Patients harboring ALK rearrangement adenocarcinoma after acquired resistance to crizotinib and transformation to small-cell lung cancer: a case report

Abstract

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement responds to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in lung cancer. Many cases ultimately acquire resistance to crizotinib. Resistance, including ALK-dominant or ALK non-dominant, mechanisms have been described. Transformation to small-cell lung cancer is rare. Herein, we report a 49-year-old man diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, who was negative for EGFR and ALK genes as detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and was treated with crizotinib. A new biopsy showed a small-cell lung cancer after disease progression. Then, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was carried out and detected a TP53 gene mutation, an ALK rearrangement, and no loss of the retinoblastoma gene (RB). Although a regimen for small-cell lung cancer may be one treatment option, a heterogeneous tumor may exist at the time of diagnosis and manifest during the course of disease.

Keywords:

• lung cancer
• ALK
• crizotinib
• small-cell lung cancer

Introduction

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) gene rearrangements occur in 2%–7% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).¹ Crizotinib is the standard treatment for advanced ALK-positive NSCLC and has been shown to have impressive single-agent activity in this type of patient.^2,3 While most patients respond to crizotinib, every patient will ultimately experience disease progression within 1–2 years.² Drug resistance has not only become the major limitation of clinical efforts, but also is the most urgent issue in need of resolution for prolonging life in patients with NSCLC. It is encouraging that molecular acquired resistance mechanisms to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been identified. With in-depth research, new therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance have been used to prolong survival of patients with advanced NSCLC. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to crizotinib that have been explored include on-target genetic alterations or off-target mechanisms of resistance;⁴ however, other complex resistance mechanisms, such as mechanisms of resistance to EGFR-TKIs, still exist.⁵ Histologic transformation into small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been reported in some ALK fusion adenocarcinomas; however, there are no established treatment strategies to manage such transformations.

Here, we report a patient who developed acquired resistance to crizotinib with transformation to SCLC. Moreover, we have summarized some published reports which have improved our understanding of the transformation to SCLC in ALK fusion adenocarcinoma.

Case report

A 49-year-old man, a never smoker, presented to our hospital with a 1-month history of cough and blood-stained sputum in October 2012. CT scans revealed a mass in the right upper lung, right hilar lymph node enlargement, and multiple nodules in the right lung. Cerebral and lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a nodule in the right cerebellum and a centrum tumor at the L₂ level (T₄N₁M_1b stage IV). A pathologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma cells was established based on a bronchoscopic biopsy (Figure 1). Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis demonstrated positivity for TTF-1 and Napsin A, and negativity for cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 and P63 (Figure 1 and Table 1). Tumor tissue was shown to be wild-type of epidermal growth factor receptor variants by ARMS (AmoyDx, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China), and EML4-ALK fusion was shown by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; AmoyDx; Figure 2). The patient received five cycles of first-line chemotherapy with cisplatin and paclitaxel from October 2012 to January 2013. The best tumor response was a partial response according to RECIST criteria, and the progression-free survival (PFS) was 7.0 months. In May 2013, the tumor progressed (right lower lobe nodules and brain metastases). The patient underwent crizotinib treatment (250 mg/bid, orally) from May 2013 to October 2014. He received whole-brain radiotherapy (2 Gy per fraction, 1 fraction per day ×20 days; total radiation dose 50 Gy). The curative effect of crizotinib treatment was stable disease (SD). After progression on crizotinib, the patient underwent multiple cycles of cytotoxic chemotherapy (gemcitabine, docetaxel, and bevacizumab; Table 2). A secondary biopsy of the enlarging mass in the right lung was performed. Histologic examination of the biopsy specimen revealed SCLC without adenocarcinoma components (Figure 3). IHC analysis demonstrated positivity for Syn and CD56, negativity for CgA, and a Ki-67 index of 98% (Figure 3). To search for new therapeutic strategies, additional gene detection was performed on the tissue sample by next-generation sequencing (Gene plus, Beijing, People’s Republic of China), which showed a TP53 gene mutation (p.R248W) and ALK rearrangement accompanied by ERBB3 p.P554Q, NOTCH1 p.P3S, IL7R p.P417R, and IL6ST p.A896V, but no loss of the retinoblastoma gene (RB). The next generation sequencing (NGS) assay was performed using the HiSEquation 4000 (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). Then, the patient underwent etoposide monotherapy. After two cycles, the effect was SD. The patient remains alive at the time of writing this article. We have listed small-cell transformations following treatment with ALK-TKIs, including crizotinib/alectinib/ceritinib/lorlatinib in Table 3. The authors confirm that written informed consent for publication of case details and any accompanying images has been provided by the patient.

Figure 1 Hematoxylin–eosin staining and immunohistochemistry in adenocarcinoma before crizotinib treatment.

Notes: (A) Hematoxylin–eosin staining revealed that tumor cells were lung adenocarcinoma (×200). (B) Immunohistochemical examination revealed that tumor cells were positive for monoclonal anti-TTF-1 antibody (×200). (C) Immunohistochemical examination revealed that tumor cells were positive for monoclonal anti-Napsin A antibody (×200).

Figure 2 Amplification plot of EML4-ALK-positive by amplification refractory mutation system method.

Figure 3 Hematoxylin–eosin staining and immunohistochemistry in small-cell cancer after crizotinib treatment.

Notes: (A) Hematoxylin–eosin staining revealed that tumor cells were lung small-cell cancer (×100). (B) Immunohistochemical examination revealed that tumor cells were positive for monoclonal anti-CD56 antibody (×100). (C) Immunohistochemical examination revealed that tumor cells were positive for monoclonal anti-Syn antibody (×200). (D) Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the tumor cell proliferation index was 98% for monoclonal anti-Ki-67 antibody (×100). (E) Immunohistochemical examination revealed that tumor cells were negative for monoclonal anti-CgA antibody (×100). (F) Immunohistochemical examination revealed that tumor cells were negative for monoclonal anti-PD-L1 antibody (×100).

Table 1 Primary antibodies used for immunhistochemical staining

Antibody	Clone	Dilution	Purchased from
TTF-1	SPT24	1:100	Zymed Laboratories, Inc.
NapsinA	OTI3E5	1:100	Zymed Laboratories, Inc.
P63	UMAB4	1:100	Zymed Laboratories, Inc.
CK5/6	D5/16B4	1:100	Zymed Laboratories, Inc.
CK8/18	Zym5.2	1:100	Zymed Laboratories, Inc.
SP-A	32E12	1:100	Zymed Laboratories, Inc.
CK	AE1/AE3	1:100	Zymed Laboratories, Inc.
Syn	EP158	1:100	Zymed Laboratories, Inc.
CgA	EP38	1:100	Zymed Laboratories, Inc.
CD56	UMAB83	1:100	Zymed Laboratories, Inc.
Ki-67	EP5	1:100	Zymed Laboratories, Inc.
PD-L1	SP142	1:100	Ventana Medical Systems, Inc.

Table 2 Details of the treatment process

Treatment	Time	Curative effect
Albumin paclitaxel + cisplatin, 2 cycles; albumin paclitaxel, 3 cycles	October 2014 to February 2015	SD
Anlotinib (clinical trial)	September 2015 to June 2016	SD
Gemcitabine + Nedaplatin	June 2016 to August 2016	PD
Docetaxel + bevacizumab, 4 cycles; bevacizumab, 2 cycles	August 2016 to November 2016	SD
Rechallenge with crizotinib	November 2016 to December 2016	PD

Abbreviations: SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease.

Table 3 List of reported small-cell transformations resistant to crizotinib/alectinib/ceritinib/lorlatinib

Study	Cha et al^Citation6	Takegawa et al^Citation7	Fujita et al^Citation8	Miyamoto et al^Citation9	Caumont et al^Citation10	Levacq et al^Citation11
Ethnicity	Korean	Japanese	Japanese	Japanese	French	Belgian
Age (years)	72	43	67	58	63	53
Gender	Male	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female
Smoking history	40 pack-years	NA	Never smoker	Never smoker	Never smoker	Never smoker
CNS metastasis present	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Resistance to most immediate prior crizotinib/alectinib/ceritinib/lorlatinib	Crizotinib	Alectinib (also crizotinib prior to alectinib)	Alectinib (also crizotinib prior to alectinib)	Alectinib (also crizotinib prior to alectinib)	Crizotinib	Ceritinib (also crizotinib prior to certinib)
Subsequent SCLC therapy	NA	None	Alectinib + irinotecan (with PR)	Cisplatin/irinotecan	NA	Cisplatin/etoposide followed by CAV
Study			Ou et al^Citation12			8 (present case)
Ethnicity			American			Chinese
Age (years)			35			49
Gender			Male			Male
Smoking history			Never smoker			Never smoker
CNS metastasis present			Yes			Yes
Resistance to most immediate prior crizotinib/alectinib/ceritinib/lorlatinib			Lorlatinib (also prior ceritinib to alectinib)			Crizotinib
First-line treatment assessment			Carboplatin/etoposide + alectinib			Etoposide

Abbreviations: CAV, chemotherapy regimen (cyclophosphamide + doxorubicin + vincristine); CNS, central nervous system; PR, partial response; SCLC, small-cell lung cancer; NA, not available.

Discussion

With the rapid development of molecular diagnostic technology, targeted therapy is effective for patients with advanced NSCLC and associated driver genes; however, a majority of patients will eventually acquire resistance to the targeted drug and experience disease progression. Therefore, some ALK-positive patients also develop acquired resistance to ALK-TKIs. Known acquired mechanisms that cause resistance to ALK-TKIs have been described, and can be divided into two types (ALK dominant and ALK non-dominant).¹³ ALK-dominant mechanisms include ALK secondary mutations and ALK amplification, whereas ALK non-dominant mechanisms include bypassing downstream signaling, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), KRAS, KIT, MET, and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor pathways. Approximately 25% of acquired mechanisms of resistance are mediated by unknown mechanisms.¹⁴ With respect to EGFR-TKIs, 3%–15% of the patients with EGFR-mutated lung cancer develop acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs by histologic transformation to SCLC.^15,16 Similarly, a mechanism underlying SCLC transformation in ALK-positive tumors has been reported in some cases.^6–12

In the present case in which the re-biopsied SCLC tissue was examined, ALK rearrangement was still detected. In addition, chemotherapy and/or anti-angiogenic drug treatment-induced change in initial tumor morphology should, therefore, be considered. If the transformation had occurred before crizotinib treatment, a rapid growth of the primary lesion during crizotinib therapy would have been observed. Moreover, the primary lesion did not show an increase in size during albumin paclitaxel or docetaxel combination with bevacizumab therapy, and only limited agent activity on SCLC was reported with these agents.¹⁷ These findings imply that the transformation to SCLC during crizotinib treatment was the main cause of acquired resistance in this case. The pathophysiologic mechanism underlying transfor-mation to SCLC following ALK-TKI treatment is not well understood. According to the mechanism of EGFR-TKIs, two possibilities have been stated, including a phenotype switch from NSCLC to SCLC, and SCLC and adenocarcinoma may coexist at baseline, with SCLC becoming dominant during disease progression after EGFR-TKI therapy.^5,18 We thought the mechanism of transformation to SCLC in ALK-TKIs was similar to that with EGFR-TKIs. Although the pathologic features of the present case were re-evaluated, SCLC was not identified in the primary biopsy specimen. Because of the initial bronchial biopsy, there was limited availability of the tissue sample.

In contrast, although the cause of transformation into SCLC is unclear, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (RB and TP53) seems important and constitutes an initial event in the tumorigenic process.¹⁶ Some reports have revealed the role of RB gene loss and/or TP53 mutation in ALK-positive NSCLC transformed into SCLC^11,15,16; however, in our case, there was no loss of RB, but a TP53 gene mutation occurred. We reasoned that RB gene loss or TP53 gene mutation could participate in the transformation of adenocarcinoma to SCLC, but the two genes were not always concurrent as the transforming event. Furthermore, we demonstrated a NOTCH1 gene mutation, and this constituted the first reported gene involving transformation to SCLC. It has been reported that approximately 25% of patients with SCLC have a NOTCH1 gene family abnormality identified on next-generation sequencing.¹⁹ We hypothesize that, if inactivation of the RB1 or P53 or NOTCH1 gene is identified in the primary tumor tissue, the tumor may be at higher risk of SCLC transformation following target drug therapy.

The present case supports attempts to re-biopsy the tumor for selection of treatment after acquired resistance. There are no established treatment strategies to manage patients with transformation to SCLC. In agreement with reported cases, Fujita et al⁸ reported treatment with a combination of irinotecan and alectinib, resulting in an ongoing partial response to the primary lesion with a maintained partial response to the other lesions. Miyamoto et al⁹ showed that after two cycles of cisplatin–irinotecan treatment, there was a reduction in the size of mediastinal lymph nodes, whereas there was an increase in the size and number of nodes in both lung fields. Ou et al¹² suggest that the patient switch to a third-generation ALK-TKI within 2 months of treatment and disease progression. The patient underwent etoposide monotherapy in our case. After two cycles, the effect was SD. Nevertheless, as the heterogeneity of response to different therapeutic strategies of the reported case suggests, the re-biopsy site only represents a partial pathology of the resistance, and the mechanism of resistance may differ from one site to another. Given the heterogeneity and the variety of acquired resistance mechanisms to target drugs, re-biopsy of only one site might not always be appropriate. We think detection of gene variations in blood samples with homogeneity in ctDNA by NGS may be a supplemental method with re-biopsy for analysis, in some cases. It is clinically challenging to choose the treatment mode when transformation to SCLC occurs. More research on optimal treatment methods are needed.

Conclusion

Oncologists should realize the possibility of transformation to SCLC after patients acquire resistance to ALK-TKI therapy. A re-biopsy should be performed to facilitate histologic and molecular analysis. Transformation to SCLC is an important consideration for choosing appropriate therapy due to the potential efficacy of standard SCLC treatments or a combination of next-generation AKL-TKIs.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Zhejiang Province of China (2013KYB051), Zhejiang Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Foundation (2013ZQ005), Science and Technology Planning Project of Zhejiang Province (2015C33194), and the National Clinical Key Specialty Construction Program (2013).

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.