Clinicopathological significance of p14^ARF expression in lung cancer: a meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

p14^ARF, a tumor suppressor protein, encoded by the p16 tumor suppressor gene, has been reported to be associated with the clinicopathological features of lung cancer. However, the evaluated outcomes were inconsistent and remained inconclusive. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the significance of p14^ARF expression in lung cancer pathogenesis.

Materials and methods

Electronic databases, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Embase, and CNKI, were retrieved to collect relevant articles with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Using Stata 12.0 software, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated.

Results

A total of 15 eligible case–control studies that evaluated the relationship between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer were included in the meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that there were significant associations between p14^ARF expression and the risk of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), lung adenocarcinoma, and lung squamous carcinoma (for NSCLC, OR =11.02, 95% CI =5.30–22.92; for lung adenocarcinoma, OR =7.28, 95% CI =3.92–13.50; and for lung squamous carcinoma, OR =14.40, 95% CI =2.83–73.24). In the stratified analysis based on race, significant associations between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer risk were found in Chinese population and Caucasians (for Chinese population, OR = 7.02, 95% CI =4.48–11.00 and for Caucasians, OR =4.19, 95% CI =1.42–12.38). Furthermore, the expression of p14^ARF was significantly associated with the TNM-stage of lung cancer in Chinese population (OR =2.07, 95% CI =1.38–3.10).

Conclusion

p14^ARF expression was significantly associated with the risk of lung cancer. In addition, the data of the meta-analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between p14^ARF expression and the TNM-stage of lung cancer in Chinese population.

Keywords:

• p14^ARF
• expression
• lung cancer
• meta-analysis

Introduction

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death around the world.¹ The major histological classes are small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which includes lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous carcinoma, and large cell lung cancer. NSCLC has been hardly cured with the current standard therapies, and the 5-year survival has been reported to be only 15%.² It has been reported that smoking is a major risk factor for lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous carcinoma.³ Although the pathological mechanism is not clear, smoking induces genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that lead to lung cancer. These genetic variations are associated with the occurrence and progression of lung cancer. On the basis of these gene mutations, many molecular targeted therapies were studied to improve the survival quality and survival rate of lung cancer patients. For instance, the molecular targeted therapy that was directed against receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) had a good response in the lung cancer patients who had certain gene alternations such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphomakinase (ALK), and ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1).⁴ In addition, other gene alterations that were found in the BRAF, ERBB2, NTRK1, and MET genes also became the therapeutic targets of lung cancer.⁵ Gefitinib was an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor and was often used in the treatment of lung cancer.⁶ The therapeutic outcomes indicated that lung tumor had high response rates and EGFR was a key predictive biomarker for gefitinib. Many studies have also found that EGFR mutations were one of the most frequent driver mutations in lung cancer.^7,8 At the same time, researchers made efforts to find more molecular targets and developed more advanced molecular targeted agents. Although second-generation or third-generation inhibitors have been developed to cure lung cancer, more genetic alternations were still needed.

The alternate reading frame (ARF) of CDKN2A locus encodes the p14^ARF protein, while the CDKN2A locus encodes the p16^INK4a protein. The expression of p14^ARF leads to the activation of p53 by sequestering Mdm2.⁹ P53 could protect cells against excessive growth through induction of the p14^ARF protein. Therefore, p14^ARF plays a crucial role in tumor suppression.¹⁰ It was reported that promoter methylation and gene mutations of p14^ARF gene reduced the expression of p14^ARF and had a significant association with the risk of lung cancer.^11,12 Furthermore, studies have found that there was a significant association between p14^ARF expression and risk of cancers, such as breast cancer, liver cancer, ovarian cancer, and laryngeal cancer.^13–16 Although some researchers performed studies to explore the relationship between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer risk, the conclusions remained unclear due to many factors, such as sample size, ethnicity, and disease subtype. Hence, the aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the potential value of p14^ARF expression in lung cancer risk and clinicopathological features of lung cancer.

Materials and methods

Literature search

PubMed, Embase, Web of Knowledge, and CNKI were searched to retrieve relevant articles that evaluated the association between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were applied to perform the literature retrieval. The following terms were used in the retrieval: “lung cancer”, “lung carcinoma”, “Lung Neoplasms”, “non small cell lung cancer”, “NSCLC”, “Small-Cell Lung Cancer”, “SCLC” “p14”, “p14^ARF”, “ARF”, “gene expression”, and “expression”. Additional eligible studies were identified based on references cited, reviews, and meta-analysis. The searching data were up to December 2016.

Study selection and inclusion and exclusion criteria

Two investigators independently searched and collected eligible articles. Articles that evaluated the relationship between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer risk and possessed enough data were included in this meta-analysis. Furthermore, these articles must meet the following criteria: 1) articles that evaluated the association between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer, 2) articles that possessed enough data for p14^ARF expression and lung cancer, 3) case–control studies or cohort studies, 4) articles that have been published online, and 5) articles published in English or Chinese. If the articles did not meet the following criteria, they were excluded: 1) meta-analysis and reviews, 2) articles that lacked the necessary data of p14^ARF expression and lung cancer, and 3) the data of articles were same as those of other articles.¹⁷

Data extraction and quality assessment

All data were independently extracted from the eligible publications by two reviewers. The extracted information was as follows: name of authors, publication year, data of p14^ARF expression, disease type, methods of detection, sample type, clinical features, country, and ethnicity. Disagreements were resolved via discussion between the two reviewers. In addition, the Newcastle–Ottawa quality assessment scale was applied to assess the methodological quality of included articles.

Statistical analysis

Stata 12.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), which quantitatively determined the association between P14^ARF expression and clinicopathological features of lung cancer. Q-test and I² statistic were used to evaluate the heterogeneity among studies.¹⁸ P<0.05 or I²>50 suggested that there was a significant heterogeneity among studies. Furthermore, if significant heterogeneity existed, the random-effects model was applied. Otherwise, the fixed-effects model was used.^19,20 The funnel plot was used to evaluate the publication bias. The publication bias was quantitatively assessed according to Begg’s test and Egger’s test, while P<0.05 indicated a significant publication bias.^21,22 Sensitivity analysis was performed to detect whether one single study had a significant impact on the overall estimate.

Results

Identification of eligible studies

A total of 393 articles were acquired in the initial retrieval from the databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Knowledge, and CNKI. Of these 393 articles, 208 articles overlapped with other studies, and 185 articles remained after removal of these repeated articles. Nine reviews and 2 meta-analyses were removed, which left 174 articles for title and abstract evaluation. Fifty-four articles remained after reading the titles and abstracts of relevant articles. Finally, 15 articles were left after exclusion of 39 articles according to the full-text evaluation.^23–37 These articles included the data of p14^ARF expression in control group and case group, method of p14^ARF expression detection, race and source of patients, type of sample, evaluation criterion of staining results, and other clinical information of lung cancer patients. Of the 15 articles, 12 articles evaluated Asians patients and 3 articles assessed Caucasian patients. Moreover, 11 studies evaluated the association of p14^ARF expression with differentiation of lung tumor; 9 studies assessed the relationship between p14^ARF expression and TNM-stage of lung tumor; and 10 studies explored the correlation between p14^ARF expression and lymph node metastasis of lung cancer. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting (WB) were used to detect the expression of p14^ARF protein in the included studies (Figure 1; Table 1). According to the results of retrieval, this was the first meta-analysis to assess the correlation between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer risk.

Figure 1 Flow diagram of eligible articles.

Table 1 Main characteristics of included studies

First author	Year	Country	Ethnicity	Disease	Control		Case		Methods	Control type	Case type	Reference	Score
					Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative
Chen et al	2012	China	Asians	LC	53	18	37	34	IHC	Adjacent tissue	Tumor tissue	^Citation23	8
Yang et al	2008	China	Asians	LC	19	1	26	34	IHC	Normal tissue	Tumor tissue	^Citation24	8
Yang et al	2008	China	Asians	NSCLC	14	1	54	44	IHC	Normal tissue	Tumor tissue	^Citation25	6
Yang et al	2008	China	Asians	NSCLC	15	3	54	44	IHC	Adjacent tissue	Tumor tissue	^Citation25	8
Zhao et al	2008	China	Asians	NSCLC	19	1	41	21	IHC	Adjacent tissue	Tumor tissue	^Citation26	6
Mascaux et al	2008	Belgium	Caucasians	LC	16	4	26	14	IHC	Normal tissue	Tumor tissue	^Citation27	6
Tian et al	2006	China	Asians	LC	38	2	28	12	IHC	Adjacent tissue	Tumor tissue	^Citation28	8
Tian et al	2005	China	Asians	NSCLC	28	0	20	8	WB	Adjacent tissue	Tumor tissue	^Citation29	8
Tian et al	2004	China	Asians	LC	38	2	58	22	IHC	Adjacent tissue	Tumor tissue	^Citation30	8
Hu et al	2004	China	Asians	NSCLC	20	0	30	73	IHC	Benign tissue	Tumor tissue	^Citation31	6
Chaussade et al	2001	France	Caucasians	LC	20	0	12	8	IHC	Normal tissue	Tumor tissue	^Citation32	6
Cortot et al	2014	France	Caucasians	LA	NT	NT	70	18	IHC	NT	Tumor tissue	^Citation33	–
Li et al	2005	China	Asians	NSCLC	NT	NT	30	73	IHC	NT	Tumor tissue	^Citation34	–
Li et al	2004	China	Asians	SCLC	NT	NT	9	15	IHC	NT	Tumor tissue	^Citation35	–
Chen et al	2003	China	Asians	NSCLC	NT	NT	25	14	IHC	NT	Tumor tissue	^Citation36	–
Xue et al	2002	Japan	Asians	LA	NT	NT	4	46	IHC	NT	Tumor tissue	^Citation37	–

Abbreviations: IHC, immunohistochemistry; LA, lung adenocarcinomas; LC, lung cancer; NT, not stated; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; SCLC, small cell lung cancer; WB, Western blotting.

Quality evaluation

On the basis of evaluation of the methodology quality, six studies got a score of 8 and were considered to be of high quality. Five studies scored 6 and were considered to be of moderate quality. In addition, five studies were not added in the quality evaluation because these studies did not have a control group.

Quantitative synthesis

A meta-analysis that included 11 studies was performed to evaluate the association between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer risk. The result indicated a significant association between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer risk (OR =6.55, 95% CI =4.33–9.90). The frequency of p14^ARF-negative expression in the lung cancer group was higher than that in the control group (case group vs control group, p14^ARF-negative expression vs p14^ARF positive expression: 81.35% vs 11.43%). In the subgroup analysis based on disease subtype, there was a significant association of p14^ARF expression with NSCLC, lung adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma (for NSCLC, OR =11.02, 95% CI =5.30–22.92; for lung adenocarcinoma, OR =7.28, 95% CI =3.92–13.50; and for lung squamous carcinoma; OR =14.40, 95% CI =2.83–73.24). The sample of control group in the included studies consisted of adjacent tissue and normal tissue. Hence, the subgroup analysis by sample type was conducted to explore the relationship between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer, and the results showed a significant association of p14^ARF expression with lung cancer risk (for normal tissue, OR =7.97, 95% CI =3.41–18.64 and for adjacent tissue, OR =4.76, 95% CI =2.88–7.84). Furthermore, stratified analysis based on ethnicity demonstrated significant relationships between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer risk in Asians and Caucasians (for Asians, OR =7.02, 95% CI =4.48–11.00 and for Caucasians, OR =4.19, 95% CI =1.42–12.38). In the analysis of clinicopathological features, a significant correlation between p14^ARF expression and TNM-stage of lung cancer was found in Chinese population (OR =2.07, 95% CI =1.38–3.10). Heterogeneity was not highly significant in the meta-analysis. If heterogeneity existed, the random-effects model and subgroup analysis were performed (Figures 2–5; Table 2).

Figure 2 Meta-analysis for p14^ARF expression and non-small-cell lung cancer risk.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Figure 3 Meta-analysis for p14^ARF expression and lung squamous carcinoma risk.

Note: Weights are from random-effects analysis.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Figure 4 Meta-analysis for p14^ARF expression and lung adenocarcinoma risk.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Figure 5 Meta-analysis for p14^ARF expression and the TNM-stage of lung cancer.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Table 2 Meta-analysis results of p14^ARF expression in lung cancer

Variables	Studies (n)	OR	95% CI	P-value	Heterogeneity
					I^2 (%)	P-value
Overall	11	6.55	4.33–9.90	<0.05	40.10	0.08
Asians	9	7.02	4.48–11.00	<0.05	40.30	0.10
Caucasians	2	4.19	1.42–12.38	<0.05	62.20	0.10
Adjacent tissue	6	4.76	2.88–7.84	<0.05	0.00	0.43
Normal tissue	4	7.97	3.41–18.64	<0.05	50.20	0.11
Adenocarcinoma	5	7.28	3.92–13.50	<0.05	42.40	0.14
Squamous cell carcinoma	5	14.4	2.83–73.24	<0.05	76.00	0.002
NSCLC	6	11.02	5.30–22.92	<0.05	1.90	0.40
Gender	6	0.79	0.32–1.96	>0.05	65.60	0.01
Differentiation	11	0.57	0.26–1.23	>0.05	67.30	0.001
TNM-stage	9	2.07	1.38–3.10	<0.05	0.00	0.46
Lymph node metastasis	10	0.93	0.66–1.30	>0.05	40.40	0.09

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer.

Sensitivity analysis and publication bias

The results of funnel plot showed that moderate publication bias was found in this meta-analysis (for lung cancer risk: Begg’s test, P=0.001, Egger’s test, P=0.000 and for TNM-stage: Begg’s test, P=0.677, Egger’s test, P=0.705). Therefore, meta-regression was conducted to explore the causes of publication bias, and the results showed that ethnicity and sample type were not the main cause of moderate publication bias. However, publication bias decreased after subgroup analysis was conducted based on disease type. Thus, we speculated that disease type may be one of the causes of the publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted using Stata 12.0 software, and the result showed that the overall ORs did not have a significant change. At the same time, no significant publication bias was found in the analysis of association between p14^ARF expression and TNM-stage, differentiation, and lymph node metastasis of lung cancer (Figure 6).

Figure 6 Begg’s funnel plot of association between p14^ARF expression and the TNM-stage of lung cancer.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error.

Discussion

p14^ARF, a tumor suppressor protein, has been reported to be a regulator in the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.³⁸ Although p14^ARF and p16^INK4A share the common exon 2 and exon 3 of INK4A gene, the two proteins have unrelated structure and function.³⁹ It has been reported that p14^ARF played a key role in DNA damage and the regulation of cellular or viral oncogenes.⁴⁰ Under normal conditions, the signal pathway of p53-MDM2-p14^ARF maintained growth and development of cells. If the gene of the pathway was downregulated or upregulated, some diseases could be found in the body. P53 gene is a common gene that is related to the oncogenesis. Recent studies have found that MDM2 could act as a principal cellular regulator of p53 in response to the stress signals triggered by cellular oncogenes.⁴¹ For example, the study by Jin et al found that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MDM2 were significantly associated with the risk of salivary gland carcinoma.⁴² MDM2 could bind the N-terminal end p53 protein to block the transcriptional activation function. Moreover, MDM2 inhibited the expression of p53 protein through its ubiquitin ligase activity.⁴³ p14^ARF restrained the ubiquitin E3 ligase activity of MDM2 to antagonize its regulation to p53 protein, and p14^ARF sequestered MDM2 to nucleus, which prevented the contact between MDM2 and p53, resulting in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.⁴⁴ In addition, p14^ARF also acted as a sensor of excessive proliferation and inhibited the function of oncoproteins such as Myc and E₂F1.^45,46 Several changes in the tumor suppressor gene were found in the development of lung cancer. Hence, p14^ARF, playing a central role that inhibited tumor transformation, might have an important role in the occurrence and development of lung tumor.

The results of the meta-analysis indicated that there was a significant association of p14^ARF expression with lung cancer risk. To further investigate the relationship between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer, subgroup analysis based on lung cancer subtype was conducted to explore the association of p14^ARF expression with NSCLC, lung squamous carcinoma, and lung adenocarcinoma. According to the results of the subgroup analysis, significant correlations between p14^ARF expression and NSCLC, lung squamous carcinoma, and lung adenocarcinoma risk were found. On the basis of sample type of the included studies, we performed stratified analysis, and the results suggested that significant associations were found both in normal tissue and in adjacent tissue. Furthermore, the TNM-stage of lung cancer was significantly associated with p14^ARF expression in Chinese population. This result showed that the frequency of p14^ARF-negative expression in stages III–IV of lung cancer was higher than the frequency in stages I–II of lung cancer. Previous studies also found consistent results.^26,31,34,36 In these included studies, five studies indicated contrasting results.^{23,25,28–30} However, there were no significant associations of p14^ARF expression with differentiation and lymph node metastasis of lung tumor. Most of the included studies indicated consistent results.^{23–26,28–31,34–37} Overall, the p14^ARF-negative expression significantly correlated with the development and progression of lung cancer.

In this meta-analysis, although heterogeneity among studies was not very significant, the subgroup analysis and random-effects model were applied to decrease the heterogeneity. Because moderate publication bias was found from the results of Begg’s test and Egger’s test, meta-regression was conducted, and no significant cause was found. Hence, we speculated that other causes might lead to the publication bias. However, no other clinical information was extracted because of limited clinical information in the included studies. To further demonstrate these associations, more studies that include clinical information should be conducted.

Although the results showed that p14^ARF expression has an important role in lung cancer development, several limitations were found in this meta-analysis. First, little clinical information was extracted so that a relevant meta-analysis could not be performed, and this might be one of the reasons of publication bias. Second, moderate publication bias existed in the meta-analysis, which affected the accuracy of results. Third, the patients of included studies were mostly from Chinese population. Hence, the results mostly suggested that p14^ARF expression was significantly associated with the risk of lung cancer in Chinese population.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis demonstrated that there was a significant association between p14^ARF expression and lung cancer risk. Furthermore, p14^ARF expression was significantly associated with the TNM-stage of lung cancer in Chinese population. However, due to limitations in this study, future studies that are derived from different ethnicities and have enough clinical information are needed to clarify these conclusions.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.