What strategies do ulcerative colitis patients employ to facilitate adherence?

Abstract

Background

Overall, 30%–45% of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are non-adherent and have difficulties taking their medications; this non-adherence increases the risk of clinical relapse 1.4- to 5.5-fold. This study aimed to clarify the strategies patients employ to facilitate adherence and determine whether the strategies had an impact on good adherence.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire and review of medical records. Patients diagnosed as having UC and attending one of the outpatient clinics of four urban hospitals from June 2009 to December 2012 were enrolled. A questionnaire was developed to identify the strategies patients employ to facilitate adherence and then administered to patients with UC. Adherence to 5-aminosalicylic acid was calculated, and univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the strategies that were associated with good adherence.

Results

The final analyses included 671 participants (mean age 40.2 years; 54.3% males). The valid response rate was 96.9%; 186 (27.7%) participants were classified as non-adherent, the mean adherence rate being 86.1% (standard deviation [SD] 17.9). Seven strategies that patients employ to facilitate adherence were identified, the following two being significantly associated with good adherence: “I keep my medicines where I eat meals” and “I keep each day’s medicine in a pill case or something similar to make sure I have taken them”.

Conclusion

The identified strategies might be used to develop a program to improve medication adherence in patients with UC.

Keywords:

• medication adherence
• self-management
• ulcerative colitis
• 5-aminosalicylic acid

Introduction

The course of ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic, idiopathic, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of the large intestine, is characterized by periods of relapse and remission. The causes of UC are unclear but are believed to be multifactorial, including a dysregulated immune system.¹ Multiple studies have reported the efficacy of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) as first-line therapy for inducing remission and preventing UC relapse.^2,3 5-ASA is therefore prescribed as maintenance therapy for most patients with UC. However, 30%–45% of patients are reportedly non-adherent to 5-ASA, non-adherence being defined as taking <80% of the prescribed dose.^4,5 Non-adherence increases the risk of clinical relapse 1.4- to 5.5-fold.^4,6–8

Various factors related to non-adherence to medication have been reported, including forgetfulness, fear of side effects, lack of knowledge, and having too many pills.^5,9–12 Some interventions to reduce these barriers and difficulties have been reported.^13–17 Strategies such as regimen simplification or use of a reminder system are reportedly effective for enhancing medication adherence in patients with IBD;¹⁷ however, the results are inconsistent.¹⁸ Given that patients with UC are willing to make efforts to adopt some strategies for improving 5-ASA adherence,^19–21 Ghosh²¹ proposed that we need to further explore how to assist patients to acquire skills for improving medication adherence. Generally, such strategies should be easy to adopt and fit into patients’ lifestyles without disrupting their daily lives. This study aimed to explore 1) the strategies patients with UC employ to facilitate adherence and 2) whether those strategies are in fact associated with good adherence.

Methods

Study design and patients

Patients diagnosed as having UC who were attending one of the outpatient clinics of four hospitals located in urban Japan from June 2009 to December 2012 were consecutively enrolled in this survey. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) met the criteria for UC; 2) aged >20 years; and 3) had been prescribed 5-ASA. Patients were excluded if they 1) had a history of surgery for UC; 2) were unable to complete the questionnaires; 3) had any serious complications; or 4) were participating in other clinical studies at the time of study entry.

This study was a cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire and review of medical records. After the outpatient visit, the physician introduced the patient to one of the researchers. The researcher then explained the study protocol to each patient and obtained written, informed consent before handing him/her the questionnaire.

Measures

We hypothesized that there was a significant relationship between good adherence to 5-ASA and each adherence strategy, after adjusting for various factors (namely, psychosocial factors, disease characteristics, medication characteristics, abdominal symptoms, and sociodemographic characteristics).

Strategies patients employ to facilitate adherence

First, 12 patients with UC were asked the following question: “Please tell us what efforts or practices you engage to ensure you take 5-ASA as prescribed every day”. Second, research experts in IBD (seven physicians, three clinical nurses, and two research nurses) were asked the following question: “Please tell us what efforts or practices you engage in to ensure that your patients take their prescribed drug(s) every day”. Their answers were summarized into seven questionnaire items on how to maintain medication adherence. These items were further examined by 13 patients and eight IBD specialists for face validity, and all concluded that the items were relevant and representative of possible strategies patients employ to facilitate adherence. In the subsequent survey, these seven items were responded to on a 5-point Likert-scale (5= completely agree, 4= mostly agree, 3= unsure, 2= mostly disagree, and 1= completely disagree), with higher scores indicating more frequent use.

Good adherence to 5-ASA

A previously described method for calculating 5-ASA adherence^4,22 was used in this study. In short, the rate of adherence to 5-ASA during the 7 days prior to study enrollment was calculated by dividing reported taken dose by prescribed dose as written in the medical record according to a method used in previous studies.^23,24 We did use pill count methods over ~2 months, a relatively long time in patients with UC taking 5-ASA, to investigate the validity of 7-day self-reports of adherence and found that most patients were within the accepted range of agreement. Good adherence to 5-ASA was defined as taking >80% of the prescribed doses and non-adherence as consumption of ≤80%.^4,6

Control variables: disease, medication, sociodemographic characteristics, abdominal symptoms, and psychological variables

The following information was collected from the medical records or asked in the questionnaire: disease characteristics (age at diagnosis, duration of UC, family history, duration of current remission, disease region by recent colonoscopy), medication characteristics (type of 5-ASA, times of day drugs taken, daily number of tablets taken, daily prescribed dose, any current concomitant therapy for UC), and abdominal symptoms (stool consistency, bowel movements, urgency, pain, visible bleeding). Quantitative variables were categorized based on previous studies⁵ or using their median. Participants were asked about their sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, employment status, marital status, educational level, and living situation) in the questionnaire. Patient–practitioner relationships were assessed as psychological variables. The doctor–patient relationship was assessed using the Japanese version of the trust in the physician scale.^25,26 The scale consists of 11 items; higher scores indicate greater trust. The validity and reliability of this scale have been confirmed.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics are shown as mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and as n (%) for categorical variables. First, univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the strategies and control variables related to good adherence to 5-ASA. To facilitate interpretation of the relation between each strategy and good adherence, patients who responded with 5 or 4 to a questionnaire item on how to maintain medication adherence were designated the “usage” group, whereas those who responded with 1, 2, or 3 were categorized as the “non-usage” group for that item. The control variables with significant associations with good adherence (P<0.20) were entered into a multiple logistic regression model as independent variables for adjustment. When Pearson’s correlation coefficient among the independent variables was >0.7, the variable with the smaller P-value was left in the model. A backward multiple logistic regression analysis was then conducted. Each strategy (<0.20 in univariate analysis) was assessed separately to determine whether it was significantly associated with good adherence after adjustment for control variables. Calibration of each final logistic model was assessed by the Hosmer–Lemeshow χ² test. All analyses were performed with SAS version 9.4 for Windows (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).

Ethical standards

This study was approved by the ethics committee of each hospital from which participants were recruited The University of Tokyo, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Keio University and Social Insurance Central General Hospital. To maximize the chances of obtaining consent from patients with non-adherence and of accurate responses concerning their adherence, patients were informed before their consent to participate was requested that their responses to the questionnaire would be masked to their physicians.

Results

Patients’ characteristics

The inclusion criteria were met by 709 patients, 18 of whom declined to participate and four of whom failed to return the questionnaire. The response rate was 96.9%. Sixteen had missed items concerning strategies and were excluded from the analysis. Thus, 671 participants were included in the final analyses (Table 1). A total of 485 (72.3%) participants were classified as having good adherence, the overall mean adherence rate being 86.1% (SD 17.9). The mean age was 40.2 years, and 54.3% were males. The mean prescribed 5-ASA dose was 3.3 g/day. One hundred and seventy-five of the participants (26.1%) reported visible bleeding.

Table 1 Participants’ characteristics (n=671)

Variables	n (%), mean ± SD, or median with IQR
Strategies that patients employ to facilitate adherence
I keep my drugs in a place where I can notice them (Item 1)	4	(3–5)
I keep my drugs in my bag or at the office or school in preparation for going out (Item 2)	4	(2–5)
I keep my medicines where I eat meals (Item 3)	4	(2–5)
I keep each day’s meds in a pill case or something similar to make sure I have taken them (Item 4)	2	(1–3)
When going out, I take my drugs before leaving even if it is a little early (Item 5)	1	(1–3)
When I miss a dose, I make up for it to meet the daily dose by taking extra at the next dose (Item 6)	1	(1–2)
I have my family members or the people around me remind me to take my drugs so that I won’t forget to take them (Item 7)	1	(1–2)
Psychological factors
Trust in the physiciana	46.0±6.1
Disease characteristics
Age at diagnosis,a years	31.3±11.9
Duration of UC, yearsb	8.9±6.9
Family historyc
Yes	36	(5.4)
No	634	(94.6)
The duration of current remission, monthsd	22.0±28.7
Disease region by recent colonoscopye
Total and left side	505	(75.9)
Rectum	160	(24.1)
Medication characteristics
5-ASA
Times a day drugs taken
≥2	224	(33.4)
≤3	447	(66.6)
Number of tablets/day	7.8±2.1
Any current concomitant therapyf
Yes	325	(48.4)
No	346	(51.6)
Abdominal symptoms
Stool consistency
Liquid	76	(11.3)
Formed	595	(88.7)
Bowel movements/day
≥4 times	319	(47.5)
≤3 times	352	(52.5)
Urgency
Yes	251	(37.4)
No	420	(62.6)
Painc
Yes	179	(26.7)
No	492	(73.3)
Visible bleeding
Yes	175	(26.1)
No	496	(73.9)
Sociodemographic characteristics
Sex
Female	307	(45.8)
Male	364	(54.2)
Age,c years	40.2±12.0
Employmentc
Part time job, student, housewife, unemployed	281	(41.9)
Full time job, family operated business	389	(58.1)
Marital statusc
Unmarried, divorced, widowed	282	(42.0)
Married	388	(58.0)
Educational levelc
College or higher	351	(52.4)
Junior high school, high school, vocational school, junior college	319	(47.6)
Living situation
Living alone	114	(17.0)
Living with someone	557	(83.0)

Notes:

a n=668,

b n=669,

c n=670,

d n=666, and

e n=665.

f Indicates the following therapies: topical therapy, corticosteroids, thiopurines, calcineurin inhibitors, leukocyte apheresis, and biologic agents.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.

Strategies patients employ to facilitate adherence

Table 1 lists the median and interquartile range (IQR) of the strategies patients employ to facilitate adherence. The strategies with high median scores were “I keep the medicines close to me” (Item 1), “I keep the medicines ready for going out” (Item 2), and “I keep the medicines where I eat meals” (Item 3). The strategies with low median scores were “When I go out, I take the drugs before leaving, even if that is a little early” (Item 5), “I take an extra dose at the next time when I have missed a dose” (Item 6), and “I have people remind me to take them” (Item 7).

Relationships between the strategies patients employ to facilitate adherence and good adherence to 5-ASA

Table 2 lists the results of univariate logistic regression analysis. Items 2 and 4 of the seven strategies were significantly associated with good adherence and Item 3 tended to be associated with it. The following factors were included in the multivariate logistic regression analyses as control variables: doctor–patient relationship, length of current remission, disease region by recent colonoscopy, daily number of tablets taken, any current concomitant therapy, and visible bleeding (Table 2). Because there was a significant association between current age and age at diagnosis (rs =0.86, P<0.01), we used age at diagnosis rather than current age. “I keep my medicines where I eat meals” (Item 2) and “I keep each day’s meds in a pill case or something similar to make sure I have taken them” (Item 4) remained in each final logistic regression model after adjustment for other factors (Table 3). However, “I keep my drugs in my bag or at my office or school in case I need them while I am out of my house” (Item 2) was not significantly associated with good adherence (odds ratio =1.34, 95% confidence interval =0.92–1.95, P=0.12).

Table 2 Results of univariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with good adherence (n=671)

Variables	OR	95% CI	P-value
Strategies that patients employ to be adherent
I keep my drugs in a place where I can notice them (Item 1)
Usage	0.99	0.68–1.43	0.99
Non-usage	Reference
I keep my drugs in my bag or at the office or school in preparation for going out (Item 2)
Usage	1.31	0.92–1.82	0.13
Non-usage	Reference
I keep my medicines where I eat meals (Item 3)
Usage	1.66	1.18–2.23	<0.01
Non-usage	Reference
I keep each day’s meds in a pill case or something similar to make sure I have taken them (Item 4)
Usage	3.31	2.00–5.48	<0.01
Non-usage	Reference
When going out, I take my drugs before leaving even if it is a little early (Item 5)
Usage	0.77	0.50–1.17	0.22
Non-usage	Reference
When I miss a dose, I make up for it to meet the daily dose by taking extra at the next dose (Item 6)
Usage	0.87	0.56–1.36	0.55
Non-usage	Reference
I have my family members or the people around me remind me to take my drugs so that I won’t forget to take them (Item 7)
Usage	0.94	0.57–1.57	0.83
Non-usage	Reference
Psychological factors
Doctor–patient relationshipa	1.04	1.008–1.06	0.01
Disease characteristics
Age at diagnosisa	1.02	1.001–1.03	0.03
Duration of UCb	0.99	0.97–1.02	0.75
Family historyc
Yes	1.005	0.48–2.13	0.99
No	Reference
Duration of current remissiond	0.99	0.98–0.99	0.02
Disease region by recent colonoscopye
Total and left side	1.53	1.04–2.24	0.03
Rectum	Reference
Medication characteristics
5-ASA
Times of day drugs taken
≤2	1.15	0.87–1.51	0.33
≥3	Reference
Number of tablets/day	1.09	1.001–1.19	0.048
Any current concomitant therapyf
Yes	1.78	1.26–2.52	<0.01
No	Reference
Abdominal symptoms
Stool consistency
Liquid	1.05	0.59–1.71	0.99
Formed	Reference
Bowel movements/day
≥4 times	1.20	0.85–1.68	0.31
≤3 times	Reference
Urgency
Yes	1.24	0.88–1.76	0.24
No	Reference
Painc
Yes	0.95	0.65–1.39	0.80
No	Reference
Visible bleeding
Yes	0.69	1.001–2.21	0.048
No	Reference
Sociodemographic characteristics
Sex
Female	1.003	0.71–1.41	0.99
Male	Reference
Agec	1.01	0.99–1.03	0.06
Employmentc	Reference
Part time job, student, housewife, unemployed	1.41	0.99–2.00	0.05
Full time job, family operated business	Reference
Marital statusc
Unmarried, divorced, widowed	1.19	0.85–1.68	0.30
Married	Reference
Educational levelc
College or higher	0.93	0.66–1.30	0.66
Junior high school, high school, vocational school, junior college	Reference
Living situation
Living alone	1.19	0.77–1.85	0.44
Living with someone	Reference

Notes:

a n=668,

b n=669,

c n=670,

d n=666, and

e n=665.

f Indicates the following therapies: topical therapy, corticosteroids, thiopurines, calcineurin inhibitors, leukocyte apheresis, and biologic agents.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 3 Results of multivariate analysis of relationships between strategy items 2, 3, or 4 and good adherence (n=657)

Variables	Model 1	Model 2
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
I keep my drugs in the place where I take meals (Item 3)
Usage	1.47 (1.02–2.12)*
Non-usage	Reference
I keep each day’s meds in a pill case or something similar to make sure I have taken them (Item 4)
Usage		2.98 (1.74–5.12)
Non-usage		Reference
Disease region by recent colonoscopy
Total and left side	1.37 (0.92–2.07)	1.36 (0.97–2.05)
Rectum	Reference	Reference
Any current concomitant therapy
Yes	1.19 (0.80–1.78)	1.15 (0.76–1.73)
No	Reference	Reference
Duration of current remission	1.00 (0.99–1.003)	0.99 (0.99–1.00)
Age at diagnosis	1.02 (1.00–1.03)	1.01 (0.99–1.03)
Visible bleeding
Yes	1.46 (0.94–2.25)	1.39 (0.89–2.16)
No	Reference	Reference
Doctor–patient relationship	1.04 (1.01–1.07) *	1.03 (1.002–1.06) *
Number of tablets/day	1.04 (0.95–1.14)	1.02 (0.93–1.13)
Employment	1.33 (0.92–1.93)	1.23 (0.85–1.79)

Notes: Hosmer–Lemeshow test: Model 1 (χ² =11.0, degrees of freedom =8, P=0.21) and Model 2 (χ² =12.1, degrees of freedom =8, P=0.17).

* P<0.05.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Discussion

The present study examined the strategies patients employ to facilitate adherence and their relationships with good adherence. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) seven strategies that patients employ to facilitate adherence were identified and 2) two of these strategies were independently associated with good adherence after adjustment for control variables. No previous study has reported the strategies patients employ to facilitate adherence from the patients’ perspective. These strategies may also be useful for patients with other chronic illness who take medications for a long time because we believe that such patients share certain characteristics with those with UC taking 5-ASA, for example, numerous pills and forgetfulness. Many patients reported keeping their medication where it readily attracted their attention during their daily activities (Items 1, 2, and 3). In this study, ~70% of the patients took their medications more than three times a day, which meant that many of them had to take their medication in places other than their homes during the day. Therefore, study patients made a habit of keeping their medication in a bag or at their office or school. All participants employed some of the seven strategies in their daily lives. A previous study has shown that one of the important factors in facilitating self-care, including taking medication, is feasibility.²⁷ The strategies identified in this study were therefore simple and easy and therefore would likely be helpful to other patients with UC who have not previously adopted them.

The items “I keep my medicines where I eat meals” and “I keep each day’s meds in a pill case or something similar to make sure I have taken them” were independently associated with good adherence. Because patients are often instructed to take medications after meals, establishing an environment that enabled them to take drugs immediately after eating was thought to be related to good adherence. The use of a pill case, the efficacy of which has been reported by previous studies,^16,28 was the strongest factor related to good adherence. This may be because this strategy helps patients to determine whether they have taken their medication. It is necessary in the future to identify factors associated with using a pill case and investigate ways of facilitating pill case use in daily life.

This study has some limitations, the first being selection bias: the study was conducted at IBD specialist clinics in urban areas and the participants may have been well educated regarding their disease and treatment. For example, the good adherence rate in this study was ~70%, which is slightly more than that in a previous review.⁵ Strategies and relationships between these strategies and good adherence should be investigated in different settings to confirm their generalizability. Second, adherence was only measured for short periods and assessed using a self-report questionnaire and medical records. Thus, our findings may be affected by the recall bias that is inherent to any retrospective study and may not reflect long-term adherence. Long-term adherence needs to be assessed using validated methods such as the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8²⁹ and measuring concentrations of metabolic products of 5-ASA in urine. Third, strategies for minimizing unintentional factors, for example forgetfulness, were mainly extracted in this study. However, it is important to assess intentional factors, such as understanding of the necessity of medication and concern about side effects, when distinguishing good adherence from non-adherence. Further studies need to elucidate intentional factors that relate to good adherence. Finally, because this was a cross-sectional study, it was not possible to evaluate whether employing the strategies would improve future medication adherence. Further prospective research is needed to evaluate strategies for improving adherence.

Conclusion

The strategies patients employ to facilitate adherence and their relationships with good adherence were evaluated. Some convenient strategies that patients employ to facilitate adherence were identified. Additionally, two of these strategies were independent predictors of good adherence after adjustment for control variables. Our findings may help in developing programs for improving medication adherence. Further prospective research is needed to evaluate strategies for promoting adherence.

Author contributions

All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and critically revising the paper and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all staff and patients who participated in this study. This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B; 1979168) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan and by the Chiyoda-Kenko Foundation, Japan.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.