Circulating tumor cells correlate with patterns of recurrence in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and patterns of recurrence in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. The study involved patients with histologically confirmed, advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma, who were tested for CTCs (Veridex^®) when they developed recurrence after radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation between 2008 and 2014. Forty-two prostate cancer patients were evaluated. CTCs were detected in 14 out of 42 (33.3%) patients (Group A), while the remaining 28 (66.7%) showed undetectable levels of CTCs (Group B). The mean prostate-specific antigen value was higher in Group A in comparison to Group B (6.2 vs 3.3 ng/dL) (P=0.48). Presence of bone metastases alone or along with nodal metastases was more common in Group A (57.1%) in comparison to Group B (25%) (P=0.04). In a univariate analysis, the presence of CTCs at diagnosis correlated with the development of bone recurrence (OR: 4; 95% CI: 1.0–15.9; P=0.05). Even if the study enrolled only a small number of patients, the detection of CTCs in the blood appears to correlate with the pattern of progression in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, suggesting a possible role in anticipating recurrence at the bone in men with higher tumor load. Further prospective studies are warranted in this setting.

Keywords:

• prostate cancer
• CTCs
• bone metastasis
• biochemical failure

Introduction

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men in most Western countries, and the optimal strategy of treatment in early disease includes radical prostatectomy.¹ However, external beam radiation therapy is sometimes preferred, as it is associated with a reduction in both early and late complications.² Unfortunately, the 20%–40% of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy^1,2 and the 30%–50% of patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) experience recurrence within 10 years.³ In this setting, clinical and histopathological factors, such as baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, pathologic tumor and lymph node stage, Gleason score, surgery and PSA doubling time have been evaluated for their prognostic and predictive role.⁴ However, the identification of patients with high risk of local and/or distant recurrence still remains difficult, and new predictive biomarkers are needed. High-risk prostate cancer patients undergoing treatment often experience biochemical recurrence, also apart from developing bone metastases, with related clinical complications and a decline in the quality of life. In this setting, it is reported that the use of adjuvant bisphosphonates may help in delaying tumor-related skeletal events.⁵ Close monitoring of patients and the identification of new predictive markers of recurrence could benefit patients who may need further adjuvant treatment to prevent bone metastases and the associated complications.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells detectable in the peripheral blood after probably being released by the tumor. CTCs showed prognostic significance either before or during systemic therapy in prostate cancer.⁶ Moreover, in patients with metastatic disease, the presence of CTCs correlates with decreased overall survival.^7,8 Finally, it has been shown that CTCs also predict responsiveness to hormonal therapy or chemotherapy in patients with prostate cancer.^8,9 However, very few data are available on the correlation between CTC positivity and patterns of recurrence in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of a correlation between CTC positivity and risk of recurrence in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

Patients and methods

Eligibility criteria

This study involved patients with histologically confirmed, advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma treated at the Radiotherapy Department, Azienda Socio – Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Italy, who showed recurrence after radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy between 2008 and 2014. Hormone therapy and whole-pelvis radiation were used at the discretion of the treating physician. Patients who received adjuvant RT (initiated <6 months after radical prostatectomy) were included. Prior adjuvant hormonal therapy was allowed if the duration of therapy was ≤24 months and progression had occurred >12 months after completion of therapy.

Follow-up and definition of outcome

Follow-up after primary treatment included medical examination and PSA dosage every 3 months for the first 2 years and every 6 months after 2 years. Biochemical failure was defined as an increase of PSA ≥0.2 ng/mL at least twice, as per American Urological Association (AUA) recommendation;¹⁰ PSA rise >2 ng/mL¹¹ for patients who underwent RT; and PSA doubling time <6 months.¹² During recurrence, diagnostic imaging was performed, including computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET)/CT or bone scan, at the discretion of the treating physician. Metastatic disease was defined by the presence of bone and/or soft tissue involvement. A clinical database was established, which contained patient characteristics, tumor grading according to Gleason score and follow-up details, including PSA concentrations.

Ethical approval

All procedures were performed according to the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki 1964 and later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Azienda Socio – Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants included in this study.

CTC isolation method

A peripheral blood sample was collected for the evaluation of CTCs. Isolation and enumeration of CTCs was performed using Veridex CellSearch^® assay. For CTCs enumeration, 20 mL of whole blood was drawn into two proprietary CellSave tubes (Veridex). CTC positivity was defined as ≥5 CTCs/7.5 mL. After immunomagnetic capture, the CTCs were labeled with a fluorescent nucleic acid dye, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. The identification and quantification of CTCs was performed by the CellTracks Analyzer II, a semiautomated fluorescence microscope that enables computer-generated reconstruction of cellular images. CTCs are defined as nucleated cells expressing cytokeratins (CKs) 8, 18 and 19 and lacking CD45.

Statistical considerations

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether CTCs correlate with patterns of recurrence in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. The CellSearch detection assay, is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and was used for the counting of CTCs.⁶ For trial purposes, patients were divided into two groups: group A containing patients with positive CTC result (≥5 CTCs/7.5 mL) and group B having patients with negative CTC samples (<5 CTCs/7.5 mL).

For statistical analysis purposes, a preliminary data exploration was performed. Numerical variables were expressed as median and range, and these were compared using nonparametric tests (Mann–Whitney U-test). Qualitative data were expressed as frequencies and organized into contingency tables; the association between categorical variables was investigated by means of the Fisher’s exact test or Person’s chi-square. Time-dependent variables were calculated according to the Kaplan–Meier method. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify the applicability of positive CTC results in the prediction of metastatic recurrence. For the entire statistical analysis, the significance level was established at P<0.05. All data were analyzed using STATA software.

Results

Patient characteristics

From September 2008 to June 2014, peripheral blood samples of 42 prostate cancer patients with recurrence after primary treatment were analyzed. CTCs were detected in 14 patients out of 42 (33.3%, Group A), while these were undetectable in the remaining 28 patients (66.7%, Group B) (Figure 1). The characteristics of the 42 enrolled patients are shown in Table 1. The median age was 65 years (63 and 66 years in the groups A and B, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the type of primary treatment between the two groups. Moreover, 8 patients (57.1%) in Group A and 8 (28.5%) in Group B had a Gleason score ≥8.

Figure 1 Occurrence of CTCs.

Note: Red bars indicate the CTC-positive patients; blue bars indicate the CTC-negative patients.
Abbreviation: CTC, circulating tumor cell.

Table 1 Patient characteristics

Characteristics of enrolled patients	Overall	Group A	Group B
	N=42	n=14	n=28
Median age, years	65	63	66
Median PSA values at diagnosis
≤10 ng/mL	34	9	25
>10 ng/mL	8	5	3
Gleason grade
<8	26	6	20
≥8	16	8	8
Primary treatment
Radical prostatectomy	13	5	8
Radiotherapy	14	5	9
Both	15	4	11
LH-RH therapy	18	9	9
Mean PSA values at recurrence, ng/mL	4.3	6.2	3.3
Site of recurrence
Biochemical failure	7	1	6
Prostate	14	5	9
Nodal	6	0	6
Bone + nodal	3	1	2
Bone only	12	7	5

Notes: Group A: CTC-positive patients. Group B: CTC-negative patients.

Abbreviations: CTC, circulating tumor cell; LH-RH, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

Correlation data

At the median follow-up of 56 months, all patients were alive. The median time to recurrence was 32 months (95% CI: 14–42 months) in Group A and 40 months (95% CI: 12–72 months) in Group B (P=0.6) (Table 2). The mean value for PSA was 4.3 ng/mL, with a nonsignificant, higher value in Group A in comparison to that in Group B (6.2 vs 3.3 ng/dL; P=0.48). The main site of recurrence was the bone (39.5%).

Table 2 Numerical variables according to group differences

Variables	Group A	Group B	P-value
Median age, years (range)	63 (45–84)	66 (44–86)	0.7
Median time to first recurrence, months (95% CI)	32 (18–42)	40 (12–72)	0.6
Mean PSA values at recurrence, ng/mL (range)	6.2 (0.2–18.6)	3.3 (0.2–15.8)	0.5

Notes: Group A: CTC-positive patients. Group B: CTC-negative patients.

Abbreviations: CTC, circulating tumor cell; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

Table 3 reports the data on the correlation among primary treatment, Gleason score and sites of recurrence per group. No statistically significant difference was observed between groups A and B in terms of primary treatment (P=0.25) or Gleason score (P=0.07). Bone metastases alone or associated with nodal metastases were more frequent in Group A (57.1%) in comparison to that in Group B (25%) (P=0.04). Moreover, 5 patients (35.7%) had local recurrence and 1 patient (7.1%) had biochemical failure in Group A, but no nodal recurrence was seen. In Group B, 9 patients (32.1%) had local recurrence; 6 (21.4%) had biochemical failure and 6 (21.4%) had nodal recurrence. In univariate analysis of the logistic regression model, the presence of CTCs was statistically correlated with the development of bone metastases (OR =4.0; 95% CI: 1.0–15.9; P=0.05) but not with biochemical recurrence (OR =0.28; 95% CI: 0.32–2.61; P=0.3). Although lacking statistical significance, a correlation was found between presence of CTCs and development of local recurrence (OR =1.17; 95% CI: 0.30–4.52; P=0.8). Finally, correlation between CTC positivity and nodal recurrence was not analyzed due to the absence of cases of nodal recurrence in Group A.

Table 3 Categorical variables according to group differences

Variable	Categories	Group A, n (%)	Group B, n (%)	P-value
Primary treatment	Radical prostatectomy	5 (35.7)	8 (28.5)	0.25
	Radiotherapy	5 (35.7)	9 (32.1)
	Both	4 (28.5)	11 (39.2)
Sites of recurrence	Bone	8 (57.1)	7 (25)	0.04
	Non-bone	6 (42.8)	21 (75)
Gleason score	<8	6 (42.8)	20 (71.4)	0.07
	≥8	8 (57.1)	8 (28.5)

Notes: Group A: CTC-positive patients. Group B: CTC-negative patients. Statistically significant value is shown in bold.

Abbreviation: CTC, circulating tumor cell.

Discussion

Several studies showed the prognostic role of CTCs in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).^6,7 Recently, data from >263 evaluable patients with mCRPC enrolled in a Phase 3 trial (SWOG S0421) showed that detection of CTCs at baseline (pretreatment) is a strong prognostic marker during chemotherapy with docetaxel.¹⁴ In addition, Scher et al evaluated the role of CTCs in mCRPC patients enrolled in the COU-AA-301 Phase 3 trial.¹³ The trial compared abiraterone plus prednisolone to placebo plus prednisolone in patients who progressed after docetaxel. Although CTCs alone failed to show a prognostic significance, the combination of CTCs and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels at 12 weeks showed a prognostic role and met all surrogacy criteria for survival. In accordance with these findings, we confirmed a predictive role of CTCs in patients with recurrent prostate cancer. In fact, the subgroup of patients with a positive CTC count at baseline had a higher PSA mean value at recurrence and higher Gleason score in comparison to men with undetectable CTCs. Positive CTC status at baseline was also associated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS; Tables 2 and 3). It is well known that not all patients with recurrent prostate cancer have the same prognosis. Thus, it is important to identify not only patients at “high risk” of recurrence but also the type of recurrence most likely to occur, namely, local or distant. In this context, several factors have been investigated to evaluate the risk of recurrence,^15,16 but none of these potential factors has demonstrated reliability as predictor of bone metastases. Our results suggest that CTCs may be helpful in identifying a subgroup of patients who are at high risk of developing bone metastases.

However, we report some important limitations to our approach: the small sample size precludes definitive conclusions; furthermore, our patients received different primary treatments (RT, surgery or both); and finally our study is a retrospective study, with its related intrinsic limitations and risk of bias.

Conclusion

Despite the small number of patients, the significant association between the presence of CTCs and tumor recurrence in the bone in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer supports the hypothesis that CTCs may be considered a predictive marker of recurrence. However, further prospective studies with larger numbers of patients are required to confirm our results.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interests in this work.