Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate whether additive relaxation music (RM) has an adjuvant short-term effect on physiological and psychological parameters in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.
Methods
Prospective, randomized clinical trial. Patients in the therapy group (TG) received a 30-minute RM via headphones, whereas members of the control group (CG) did not. Best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, visual field testing, short- and long-term mental states, and blood levels of different stress hormones were analyzed and compared.
Results
A total of 25 (61%)/16 (39%) patients were assigned to the TG/CG. Best corrected visual acuity, daily intraocular pressure, and short-term mental state (KAB) development were significantly better in the TG in comparison to controls. Visual field testing, long-term mental well-being (profile of mood states), and adrenalin, cortisol, and endothelin-I blood levels did not differ significantly between both groups.
Conclusion
Additive RM applied on a daily basis can positively impact various physiological and psychological parameters in the short term.
Introduction
Glaucoma is the second-most leading cause of severe visual impairment and blindness in the world,Citation1,Citation2 and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is by far the most frequent entity accounting for up to 85% of all glaucoma cases.Citation3 As prevalence rises with age, the number of people affected will ascend from 60.5 million at the millennium to approximately 80 million in the year 2020.Citation2,Citation4 Thus, the burden of directCitation5 and indirect medical costsCitation6 will substantially increase in the future.Citation7 Of equal importance are the reduction in the quality of life and the fear of becoming blind of each individual patient affected.Citation8
Major improvements have been made within the last few decades with respect to medical options and surgical techniques to hamper further glaucomatous optic nerve head (ONH) damage, all of them mainly focusing on reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) and increasing ocular hemodynamics as well as neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells.Citation9 Nevertheless, POAG remains an irreversible disease with no definite established cure until today. Innovative adjuvant and complementary treatment options are needed to support conventional care alternatives to achieve an overall better outcome.
Former reports indicate an unique personality type of the glaucoma patientCitation10 comprising escalated hypochondriasis, hysteria, health concerns and psychosomatic complaints, depressions, reduced emotional stability and extreme nervousness, as well as elevated mental stress.Citation10–Citation15 It was demonstrated that mental stress can significantly elevate IOP levelsCitation16,Citation17 and thus trigger glaucomatous ONH damage. Contrariwise, various self-relaxation methods, including relaxation music (RM), can counteract the aforementioned pathophysiological sequences, stabilize the current state of mind,Citation18 reduce mental stress, and thus, lower IOP levels.Citation19,Citation20
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether additive RM has an adjuvant short-term effect on various physiological as well as psychological parameters on patients with POAG.
Material and methods
This investigation was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 (1983 revision). The institutional review board of Philipps-Universität Marburg approved the protocol before study initiation (study 83-02). All patients were enrolled and randomized into the therapy group (TG) or control group (CG) after written consent was obtained from each subject following an explicit explanation of the purpose and potential side effects of each procedure. Inclusion criterion was the diagnosis of a POAG, irrespective of current treatment regimen and disease duration or previous glaucoma surgery. Exclusion criteria were all other glaucoma entities. All participants were instructed to continue their current glaucoma therapy to ensure that the RM was used as an adjuvant element in the TG. Randomization was paper based with a randomization list of 100 patients before starting the investigation.
On a prestudy visit within 10 days before the core study phase, the medical history of each patient was evaluated and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and 30° blue–yellow visual field (VF) testing were performed.Citation21 Anamnesis included questions about various glaucoma, general medicine, and mental state issues (). BCVA was determined by performing subjective refraction and advising the patient afterward to read standard decimal visual acuity charts at 5 m distance. BCVA was then recorded in decimal notation. VF testing was perpetuated using the Humphrey HFA-II© perimeter (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany). Five different pictures were handed to participants of the TG (including aqueous humor [AH] formation in the ciliary body, AH flow in the anterior part of the eye and drainage in the trabecular meshwork, as well as the front view of the ONH). They were asked to memorize these pictures and to exercise the ability of visualization of the different intraocular structures and AH flow in the core study phase.
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients randomized into the TG and CG
At days 1 and 10 of the core study phase, patients were asked to complete the profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaire immediately before the actual 30-minute treatment and control period. The POMS is a monopolar questionnaire consisting of 35 items to evaluate the prevailing mood of the last days to weeks (and thus long term). Four categories are retrieved, including melancholy, fatigue, motivation, and displeasure. Each of the 35 items is graded between 1 (absent) and 5 (fully present) and summed up. Thus, the higher the POMS score, the higher the psychological strain.Citation22,Citation23 POMS reporting was performed by the patients independently without the investigator’s assistance and was done on a paper-based questionnaire.
At days 1 and 10 of the core study phase, immediately before and after the treatment and control period, a total of four blood samples were taken from each patient. Therefore, after careful disinfection of the cubital area, one of the cubital veins was punctured and a venous catheter (Vasofix© Braunüle©, B Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) was placed and fixated. Patients had to lie in a supine position for at least 30 minutes prior to sampling of the first blood probe. Adrenalin, cortisol, and endothelin-I levels were analyzed at the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany and at the Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen, Germany. Therefore, samples drawn for detection of adrenalin and cortisol levels were immediately frozen at −80°C and probes for endothelin-I level determination were first centrifuged at 2,000 rpm/20 minutes with the Kendro Labs Biofuge Primo™ (Heraeus, Hanau, Germany). Serum overlap was then pipetted in 1.0 mL cryotubes™ (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO, USA) and stored at −80°C in a freezer.
On each day of the core study phase, IOP was measured immediately before and after the treatment and control period. Patients were furthermore asked to complete the questionnaire for short-term mental well-being (KAB) at same time-points. IOP was evaluated using routine Goldman applanation tonometry. Therefore, the ocular surface was anesthetized and stained with Thilorbin© eye drops (OmniVision GmbH, Puchheim, Germany) and IOP was read from the measuring wheel. During each measurement, the measuring wheel was set to zero first and then moved upward by an assistant until pressure of the tonometer head equaled IOP to avoid any influence of the investigator. KAB in contrast to POMS is a one-dimensional and bipolar questionnaire to evaluate short-term effects of external stimuli on current mental well-being. Eight items are requested that can be graded between 1 (absent) and 6 (fully present). Thus, the higher the KAB score, the higher the current psychological strain.Citation24 KAB reporting in alignment with POMS measures was performed by the patients independently without the investigator’s assistance and was done on a paper-based questionnaire.
On a post-study visit within 10 days after cessation of the core study phase, BCVA and VF measurements were repeated as described previously.
The treatment and control period consisted of a 30-minute time span on 10 consecutive days at the same time of day to cope with circadian rhythm.Citation25 All patients were placed in a supine position on a convenient couch. In the TG, participants received RMCitation26 (Vita musica II, Akustische Therapie für Augenpatienten by Ilse Strempel) via headphones (Sony MDR-CD570™), whereas attendees allotted to the CG got no further additives but were instructed to relax. The RM used herein was a synergistic composition of relaxation-inducing music elements (harmonic music in heart rhythm of 60 bpm), subliminal binauricular beats, and instructions for breathing and relaxation as well as for visualization of different structures of the eye.Citation27–Citation29 Elements of the progressive muscle relaxation due to JacobsonCitation30 and various nature sounds were also incorporated. Patients were instructed to choose the sound intensity they felt most comfortable with.
Statistical analysis
Tables and figures were designed applying Microsoft Office Word 2007©, Microsoft Office Excel 2007©, and SigmaPlot 12.0© (Systat). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20 for Windows© (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). For testing statistical significance between both groups, the binomial distribution test, chi-square test, and Mann–Whitney U-test were conducted. IOP reduction was declared the primary end point, whereas all other measurements were secondary explorative end points. Significant differences between both groups were assumed if P-values were less than 0.05 (P<0.05).
Results
A total of 41 patients (81 eyes) were included into this investigation with an overall age of 55.8±12.5 years (mean value ± standard deviation). Sex distribution indicated 14 male (34%) and 27 female participants (66%). In all, 25 patients (61%) were randomized into the TG and 16 attendees (39%) into the CG. The baseline characteristics of patients in each group are depicted in .
During the core study phase, IOP and KAB were evaluated on each day for both groups. ΔIOP and ΔKAB were calculated by subtraction of each parameter after the core study phase from before the core study phase. The corresponding results are displayed in and and .
Figure 1 Mean change from baseline in IOP (mmHg) during the 10-day core study phase (differences in IOP between before and after daily treatment).
Abbreviations: IOP, intraocular pressure; TG, therapy group; CG, control group.
Figure 2 Mean change in KAB scores during the 10-day core study phase (differences in KAB between before and after daily treatment).
Abbreviations: TG, therapy group; CG, control group.
Table 2 Results of IOP (mmHg) and KAB (score) measurements for each day during the core study phase
The effects of RM on BCVA, IOP, VF, KAB, POMS and various blood parameters between both groups at baseline and after the core study phase are summarized in .
Table 3 Effects of RM on BCVA, IOP, VF, KAB, POMS, and various blood parameters between both groups after the core study phase
Discussion
The beneficial effect of RM to reduce psychological stress and to improve overall mental well-being has emerged into the focus of interest in clinical research as well as routine clinical practice. Previous reports indicate that music interventions have a positive impact on psychological distress and anxiety,Citation31–Citation37 for instance, in patients suffering from coronary heart diseaseCitation32 or undergoing hemodialysis treatment.Citation31 RM also reduces heart and respiratory rates as well as systolic blood pressure.Citation32,Citation34 Furthermore, a pain-reducing effect has been described in numerous research projects.Citation32,Citation34 Especially with respect to depression and mental stress reduction, RM showed excellent effects in the past.Citation38,Citation39 Mental stress significantly increases IOP,Citation16,Citation17,Citation40 whereas different relaxation techniques significantly decrease the latter.Citation19,Citation20 Thus, the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of additive RM on various physiological and psychological parameters in patients suffering from POAG. To the best of our knowledge, the effect of RM with respect to these parameters has not been described in a prospective and randomized clinical trial so far.
A total number of 100 patients were expected to participate in this investigation, but during the randomization procedure, only 41 gave their consent to attend. In specific, some patients were only interested in attending the study if randomized into the therapy group and therefore refused to be included even before the randomization procedure. Some patients withdrew their informed consent after being assigned to the CG. This caused the unequal size and characteristics distribution in both groups as shown in . Nevertheless, no significant differences could be obtained with respect to all baseline characteristics between both groups. This challenging recruitment shows that many patients do not have a sufficient understanding of the disease glaucoma and are unaware of the need of an excellent compliance to hamper further glaucomatous ONH damage, a fact that was already demonstrated in former reports as well.Citation11,Citation41–Citation43 Con trariwise, patients with family members or friends suffering from glaucoma showed a significant better understanding of the importance to comply with prescribed (and additional) glaucoma therapy.Citation41 The bottom line is that all medical staff needs to intensify their efforts to educate glaucoma patients on these most important issues. Most of the patients included herein showed an intensive prior glaucoma care (surgical and/or medical), a distinct general medical history, as well as an altered mental state. This observation is in accordance with prior glaucoma studiesCitation12,Citation44–Citation46 and demonstrates that participants herein were aware of the facts discussed above. This in turn makes this investigation interesting because the additional effect of RM on a kind of typical glaucoma patient was presumably investigated.
As patients were instructed to choose the sound intensity they felt most comfortable with, the latter might have differed between patients in the TG. This in turn could have impacted the effect of RM, but choosing the intensity of choice in the individual patient should support individual relaxation ability. Furthermore, in the CG, no breathing exercises were conducted. As the latter were integrated in the RM program, the effect of RM might be overestimated, as per se breathing can increase parasympathetic system activity. But, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of breathing exercises on IOP levels was not demonstrated so far.
With regard to BCVA development, the data herein demonstrate a gain in the TG and a reduction in the CG that accounts for significant differences in BCVA after 10 days. This observation is of interest and is supported by former investigations.Citation47,Citation48 A decreasing IOP can increase ocular perfusion and thus reactivate optic nerve cells resting in the maintenance metabolism, which in turn can increase BCVA.Citation47,Citation49 RM is indeed able to significantly increase ocular perfusion.Citation48 Any BCVA improvement is of particular importance with regard to patients’ psychological state of mood because it immediately impacts quality of life and increases therapeutic compliance as well. This positive psychodynamic effect can significantly enhance subjective disease management of each glaucoma patient.Citation50
During the core study phase, there was a daily decrease in IOP in the TG, whereas IOP increased in the CG ( and ). For each day with the exception of day 7, a significant decrease in IOP during the music therapeutic treatment was demonstrated. This in turn shows the strong IOP reducing effect of RM applied herein in the short term, and so far, the reduction of prevailing IOP is the main target of almost all major glaucoma therapies.Citation51–Citation53 Former investigations revealed matchable effects,Citation47,Citation48 and thus, the IOP-lowering capability of RM is now established in more than 100 patients. Contrariwise, the comparison of days 1 and 10 herein showed no significant IOP-lowering effect in the TG. This might be attributed to the marginal number of patients included or to the brevity of the core study phase of 10 days. Indeed, there are reports indicating the need for a treatment phase of at least 3 weeks to establish long-term effects of music therapy.Citation38 Eschstruth showed in a long-term evaluation after 3 months that patients listening to the same RM on a daily basis as used herein had a significant IOP reduction accounting for a decrease in IOP-lowering eye drops of 37%.Citation47 In this study, no CG was carried along, and thus, a prospective and randomized trial evaluating the long-term effects of RM is now indicated.
In accordance with the daily IOP changes, results of the KAB showed daily improvements in current mental well-being as well. Oftentimes, the differences between TG and CG were significant ( and ). Former reports support our findings.Citation47,Citation48 Improving the mood state is of importance because a unique personality type of the glaucoma patient has been described, including hypochondriasis, hysteria, health concerns and psychosomatic complaints, depressions, reduced emotional stability, and extreme nervousness as well as mental stress,Citation10–Citation15 and improving these psychological markers has an immediate impact on therapeutic compliance as well as on quality of lifeCitation50 and can furthermore reduce IOP as well. In this respect, it was formerly demonstrated that various structures of the central nervous system, including hypothalamus, corpora amygdaloidea, and the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic part), are involved in the alliance of elevated stress levels and other various mental stimuli and mood states and an increased IOP.Citation16,Citation18,Citation54–Citation61 RM can consequently counteract these pathological sequences and thus lower IOP as demonstrated herein. In contrast to KAB results and the short-term impact of RM, the POMS questionnaire did not display a significant improvement in long-term mental strain, but a tendency of mental state improvement. This again might be attributed to the marginal number of patients included or to the brevity of the core study phase.
VF testing surprisingly did not show a significant improvement in the TG, which was expected in analogy with BCVA development results. The reasons therefore remain vague, and further evaluations are needed to explain these findings. Nevertheless, an improvement in VF testing is, as discussed ahead in the BCVA section, of notably importance for each glaucoma patient.Citation50
In respect to all blood parameters analyzed herein, no significant differences between both groups were detectable although expected, because former investigations demonstrated the significant effect of (mental) stress on various stress hormone levels. These results might be at least in part attributed to the low number of patients included.
The limitations of this investigation are the marginal number of patients enrolled, randomization difficulties, and the short study phase of 10 days. A prospective randomized trial with more patients assigned and a longer core study phase is indicated, though not easy to perform due to challenging recruitment as described herein. Nevertheless, this is the first prospective and randomized clinical trial incorporating a CG to evaluate whether additive RM has an adjuvant effect on various physiological (eg, IOP, stress hormones) as well as psychological parameters (eg, questionnaires of mood states).
Conclusion
In summary, an additive short-term effect of RM can be demonstrated for BCVA, IOP, and KAB development. As RM is an economical treatment option, easy to use, and combinable with almost any standard of care without side effects, the additional use can improve overall outcome in patients suffering from POAG.
Acknowledgments
There was no sponsor or funding organization involved in this study.
Disclosure
Thomas Bertelmann is a medical advisor at Novartis Pharma GmbH, Nuremberg, Germany and scientific staff of Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Marburg, Germany. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.
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