Treatment satisfaction with botulinum toxin: a comparison between blepharospasm and cervical dystonia

Abstract

Background

Differential effects of botulinum toxin (BoNT) treatment in cervical dystonia (CD) and blepharospasm (BSP) treatment satisfaction and emotional responses to a life with a disabling condition were investigated. Special interest was drawn to the course within a BoNT treatment cycle and the effects of subjective well-being vs perceived intensity of motor symptoms and quality of life.

Methods

A questionnaire was distributed among 372 CD patients and 125 BSP patients, recruited from 13 BoNT centers throughout Germany. Items were related to dystonic symptoms, BoNT treatment responses and treatment satisfaction, quality of life, working situation, and emotional reactions to a life with dystonia.

Results

CD patients and BSP patients were widely satisfied with BoNT treatment, but treatment satisfaction worsened significantly within the treatment cycle. Especially CD patients reported that both the dystonic symptoms and the effects of BoNT treatment were influenced by emotional factors. Despite good overall treatment effects, patients from both groups perceived marked persistence of motor symptoms, restrictions of everyday life functions, and reduced quality of life. Functional amelioration of motor symptoms and emotional well-being were only moderately correlated. About 22% of patients from both groups reported mental disorders or emotional disturbances prior to the onset of dystonia.

Conclusion

As numerous psychological factors determine perceived outcome, BoNT treatment should be further improved by patient’s education strategies enhancing behavioral self-control. From the patient’s perspective, individual intervals, which may avoid exacerbation between injection points, should be considered. Moreover, patients at risk, with reduced adherence and poor BoNT outcome, should be identified and addressed within psychoeducation.

Keywords:

• cervical dystonia
• blepharospasm
• botulinum toxin
• adherence
• treatment satisfaction

Introduction

The beneficial effects of botulinum toxin (BoNT) treatment are unquestionable.^1–5 Nonetheless, despite its positive outcome regarding motor symptoms, the effects on quality of life are less clear. Numerous reports have shown that emotional well-being improved during BoNT treatment.^6–11 However, a considerable number of studies have shown elevated prevalence rates for emotional disturbances and mental disorders in cervical dystonia (CD) patients and blepharospasm (BSP) patients, respectively. Most frequent are anxiety, depression, social phobia, and avoidance behavior. Prevalence rates for anxiety and depression are usually reported to be between 40% and 60% for CD patients and BSP patients, respectively.^12–20 In CD patients, social phobia is increased by as much as ten times.^21,22

Whether or not these emotional disorders are reactions to dystonic syndromes (ie, adaptation disorders), perceived insufficiency of BoNT treatment or premorbid load is still unclear. Lencer et al¹⁵ reported that only social phobias are reactive to dystonia. Moraru et al¹⁶ outlined that 42.5% of patients investigated by standardized clinical interview reported at least one mental disorder prior to dystonia onset. In the Fabbrini et al study,¹³ this rate was 39.3% out of 89 patients with focal dystonias. Lifetime prevalence for any neuropsychiatric or personality disorder was estimated to be 71%.¹⁵

Despite the positive overall BoNT treatment outcome, the course of this effect varies widely between injection points.²³ Thus, toward the end of a treatment cycle, therapeutic effect wanes. As a consequence, pain, motor disability, stigma experiences, and negative mood return. Werle et al²⁴ have shown that negative side effects of waning severely affect leisure activities, family and social life, and emotional well-being. Thus, emotional burden remains despite overall effective symptomatic treatment.²⁵

Assessments of emotional well-being strongly depend on the time of investigation within a treatment cycle. Especially in programs with fixed injection intervals, pain and motor disability return during waning of BoNT effects. During this time, many patients seek adjuvant treatments, which are deemed to ameliorate their symptoms.^26–29

Moreover, dystonic patients often experience significant impact of situational, emotional, and behavioral factors on their motor symptoms. The emotional impact on dystonia has been well known since the beginning of the last century.^30–34 In selected patients, these factors may, in part, overshadow the effects of BoNT treatment and, in turn, may enhance dysfunctional coping and decrease adherence, respectively.

It is well known in clinical neuropsychology that lessening of symptom severity and emotional well-being are only loosely correlated. Müller et al¹⁷ have shown that reduced quality of life persists despite good improvements in BoNT treatment.^8,29 Moreover, mental disorders have the largest contribution for disability.³⁵ Decreased quality of life mostly depends on depression¹¹ or both on depression and anxiety.²⁰ Overall, it has been shown that quality of life depends more on depression than on motor disability, or on the effects of BoNT.^{7,11,18,22,34,36,37} Depression itself seems to be due to stigma, poor body image, and reduced self-esteem.^37–39

Thus, due to the variety of factors influencing treatment satisfaction, we addressed three questions: First, we wanted to know whether or not CD and BSP patients respond differentially to BoNT treatment and its implications on everyday activities. Second, we investigated the course of BoNT effects between injections and the perceived influence of emotional and behavioral factors on BoNT-associated amelioration and exacerbation of motor symptoms. Finally, we wanted to describe the relationship between perceived symptom amelioration and emotional well-being in these two patient groups.

Methods

Study design

Treatment satisfaction and emotional responses were investigated in patients with dystonia undergoing BoNT treatment. Thirteen BoNT centers, both in-patient units and out-patient centers, were approached in order to gain better insight into patient satisfaction through a survey for patients and their treating neurologists. Centers were distributed throughout Germany. After informed consent was obtained, patients received a questionnaire, which was sampled by their respective BoNT centers and sent to the department of psychology at Martin-Luther-University, where data analysis was performed.

This market research study was conducted under consideration of the “Code of Conduct” published by the European Pharmaceutical Market Research Association. All patients provided voluntary, informed consent to data collection and use, based upon a clear understanding of the purpose of the data collection and the use to which the data will be put. Thus, patients were completely briefed about the purpose of the study and could reject their participation without any consequences for their BoNT treatment or any other medical or psychological intervention. No invasive research, human testing, or access to patients’ records were required in the recruitment or data collection. No personal data that allowed patient identification were obtained, nor were pseudonyms or codes noted in the protocols. Thus, both the medical staff and the investigators were completely blind with respect to patient identity.

Participant recruitment

Only patients with verified dystonia were recruited. No preselection with respect to sociodemographic variables, physical, or mental comorbidity or type of BoNT was done. Patients were excluded if they were not able to understand the instructions and if they were unable to read or to fluently communicate in the German language.

Data collection

The questionnaire contained items related to dystonic symptoms, BoNT treatment characteristics, the patients’ subjective report to BoNT treatment, their quality of life, working situation, and emotional reactions to a life with dystonia, and BoNT treatment response, respectively.

Subjective assessments were obtained using six-point rating scales that reflected the grading system used in German schools. In this system, a score of “1” reflects an optimum performance, and a “6” is given in cases of complete failure. This system was used to help patients to anchor their respective ratings, especially if they were not used to grading inner experiences.

Data analysis

In this report, only CD and BSP patients were compared with respect to medical and subjective variables, reflecting treatment efficacy and the patient’s satisfaction with treatment outcome. Group differences for metric variables were analyzed by means of two-tailed t-test statistics (alpha <0.05). Within-group comparisons were performed using paired t-test statistics. Dichotomous variables were analyzed using chi-square tests. Pearson’s correlations were performed for metric and ordinal variables, respectively.

Compliance with ethical standards

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Results

Participants

Overall, 547 patients were recruited, in which 68.0% (372) of them were diagnosed with CD and 22.9% (125) were diagnosed with BSP. A minority, made up of 25 patients (4.6%), had various focal, segmental, and generalized dystonias, respectively. Another group of 25 patients displayed dystonic signs, but did not meet diagnostic criteria of dystonia. In this report, only CD and BP patients were analyzed with respect to their respective experiences of dystonic symptoms and treatment characteristics.

Medical and sociodemographic data

The sex rates are widely equivalent between groups. Table 1 shows that CD patients are about 9 years younger than BSP patients, and have a higher unemployment rate due to dystonia. Though a higher rate of CD patients reported restored capacity to work because of BoNT treatment, more CD patients than BSP patients (55.7 vs 37.3%) still claimed decreased efficacy at work because of dystonia, and the respective necessity to shift work (Table 2). CD patients and BSP patients had equivalent years of education. Only a minority of patients were members of a patient’s self-help group (CD: 10.6%, BSP: 6.0%).

Table 1 Patient’s demographics and characteristics

	Cervical dystonia	Blepharospasm	P-value
Female, n (%)	243 (66.8)	79 (56.3)	ns
Mean age (n, SD, range)	56.5 (359, 12.5; 20–91)	65.2 (121, 12.7; 24–87)	<0.0001
Age group (years), n (%)
25–34	21 (5.9)	1 (0.8)
35–44	27 (7.5)	9 (7.5)
45–54	112 (31.3)	16 (13.3)
55–64	106 (29.6)	20 (16.7)
≥65	92 (25.7)	74 (61.7)
Mean years of education (n, SD, range)	11.1 (327, 3.9; 8–19)	10.8 (105, 3.6; 8–19)	ns

Abbreviation: ns, not significant.

Table 2 Patient’s work situation

	Cervical dystonia	Blepharospasm	P-value
Retirement not associated with dystonia, n (%)	191 (52.0)	89 (74.2)	<0.0001
Reduction of weekly work hours, n (%)	85 (25.6)	20 (18.7)	ns
Shifting type of work because of dystonia, n (%)	48 (14.5)	8 (7.1)	0.042
Decreased efficacy at work because of dystonia, n (%)	180 (55.7)	41 (37.3)	<0.001
Unemployment due to dystonia, n (%)	56 (16.0)	8 (7.3)	0.021
Restored capacity to work because of BoNT, n (%)	141 (47.2)	33 (36.7)	0.079

Abbreviations: BoNT, botulinum toxin; ns, not significant.

In both groups, duration of dystonia was about 10 years (Table 3). First signs of dystonia preceded diagnosis by 3.2 years, both in CD patients and BSP patients, respectively. Figure 1 shows that, independent of BoNT treatment, CD patients perceived their courses of symptoms as becoming gradually better, whereas considerably more BSP patients than CD patients perceived no change of dystonia severity (P=0.021). Forty-five percent of CD patients, compared to 24% of BSP patients, reported symptom aggravation in conditions of negative stress, emotional disturbances, and lack of sleep (P<0.0001). More BSP patients (14.4%) vs CD (3.8%) claimed that cold weather, bright light, and wind worsened their symptoms (P<0.0001). Physical exhaustion aggravated dystonic symptoms in 11.3% of CD patients and in 4.8% BSP patients (P=0.034). Only a minority of the patients reported that positive feelings, relaxation, and good sleep ameliorated their medical situation (CD: 21.5%, BSP: 13.5%, P=0.054).

Figure 1 Course of dystonia over years: subjective perception (%).

Table 3 Medical variables and BoNT treatment characteristics

	Cervical dystonia	Blepharospasm	P-value
Mean years since diagnosis of dystonia (n, SD, range)	10.6 (336, 8.4; 0.26–4.41)	9.3 (117, 6.4; 0.19–27.4)	ns
Mean years since first signs of dystonia (n, SD, range)	13.8 (354, 9.9; 0.26–53.3)	12.5 (117, 9.8; 0.63–73.2)	ns
Mean years of BoNT (n, SD, range)	8.8 (342, 6.7; 0.18–34.3)	8.2 (120, 6.3; 0.10–27.4)	ns
Mean weeks between injections (n, SD, range)	12.1 (358, 2.1; 4.00–28.0)	11.8 (121, 3.4; 2.0–24.0)	ns
Mean no of injections until optimal response (n, SD, range)	3.9 (198, 3.1; 1.00–25.0)	3.2 (52, 2.3; 1.0–11.0)	ns
Emotional hassles prior to dystonia (n, %)	84 (23.9)	29 (24.4)	ns
Mental disorders prior to dystonia (n, %)	69 (19.8)	26 (22.0)	ns
Mean years of emotional hassles/mental disorders prior to diagnosis (n, SD, range)	7.36 (58, 10.80; 0.00–66)	7.74 (19, 10.5; 0.00–31)	ns

Abbreviations: BoNT, botulinum toxin; ns, not significant.

About 20% of CD and BSP patients, respectively, reported mental disorders prior to onset of dystonia, which were “severe enough to seek for medical or psychological help” (CD 19.8%, BSP 22.0%, not significant [ns]). Emotional hassles were also present in 23.9% of the CD patients and 24.4% of the BSP patients (ns), respectively. For those patients who could report onset of either emotional hassles or mental disorders (Table 3, emotional hassles and mental disorders), psychological factors preceded diagnosis of dystonia by about 7 years. On an average, these psychological factors preceded the first signs of dystonia by 5 years.

Treatment variables

In all patients, BoNT was well tolerated. Both groups received about 8 years of BoNT treatment (Table 3). Thus, treatment started slightly >1 year following diagnosis of dystonia (CD: 1.8 years; BSP: 1.1 years). Patients needed 3.9 (CD) vs 3.2 (BSP) injections until optimal response was reached. Both groups equivalently needed about 12 weeks for the injection-cycle length. Regular BoNT administration was possible in 80.1% of CD and 78.4% of BSP patients. Overall, CD patients experienced significantly more conditions that improved BoNT treatment: Relaxation: 25.3% CD vs 12.0% BSP (P=0.002); warm weather: 11.3% CD vs 4.8% BSP (P=0.05). CD patients also experienced more conditions that negatively influenced BoNT outcome: Stress, emotional hassles, lack of sleep 33.6% vs BSP 21.6% (P=0.012). Figure 2 shows that 35.0% of CD patients vs 22.8% of BSP patients rated their expectations regarding BoNT efficacy as not being fully fulfilled, whereas 53.7% of CD patients compared to 64.9% of BSP patients reported that their expectations were widely fulfilled (P=0.049).

Figure 2 Expectations about botulinum toxin therapy (%).

The BoNT pharmaceutical administered was not known by 46.8% (CD) and 44.2% (BSP) of the patients. In the remaining patient groups, the order of patients receiving OnabotulinumtoxinA, IncobotulinumtoxinA, AbobotulinumtoxinA was 50.6%, 33.3%, and 16.1% in CD patients, and 67.2%, 21.3%, and 11.5% in BSP patients. Type of BoNT did not affect any variable regarding treatment satisfaction, coping, or emotional dysfunction. Overall, 84.0% of the patients did not have any difficulty coming to a BoNT center. Those who had problems gaining BoNT access had to drive up to 400 km.

Treatment satisfaction

Treatment satisfaction was good in both patient groups. The six-point scale yielded mean scores of 2.3 for CD patients and BSP patients, respectively (Figure 3). Outcome satisfaction varied considerably across treatment cycle (Figure 4). Though treatment maximum was rated about 2.1 in both patient groups, this score dropped to moderate satisfaction in the midst of the cycle and reached unsatisfactory ratings of 4.3 in CD patients and 4.2 in BSP patients immediately before BoNT administration. The two patient groups did not differ significantly in these ratings.

Figure 3 Perceived efficacy of botulinum toxin therapy (%).

Note: 1= best outcome, 6= worst outcome.

Figure 4 Perceived BoNT effect within treatment cycles (mean).

Note: 1= best outcome, 6= worst outcome.
Abbreviation: BoNT, botulinum toxin.

Satisfaction with BoNT treatment correlated significantly, but only moderately, with perceived symptom severity (Pearson’s r; CD =0.34, P<0.0001; BSP =0.27, P=0.006). Despite this, treatment satisfaction was rated good in both patient groups, and perceived symptom intensity was rated within the medium range of the scale, with scores of about 3.4 in both groups (ns). Quality of life was also rated only moderate in both patient groups (CD: 3.1; BSP: 2.8; ns). Significant but moderate correlations were also found between satisfaction with BoNT treatment and quality of life (CD: r=0.39, P<0.0001; BSP: 0.42, P<0.0001).

On average, both CD patients and BSP patients (ns) perceived moderate restrictions in various domains of their lives (Figure 5). Again, significant but only moderate correlations were found between satisfaction with BoNT treatment and restrictions (CD: r=−0.36, P<0.0001; BSP: r=−0.30, P=0.002). The order of domains where patients experienced their handicap due to dystonia was the working place, followed by leisure activities, social interactions, and home activities, respectively. The only significant difference between dystonia groups was found with respect to workplace activities, where a higher proportion of CD patients compared to BSP patients felt markedly restricted (P=0.01). For CD patients, a score above 3.49 indicated the upper quartile of those 80 patients who felt severely restricted in everyday activities. In BSP patients, the upper quartile indicated 31 patients above a score of 3.24.

Figure 5 Satisfaction with BoNT treatment, symptom severity, psychosocial situation, and quality of life (mean).

Note: 1= extremely satisfied, 6= not at all satisfied.
Abbreviation: BoNT, botulinum toxin.

Suggestions for optimization

Despite satisfaction with BoNT, treatment was generally perceived as good, and patients strongly recommended optimization of treatment procedures. Both groups claimed better organization of appointments (4.6; 1= not at all important; 6= strong recommendation), shorter waiting times (4.3), individual scheduling of injection times (4.3), longer consultation times with their doctors (4.1), less changes within the medical staff (4.4), and more written information about dystonia, its treatment, and adjuvant therapies, and how to live with dystonia (3.5–4.2).

Discussion

Our results show that both CD patients and BSP patients were widely satisfied with the outcome of BoNT treatment. However, satisfaction varied widely within the treatment cycle. Like in the Mueller et al¹⁷ study, overall treatment satisfaction in both patient groups was associated with perceived moderate persistence of motor symptoms, restrictions of everyday life functions, and reduced quality of life, respectively. Especially CD patients reported that both the dystonic symptoms and the effects of BoNT treatment were positively and negatively influenced by emotional and situational factors.

CD patients were significantly younger than BSP patients, but CD patients were comparable to BSP patients with respect to education, duration of disease, duration since first signs of dystonia, and BoNT treatment duration. Due to their younger ages, CD patients reported more problems within their working affiliations despite the fact that a considerable number of patients returned to work because of effective BoNT treatment. Our data about the impact of CD symptoms on employment status, and the beneficial effects of BoNT on employment parameters confirm earlier research.⁴⁰ In our study, BoNT treatment variables were comparable between groups. Both CD patients and BSP patients needed about 3.5 injections for optimal response, and cycle lengths were 12 weeks, which is in accordance with the literature.^41,42 In both groups, a rate of 22% of the patients with emotional problems prior to dystonia was found. No preselection with respect to sociodemographic and medical treatment variables was done, and BoNT centers were scattered across Germany. Thus, both patient groups are widely representative to their respective diagnostic groups.

CD patients seemed to be more prone to emotional and behavioral factors influencing their dystonic symptoms. Despite the fact that nearly 50% of these patients could return to work because of the beneficial effects of BoNT treatment and because the general course of the disease ameliorated over time (Figure 1), a high proportion of these patients expected an even better outcome. CD patients were also more affected by situational, emotional, and behavioral factors, which both ameliorated and aggravated their symptoms over the course of BoNT treatment. This is important because CD patients claimed that efficacy of BoNT treatment, in part, depends on these factors.

This investigation has shown that both patient groups are widely satisfied by BoNT treatment. Despite this positive effect, efficacy of BoNT dropped significantly within the 12-week treatment cycle (Figure 4). Moreover, a majority of CD patients reported exacerbation of symptoms associated with situational and emotional factors. Thus, despite good treatment satisfaction, both groups reported a moderate degree of persistent symptom intensity. Patients also reported ongoing disabling restrictions within everyday activities (Figure 5).

This outcome is in contrast to the majority of papers reporting increasing quality-of-life scores alongside reduced motor disability.^7,12,26 Nevertheless, these results have to be interpreted cautiously because the assessments are often done shortly before and after BoNT injections. In this case, the beneficial BoNT effect may not reflect the time span between injection points. BoNT treatment effect sharply drops within the midst of the treatment interval (Figure 4). Obviously, patients do not only wait until their next injections, but try a vast number of adjuvant, nonmedical, and paramedical therapies to ameliorate their symptoms.^17,28,29 They are usually rewarded by beneficial short-term effects of these interventions.

As a consequence, about 20% of the patients do not adhere to regular visits in a BoNT center, are disappointed because of the lack of an optimal outcome, and try to further enhance their situation with even more doctor visits, excessive use of adjuvant therapies, and paramedical services. In these patients, the courses of their dystonias over time seemed to be widely unrelated to BoNT administration.⁶ Moreover, about 22% of the patients of both groups reported emotional distress 7 years before dystonia onset. Emotional symptoms preceded first signs of dystonia by an average of about 5 years. Thus, emotional burden in dystonia is not exclusively reactive to a disabling disorder. It may be assumed that these disorders (ie, sleeplessness, anxiety, dysphoria, depression, and so on) were behavioral precursors, which accompany the gradual emergence of a neurological disorder. Predystonic mental disorders or emotional disturbances were also found in the Moraru et al¹⁶ and Fabbrini et al¹³ studies. Whether these patients represent a subgroup at risk for unstable adherence will be a matter of further research.

Moreover, it is still unclear whether or not the effects of emotional burden can be ameliorated by flexible injection intervals, and thus dampen BoNT waning. From a pharmacological point of view, flexible injection intervals may be possible without the emergence of tolerance or an enhanced rate of adverse events.^9,43–45,47 Truong,⁴⁶ for example, recommends injection intervals ranging from 6 weeks up to 20 weeks for selected patients. Up to now, it is unclear which type of patients may profit from shortened or prolonged injection intervals.

From a psychological point of view, it is important that time points are not scheduled along perceived burden. Like in pain medication, patients then may learn to obtain relief by means of a pharmacological tool, with the fatal consequence that pain thresholds, tolerance of symptom intensities, and usability of self-control strategies decrease. With respect to dystonia, many of these patients deem BoNT as not sufficiently effective at least toward the end of a treatment cycle and seek additional treatments. These treatments are often not proved, and they are expensive, potentially harmful, and contain unknown side effects.¹⁷ Thus, further research has to identify those patient groups who may especially benefit from individualized injection intervals. In any case, individual injection intervals should be fixed for each respective patient.

Finally, basic research in clinical neuropsychology has unequivocally shown that objective assessments of disease severity are only moderately correlated with subjective perceptions of symptom intensity, restrictions of activities in everyday activities, and quality of life, respectively. Thus, physicians’ assessments of disease severity do not always match the patients’ perceptions of BoNT-related improvements.⁹ Such a dissociation between decreased motor disability and persisting psychological malfunctioning has also been shown by Müller et al.¹⁷ Research has also demonstrated a dissociation between perceived improvements of motor functioning and persisting handicaps in leisure activities, social functioning, and employment activities.⁶

A major reason for this dissociation seems to be depression and related mental disorders.^9,27,34 As mentioned already in the introduction, prevalence rates of both mental disorders and emotional burden is much higher in dystonia patients than in the general population. Moreover, associations between motor improvements and quality of life reported in the literature are mostly moderate. This has been clearly shown in our results, where correlation coefficients between 0.27 and 0.42 mean that the respective variables have only 7%–18% of their variances in common. This is in accordance with the literature. For example, in the Hefter et al study,²⁵ the correlation coefficient between motor function and quality of life was 0.26. Despite the fact that this coefficient was also significantly different from zero, it means that motor function and quality of life only have 7% of their variances in common. In other words, 93% of the variation of quality of life is not explained by motor function. Therefore, psychological variables have a major impact on the perceived outcome of BoNT treatment. These factors should be addressed to adjuvant psychological treatments, such as focus group discussions.⁴⁵

Conclusion

As dystonic symptoms worsen significantly toward the end of the BoNT injection intervals, and because improvement of motor symptoms alone does not account for optimal treatment satisfaction, four conclusions can be drawn from this investigation: First, organizational aspects of BoNT administration should be improved. Time for conversation with their doctors, where patients’ needs are addressed, and where the the same experienced doctors who were acquainted with their patients and with their personal characteristics are present, were mostly wished for by the patients. Second, an important means of increasing BoNT treatment efficacy is enhancement of behavioral self-control of motor exacerbation, emotional dampening of disease-related stress, and the modification of emotional high-risk situations. The third means should be the identification of patients with pre-dystonic emotional disturbances and other risks for suboptimal BoNT outcome. Finally, some patients require shorter or longer BoNT treatment intervals, but should be treated in fixed schedules to avoid inadequate coping mechanism.⁴⁷

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Mareike Thomas, student research assistant, for proof reading and compilation of the literature. Editing was supported by Anastasia Byler, PsychEdit Services, USA. This investigation was supported by Merz Pharmaceuticals.

Disclosure

The corresponding author (BL) was a consultant of Merz Pharmaceuticals for this investigation. In 2009, he was a consultant of Medtronic. He is an unsalaried member of the boards of the German Patient’s Organisation for Parkinson’s Disease (dPV), the German Society of Dystonia (DDG), and the German Society of Torticollis. For data collection and data analysis, JP was a salaried research assistant at Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, sponsored by Merz Pharmaceuticals; AE was a student research assistant responsible for data preparation and salaried by Merz pharmaceuticals. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.