The effect of a short animated educational video on knowledge among glaucoma patients

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational video in increasing knowledge among glaucoma patients and to determine the factors that may influence a patient’s level of knowledge.

Patients and methods

This was a pre–post intervention study on adult glaucoma patients attending the outpatient service at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital. The intervention tested was a short educational video that was edited specifically for this study. All patients completed a pre-video and post-video knowledge questionnaire; moreover, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were obtained.

Results

The total number of patients included was 196. The mean age of patients was 55.7±15.5 years. Overall, 55.1% were males, 29.6% were illiterate, 85.2% resided in an urban area, 62.8% had a low income, and 41.8% were unemployed. The mean pre-intervention knowledge score was 6 out of 17, and the post-intervention score was 11.1 (P≤0.001). Predictors of a poor knowledge score were old age (>60 years), female sex, illiteracy, rural residence, low income, unemployment, and a negative family history of glaucoma.

Conclusion

The evaluated video intervention was effective in a short-term increase in knowledge among glaucoma patients. This tool may serve as an alternative to traditional educational methods.

Keywords:

• glaucoma
• education
• questionnaire
• video
• animation

Introduction

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with approximately 4.5 million people blind from the disease.¹ The chronic nature of glaucoma necessitates lifelong adherence to treatment in order to minimize and avoid visual disability.² Patients’ level of education and knowledge about their condition is an important aspect of management in any chronic disease, including glaucoma. It has been shown that patients with a low level of formal education are at higher risk for a sustained decrease of visual acuity and visual field.³

Decreasing intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only method that has been proven effective in minimizing the progression of glaucoma.⁴ This is achieved mainly by the use of topical ocular hypotensive medications.⁵ Poor adherence to these topical medications is a challenging problem facing both ophthalmologists and glaucoma patients. The percentage of glaucoma patients not compliant to glaucoma medications can be as high as 59%.⁶ This noncompliance may be mistaken for failure of therapy, which in turn may lead to unnecessary changes in the treatment plan (ie, prescribing additional medications or performing surgery). Poor knowledge about glaucoma is one of the barriers to topical medication adherence, which has been cited in the literature.⁷ Patients who do not understand the consequences of glaucoma and are unaware of the possible devastating visual disability that might occur if the disease is uncontrolled are less likely to comply with their prescribed treatment.⁷

Many educational interventions have been proposed to improve knowledge and adherence in patients with glaucoma such as nurse-led education,⁸ motivational interviewing,⁹ and group education.¹⁰ The use of videos as an educational intervention is an approach that has been proved to be effective in many areas of medicine.¹¹ Video education has been shown to be superior to written information in terms of patient satisfaction and information gain.¹²

In this study, we aimed to test the effect of a short educational video on knowledge among glaucoma patients and to identify potential patient-related factors that may influence knowledge about glaucoma.

Patients and methods

The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital (KKESH). A pre–post intervention study design was used. Patients attending the glaucoma outpatient clinic at KKESH were approached to participate in this study. Patient enrollment took place from December 2016 through March 2017. Adults (≥18 years) who had a confirmed diagnosis of glaucoma for 6 months or more were included in this study. Exclusion criteria were recent glaucoma diagnosis, a best-corrected visual acuity ≤20/200 in the better seeing eye, and having any hearing disability or cognitive dysfunction.

Study design

Eligible patients were invited to join the study during a regular glaucoma visit, and those who agreed were given an information sheet containing all the details pertinent to their participation, and appropriate written informed consent was obtained. First, an interviewer (research assistant) administered the questionnaire (pre-test). Next, the participants watched the educational video on a laptop screen (at least 13 inches), once only. Upon completion of the video, the glaucoma knowledge section in the questionnaire (post-test) was filled out again.

Questionnaire

The questionnaire was divided into three sections: 1) sociodemographic information, 2) clinical indices, and 3) glaucoma knowledge assessment. The sociodemographic data included: age, sex, education, residence, region, monthly income, and occupational status. The clinical indices recorded were systemic diseases, ocular comorbidities, duration of glaucoma diagnosis, family history of glaucoma, glaucoma subtype, number of medications used, previous intervention (glaucoma surgery or laser, eg, trabeculoplasty), and glaucoma severity. Glaucoma severity was defined on the basis of mean deviation (MD) in the patient’s most recent reliable visual field: mild (MD >−6 dB), moderate (MD ≤−6 dB to ≥−12 dB), and severe (MD <−12 dB). The patients were classified according to the worst eye visual field.¹³

Glaucoma knowledge was assessed by implementing an 11-item questionnaire previously developed and validated.¹⁴ Each question was scored individually from 1 to 3, with a maximum score of 17. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic by utilizing the World Health Organization protocol for translation and adaptation.¹⁵ The process was started by a bilingual primary translator, speaking both English and Arabic, who is an ophthalmology resident familiar with common terminology used in glaucoma care in both languages. The questionnaire was translated into an Arabic version, with focus on cross-cultural, rather than linguistic, equivalence. Next, an expert panel, consisting of four local glaucoma specialists, reviewed the Arabic version of the questionnaire and modified the content to best suit the proposed study population. Discrepancies in two statements were identified and resolved. In the following step, the questionnaire was back-translated to English by an independent translator. Again, the back-translated version was reviewed for any discrepancy. Lastly, the final version was pre-tested on 10 respondents of different sociodemographic status that were representative of our study population. Words that were not completely understood by the respondents were replaced.

Video

A 3-min, animated, motion graphics, glaucoma educational video was written and directed by the project’s primary investigator (AA). Simple Arabic words and phrases were used during writing the script, avoiding use of any sophisticated medical terminology to facilitate comprehension. The information conveyed can be divided into two main sections. The first section discusses general information about glaucoma, such as the chronic nature of the disease, its effect on the optic nerve, and resultant visual field loss. The second section focuses on important clinical details such as the necessity of ongoing follow-up visits, routine glaucoma testing (ie, IOP, visual field, optic nerve head examination), and glaucoma treatment. Certain analogies were used to explain and further clarify concepts discussed in the video. For example, the audience was told to think of glaucoma as a chronic problem “similar to diabetes and hypertension” that are lifelong. Upon completion, a panel of Arabic-speaking glaucoma specialists reviewed the video for validity and cultural appropriateness.

Outcome measures

The main outcome measure was change in knowledge score. The secondary outcome was the effect of certain sociodemographic factors and clinical indices on knowledge score.

Statistical analyses

Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical indices were summarized using descriptive statistics. The difference between pre- and post-intervention knowledge scores was calculated by using paired sample t-test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the effect of certain sociodemographic and clinical variables (age, sex, education, residence, income, occupational status, duration of glaucoma diagnosis, family history of glaucoma, number of glaucoma medications used, history of a previous glaucoma intervention, and glaucoma severity) on knowledge score. Significance levels were determined at a P-value of <0.05. All data analyses were performed with the SPSS statistical software (version 19.0 for Windows, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

The total number of glaucoma patients included in this study was 196. Sociodemographic details of the participants are shown in Table 1. The mean age of the studied patients was 55.7±15.5 years, with 52% of them being 60 years or younger, and 55.1% males. A total of 29.6% were illiterate, while the remainder had some form of education, ranging from primary school to higher degrees. The majority of patients (85.2%) resided in an urban area, predominantly from the central region of Saudi Arabia. Most of the patients (74.5%) were either retired or unemployed, with a monthly income of less than 10,000 SAR (2,666 USD) (62.8%).

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population (n=196)

Characteristics	n (%)
Age (years)
≤60	102 (52.0)
>60	94 (48.0)
Sex
Male	108 (55.1)
Female	88 (44.9)
Education
Illiterate	58 (29.6)
Primary	33 (16.8)
Intermediate	25 (12.8)
Secondary	35 (17.9)
Higher	45 (23.0)
Residence
Urban	167 (85.2)
Rural	29 (14.8)
Region
Central	117 (59.7)
Eastern	15 (7.7)
Western	19 (9.7)
Northern	11 (5.6)
Southern	34 (17.3)
Income (monthly)
<10,000 SAR (2,666 USD)	123 (62.8)
10,000–20,000 SAR (2,666–5,332 USD)	73 (37.2)
Occupational status
Governmental	31 (15.8)
Private sector	7 (3.6)
Retired	64 (32.7)
Student	12 (6.1)
Unemployed	82 (41.8)

Abbreviations: SAR, Saudi Arabian Riyal; USD, United States dollars.

Glaucoma was discovered incidentally in 69 patients (35.2%), as an ocular emergency with elevated IOP in 62 patients (31.6%), following a complain of subjective visual loss in 43 patients (21.9%), through a screening visit intended for glaucoma in 13 patients (6.6%), and diagnosed at birth, “congenital glaucoma”, in nine patients (4.6%). The most common systemic disease was diabetes mellitus (49%), and the most common ocular comorbidity was cataract (42.9%). The majority had been diagnosed with glaucoma for more than 5 years (63.3%) and did not have a positive family history (64.3%). Detailed clinical indices of the study population are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Clinical indices of the study population (n=196)

Indices	n (%)
Systemic diseases
Diabetes mellitus	96 (49.0)
Hypertension	73 (37.2)
Coronary heart disease	16 (8.2)
Dyslipidemia	57 (29.1)
Bronchial asthma	17 (8.7)
Ocular comorbidities
Cataract	84 (42.9)
Diabetic retinopathy	31 (15.8)
Corneal disease	23 (11.7)
Ocular trauma	8 (4.1)
Duration of glaucoma diagnosis
≤5 years	72 (36.7)
>5 years	124 (63.3)
Family history of glaucoma
Yes	70 (35.7)
No	126 (64.3)
Glaucoma diagnosis
Primary angle closure	71 (36.2)
Primary open angle	54 (27.6)
Pseudoexfoliation	21 (10.7)
Congenital	9 (4.6)
Uveitic	9 (4.6)
Other	32 (16.3)
Number of glaucoma medications
≤2	98 (50.0)
>2	98 (50.0)
Previous glaucoma intervention (ie, surgery, laser)
Yes	117 (59.7)
No	79 (40.3)
Glaucoma severity
Mild	31 (15.8)
Moderate	25 (12.8)
Severe	128 (65.3)

The mean pre-intervention knowledge score was 6 (SD=3.9) out of 17 (range=0–16). Approximately one-third of the study population (34.7%) had a pre-intervention knowledge score of ≤3. A correct definition of glaucoma was reached in only 37.8% of patients. One hundred and twenty-three patients (62.7%) did not know which part of the eye was affected by glaucoma, and only 52 patients (26.5%) could name their drops. Post-intervention knowledge score increased up to 11.1 (SD=3.2; range=3–17). Nearly two-thirds of patients (63.8%) had a post-intervention knowledge score of ≥11. Upon comparing pre- and post-intervention knowledge scores, there was a statistically significant difference (P≤0.001).

Factors influencing the patients’ knowledge score (post-intervention) are shown in Table 3. Better knowledge scores were observed in patients who were younger than 60 years, were males, had a higher degree of education, resided in an urban area, had a higher income, and had a positive family history of glaucoma. Being unemployed was associated with a low knowledge score. Factors such as duration of glaucoma, number of medications, history of a previous glaucoma intervention, and glaucoma severity did not show a statistically significant influence.

Table 3 Factors influencing knowledge score (post-intervention)

Indices	Mean	F	P-value
Age (years)
≤60	12.24	32.912	<0.001
>60	9.79
Sex
Male	11.67	8.849	0.003
Female	10.32
Education
Illiterate	8.76	28.496	<0.001
Primary	9.79
Intermediate	11.36
Secondary	12.37
Higher	13.78
Residence
Urban	11.37	11.003	<0.001
Rural	9.28
Income (monthly)
<10,000 SAR (2,666 USD)	10.38	16.906	<0.001
10,000–20,000 SAR (2,666–5,332 USD)	12.27
Occupational status
Governmental	12.90	11.229	<0.001
Private sector	13.29
Retired	11.58
Student	12.75
Unemployed	9.52
Duration of glaucoma diagnosis
≤5 years	10.61	2.371	0.125
>5 years	11.34
Family history of glaucoma
Yes	12.17	13.798	<0.001
No	10.44
Number of glaucoma medications
≤2	11.35	1.548	0.214
>2	10.78
Previous glaucoma intervention (ie, surgery, laser)
Yes	10.85	1.196	0.275
No	11.37
Glaucoma severity
Mild	11.73	1.902	0.152
Moderate	11.74
Severe	10.76

Abbreviations: F, degree of freedom; SAR, Saudi Arabian Riyal; USD, United States dollars.

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in the literature that tests a scientifically validated and culturally appropriate video intervention to improve knowledge among Saudi glaucoma patients. The educational intervention tested in our study was a motion graphics video. Multimedia materials have been used widely to communicate health-related messages to the general population, improve patients’ knowledge about specific diseases, and aid in management of certain illnesses. Videos have been applied previously in many aspects of glaucoma management, such as doctor–patient communication,¹⁶ proper eye drop instillation,¹⁷ and ocular massage following trabeculectomy surgery.¹⁸ Our results have shown that nearly 30% of the tested patients are illiterate. Given these low literacy levels of Saudi adult glaucoma patients, we believe that using multimedia in educating these patients is more appropriate compared to other traditional methods, eg, brochures, booklets, and pamphlets, as these interventions require a certain degree of literacy.

A low baseline (pre-intervention) knowledge about glaucoma was noted in the tested population, the mean score was 6 out of 17, and only 37.8% of patients could define glaucoma appropriately. Mansouri et al¹⁹ conducted a cross-sectional survey on 200 glaucoma patients from two Swiss tertiary glaucoma clinics, and they found that only 28% of their sample could define glaucoma correctly. Comparing their results to ours, we note that our patient population scored slightly higher than the studied group in their cohort in terms of the ability to correctly define glaucoma.

The findings at baseline emphasize the educational needs from a glaucoma patient’s standpoint. Saudi glaucoma patients require information on a range of domains such as definition of glaucoma, possible risk factors, pathophysiology, effect on vision, and treatment. According to a report published by AlHilali et al,²⁰ obtaining information from an eye care provider is the preferred method listed by the majority of patients attending ophthalmic care in Saudi Arabia. This places an additional burden on treating ophthalmologists to bridge this gap in knowledge, a task that could be difficult to fulfill given a busy clinical practice and the overall shortage of local ophthalmologists with subspecialty training in glaucoma.

Our results showed that the tested educational video was effective in increasing mean knowledge scores from 6 up to 11.1, a statistically significant difference. Rosenthal et al²¹ also tested an educational video to improve knowledge in both British and American individuals. Their results showed that the intervention applied was successful in improving knowledge, from 48%–64% up to 78%–88% of the questions answered correctly. Another study, performed by Kim et al,²² compared an educational session (consisting of a video and a brochure) to standard care in two groups of patients. They found that the group exposed to the educational intervention had a mean knowledge score of 18.9, compared to 15.5 in the unexposed group, a difference that was statistically significant. It is difficult to compare the results of our study against those tested by the other two reports, owing to the difference in methodologies, educational interventions, and means of knowledge assessment. However, it is possible to state that, from our study, the evidence supports the notion that patient education by videos may be an effective method in increasing knowledge among glaucoma patients.

Our secondary objective was to assess the influence of sociodemographic and clinical indices on knowledge. Younger age, male sex, a higher degree of education, urban residence, higher income, and a positive family history of glaucoma were predictors of good knowledge among our cohort. This correlation is similar to one that has been reported by Hoevenaars et al,²³ as they found better knowledge scores in younger patients and those from a higher socioeconomic group. On the contrary, other studies in the literature failed to show such an association. Blondeau et al²⁴ studied the effect of a 2-h information session in improving understanding in glaucoma patients, and the only factor associated with a good knowledge score was younger age, below 60 years. Another study, by Costa et al,²⁵ evaluated the knowledge in glaucoma patients from two centers, one in the United States and the other in Brazil, and in their group of patients, the only factor that was positively correlated with knowledge was the level of education.

The fact that certain clinical indices (ie, duration of diagnosis, number of medications, previous intervention, and glaucoma severity) did not have a positive influence on knowledge is potentially concerning. This signifies that, despite the patients’ long-term follow-up with an ophthalmologist, little glaucoma knowledge has been built up over time. Furthermore, it reflects the inattentive attitude of our patients toward a chronic illness that they suffer from. Such elements can be targeted in planning additional educational interventions to help our glaucoma patients, in the future.

Our study has certain limitations. First, the comparison between pre- and post-intervention was carried out without the introduction of a control group. Second, given its non-comparative nature, we were unable to contrast video education with traditional methods in our population. However, as mentioned earlier, considering the low literacy level in our patients, it would be difficult to compare video versus other methods (that require a minimum level of literacy) without introducing bias while grouping patients. Another limitation is the fact that the post-test was carried out immediately after the video. Although this methodology tests the amount of knowledge acquired after the session, it fails to evaluate the long-term retention of such knowledge. These limitations can be addressed in future studies.

Conclusion

Our current study has shown that using a video as an educational tool is effective in increasing short-term knowledge among glaucoma patients. This may serve as an alternative method to traditional educational materials. Moreover, our study has identified patient-related factors that are associated with low knowledge scores, eg, old age, female sex, illiteracy, rural residence, low income, and unemployment. This subset of patients should receive more attention when planning future educational interventions.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.