exact probability test.

Abbreviation: FDP, face-down positioning.

On preoperative assessment of patient #48, the MH was 390 µm in diameter and consistent with Gass stage 3. He underwent a second surgery 10 days after the first surgery. Complete fluid-gas exchange and gas tamponade with 20% sulfur hexafluoride were performed again without repeating the removal of internal limiting membrane. This patient’s FDP score after the second surgery was a perfect 12, and his MH closed completely.

Another patient, #26, who underwent a repeat surgery, was also one of the low scorers (Figures 2 and 3). His MH closed successfully; however, he developed a rhegmatog-enous retinal detachment in the same eye 6 months later. During the second vitrectomy procedure, the causative retinal break was closed and the retina was reattached. The FDP score after the second surgery was 9, whereas it was 6 after the first surgery. The relationship between poor adherence after the first surgery and the onset of retinal detachment was not determined.

Discussion

Mechanical sensory devices have been produced and tested in two pilot studies involving 10⁴ and 13²¹ patients, respectively, to assess the posture of the head after MH surgery. Although the device recorded the patient’s head position continuously for 24 h, it had to be mounted on the patient’s head, which could increase the strain on the patients. Although the FDP score measured by us is a rough index obtained only from the nursing records, it can still be retrospectively used for the evaluation of many patients and their surgical outcomes.²⁹ In this study, approximately 50% of the females and 40% of the males had a perfect FDP score of 12. However, the sampling frequency of four times per day was not sufficient to actually determine whether their adherence was perfect; nonetheless, we can assume that they showed good adherence.

Patients who did not have a perfect score were often not found in FDP at midnight, which may possibly be attributable to deep sleep. Further, this was also found to be the case in a study which used a head-mounted monitoring device.⁴ The effort required to sleep in FDP may be different from that required to remain in FDP during the awake hours, and this may be a key determination of the degree of adherence for many patients.

Low scorers, who failed nearly or more than half the time, did not maintain FDP even during the day. It should be noted that the patients surveyed in this research were kept in the hospital under observation. If they had recovered at home after the surgery, their adherence would likely have been worse.

In an analysis of the FDP scores in 127 patients after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachments at the same facility over the same time period, 31.1% of females and 29.3% of males were perfect scorers,²⁹ which is lower than that observed in the present study. This may be because of the urgency of surgery for retinal detachments. In cases of retinal detachments, many patients underwent surgery on the first day of their hospital visit. However, patients with MH had a substantial amount of time to prepare for their surgery because their surgery was scheduled at least 1 month in advance. Consideration time for surgery and FDP could improve patient adherence. However, the percentage of patients with FDP scores <8 did not differ; the overall rate among patients with retinal detachment was 9.4% and that among males was 14.6%.²⁹ This indicates that even the long preparation period had little effect on the patients who showed the poorest adherence.

In this study, the lowest scorer was the only patient who failed to achieve the initial MH closure. Statistically, it suggests that poor adherence to FDP was responsible for the failed MH surgery. After a second surgery, this patient’s adherence drastically improved and the MH closure was successfully achieved.

In the treatment of MH, the optimal manner and the duration of the FDP to optimize patient recovery have been argued.^2–28 Although each protocol assumes that the patients will follow the given advice, some patients (approximately 10%) do not comply. Although they may appear compliant, their poor prognosis can negatively impact the effectiveness of the surgery.

Conclusion

Adherence may be improved by various measures, for example, by supplying an inflatable assistant device¹⁸ or fastening a tennis ball to the back of the patient’s nightshirt to keep the patient in a nonsupine position.¹⁹ Poor adherence could be attributed to the inconvenience of FDP; therefore, alleviated positioning,^{6–13,15,19,20,22–25,27,28} which may be easier to comply with, may improve patient adherence and postoperative outcomes.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study adhered to the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fujita Health University (IRB no 16-036). For this type of study, hospital-based and retrospective, formal consent is not required. IRB of Fujita Health University waived the patient written informed consent for this study as patient data confidentiality was maintained at all times.

Author contributions

Shimada drafted the manuscript; Seno and Mizuguchi were responsible for data acquisition; Tanikawa and Horiguchi performed the surgery. All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and critically revising the paper and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Acknowledgments

The dataset supporting the findings of this study is available upon request from Yoshiaki Shimada, MD (e-mail: [email protected]). A part of this study was presented at the 8th Asia Pacific Vitreo-retina Society Congress 2013.12.7, Nagoya, Japan, as a poster presentation.

Disclosure

The authors report no other conflicts of interests in this work.