Phacoemulsification And Zonular Weakness: Contribution Of The Capsular Tension Ring With A Thread

Abstract

Purpose

Cataract surgery in patients suffering from zonular weakness can be difficult and lead to severe complications. The insertion of capsular tension rings to stabilize the capsular bag along all steps of the phacoemulsification is an option, although can be difficult to remove intra- or post-operatively. A capsular tension ring with a thread is a safe alternative, which allows its easy removal at the end of the surgery.

Patients and methods

Retrospective study of regular practice on 14 patients with zonular weakness who underwent phacoemulsification. Among them, 12 suffered from pseudo-exfoliative syndrome and 2 suffered from a post-traumatic cataract. All benefited from the use of a capsular tension ring with a thread during their surgery.

Results

All surgeries were successful. Capsular tension ring with a thread was all removed at the end of surgery without any complication.

Conclusion

The addition of a thread to the capsular tension ring is a simple modification that enhances its use by facilitating its intraoperative removal if necessary or at the end of surgery.

Keywords:

• weak zonule
• capsular bag
• cataract
• posterior dislocation
• trick

Introduction

The author estimates that between 150,000 and 200,000 cataract surgeries a year are performed in Algeria. According to the DREES in France, this is the most common surgery performed, with nearly 830,000 completed in 2016.¹ One of the main, serious intraoperative complications of cataract surgery is the posterior dislocation of the lens or its nucleus, caused by capsular rupture or zonular disinsertion. This complication is common in patients who have experienced previous zonular fragility and is present in numerous etiologies,^2,3 in order of frequency: the zonular degeneration of pseudo-exfoliative syndromes (estimated at 25–30% of the causes in Algeria),^4–7 eye injuries,^7,8 strong myopia,⁷ history of vitreoretinal surgery, fibroelastic tissue pathologies in Marfan’s disease^7,9 or homocystinuria.¹⁰

The capsular or zonular tension ring (CTR) was designed in the early 1990s¹¹ to stabilize the capsular bag and consolidate weak zonules during all stages of surgery, including phacoemulsification.^3,7,12–15 It distributes the tension forces acting on the still functional zonular fibers and thus reduces the risk of capsular failure and posterior dislocation of the lens.^11,15 However, its withdrawal is difficult and can be traumatic. It is therefore generally left in place at the end of surgery or even fixed to the sclera.¹⁴ Nevertheless, it is preferable to leave a minimum of foreign bodies in the surgical site, and consequently, CTR is a relatively unused tool even in cases of phacodonesis.

The aim of this study is to describe how the employment of a thread facilitates the use of the tension ring and allows its removal at the end of phacoemulsification on a weak zonule.

Materials And Methods

Surgical Technique

The surgical technique consisted in the use of a thread (Vicryl violet 7/0, Ethicon, NJ, USA) attached to the eye of the CTR (Medicontur, Limas, France), at the end of the medical device, by a knot and a counter-node (Figure 1A and B). The tension ring was placed inside the anterior chamber, in the capsular bag, under the anterior capsulorhexis by a counterclockwise movement, allowing the zonule to be tensioned (Figure 1C and D). The thread then came out outside the eye through the incision. The zonule was thus stabilized during all phacoemulsification steps. At the end of the surgery, after the placement of a large diameter implant and cohesive viscoelastic (Provisc, Alcon Laboratories, TX, USA), the ring was removed using the thread sticking out from the incision by a clockwise movement (Figure 1E and F). A video support is available online at http://youtu.be/9vazuWf0Djg.

Figure 1 (A) Passing of the thread at one end of the capsular tension ring and hanging of the suture with a knot. (B) Counter knot. (C) Placing the ring in the capsular bag under the anterior capsulorhexis, by a counterclockwise movement. (D) Capsular ring in place. The knot is placed inside, under the iris (yellow arrow) and the thread emerges through the incision. (E and F) Removal of the tension ring by pulling of the thread protruding from the incision (yellow arrow) clockwise.

Patients

This real-life retrospective study involved 14 eyes of 14 patients (9 men and 5 women aged between 33 and 80 years) operated on by phacoemulsification by the same surgeon (Dr N. Oudjani) between 12th October 2015 and 2nd November 2017 at the outpatient ophthalmology clinic in Skikda (Algeria). All the patients signed an inform consent form before the cataract surgery. Patient consent to review their medical records was not required by an institutional review board and local law in Algeria for this type of real-life retrospective analysis including a surgery using common devices as the CTR and surgical thread. However, patient data confidentiality and compliance were respected. All had zonular weakness discovered intraoperatively: 12 suffered from pseudo-exfoliation of the capsular and 2 from post-traumatic lesions. All patients were reviewed post-operatively at D1, D3, D15, D30 and every 3 months thereafter.

Results

The phacoemulsifications were carried out without incident and the tension rings with a thread were removed each time without complication at the end of the surgery. No dislocation or subluxation was noted during post-operative follow-up (mean 14.5 months, from 3 to 28 months).

Discussion

Cataract surgery on weak zonules can be risky.¹⁶ A solution to zonules weakness is the use of CTR during surgery. However, this practice remains limited due to difficulties relating to its removal, post-operative complications such as dislocation in the vitreous of the capsular bag, implant and ring assembly,² and the existence of alternative techniques (implantation in the sulcus,¹⁷ implant clipped to the iris¹⁸). Our technique involving a knotted thread at one end of the ring not only stabilizes the fragile capsular bag, but also allows its removal quickly and safely in the event of complications during installation and permits its safe removal at the end of the surgery. The placement and the removal of the thread are fast (around less than 1 min), without complications on the analyzed series. The post-operative procedure is comparable to a normal one. The thread, out of the eyeball, is sufficiently loose for not exerting any risky traction of the anterior capsule during the surgery and when it is removed even in case of risky situations as very deep anterior chamber (high myopia) or swinging anterior chamber depth or small anterior capsulorhexis.

Conclusion

The CTR is an excellent option for consolidating weak zonules during phacoemulsification procedures. Our suture security technique using a CTR with a thread eliminates the risk of it falling into the vitreous during the procedure and facilitates its removal at the end of the surgery.

Acknowledgments

We would particularly like to thank Victor Lambert, an ophthalmology intern at the University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, for his contribution to the review of this article and his wise advice, as well as Bouchta Karrich of Laboratoires Théa for his bibliographical research.

Disclosure

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists. This study does not include financial support. The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article and have no conflicts of interest in this work.