Comparison of anonymous versus nonanonymous responses to a medication adherence questionnaire in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Purpose

Adherence to medication can be assessed by various self-report questionnaires. One could hypothesize that survey respondents tend to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. We aimed to answer if anonymous and nonanonymous responses to a questionnaire on medication adherence differ.

Patients and methods

Adherence was assessed with the German Stendal Adherence with Medication Score (SAMS), which includes 18 questions with responses based on a 5-point Likert scale. Anonymous data from 40 subjects were collected during a symposium for patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and nonanonymous data were obtained from 40 outpatient-clinic PD patients at the Department of Neurology.

Results

The two groups (anonymous self-reported questionnaire and nonanonymous) did not differ in terms of demographical characteristics and the SAMS sum score. However, anonymously collected data showed significant higher scoring for the item 6 (“Do you forget your medications?”) than the data collected nonanonymously (P=0.017). All other items of the SAMS did not significantly differ between both groups.

Conclusion

Overall assessment of adherence does not depend on whether the patient remains anonymous or not. There seems to be no relevant social desirability bias in nonanonymous responses.

Keywords:

• self-report
• adherence questionnaire
• Parkinson’s disease
• anonymous
• nonadherence

Introduction

Treatment of neurological disorders commonly includes long-term pharmacological therapy. However, for various reasons, many people do not follow the instructions they are given for prescribed treatments (nonadherence).^2–6 Nonadherence can be assessed with direct or indirect methods. Direct methods include visually observed therapy or metabolites in the blood and have limited practicality within routine clinical use. Many researchers justify indirect methods including self-report questionnaires.^1,7–10 However, does it make a difference when adherence was assessed anonymously or nonanonymously and when the patients know the researcher/physician? To answer this question, we aimed to compare anonymous vs nonanonymous responses to a questionnaire on medication adherence. We chose a cohort of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), because it involves a common chronical disorder with patients ingesting several drugs per day.¹⁴

Methods

The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Jena University Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all participating patients prior to enrolment in the study, and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Anonymous data from 40 subjects were collected during a symposium for PD patients in the Jena University organized by the Department of Neurology at the Jena University Hospital. This regular symposium is open for all patients with PD from Thuringia and neighboring regions. In preparation of the symposium, invitations were sent to regional Patient Support Groups as well as neurological outpatient clinics. Nonanonymous data from patients known to the researchers (TP, DS, CP) were obtained from 40 outpatient-clinic PD patients at the Department of Neurology between September and October 2017. Additional demographical data collected are listed in Table 1. We used the German Stendal Adherence with Medication Score (SAMS) questionnaire, an extension of the validated German Essen Compliance Score, to assess adherence (Table 2).^11–13 The SAMS includes 18 questions with responses based on a 5-point Likert scale. In accordance with the cumulative scale 0–72, 0 indicates complete adherence and 72 indicates complete nonadherence (SAMS items are given in Table 1). SPSS (version 23.0; IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analyses. There is no established threshold to determine nonadherence. It is generally considered that suboptimal adherence becomes clinically significant when <80% of prescribed medication is taken.^15–17 In our study, the highest 25% of all SAMS scores were categorized as nonadherent.¹⁵ This leads to a study and sample-specific SAMS cutoff of 7 points for a clinical meaningful nonadherence. The patients were then categorized into 1) fully adherent (SAMS=0), 2) moderate nonadherent (SAMS=1–7), and 3) nonadherent (SAMS >7). Sample size calculation was performed for the SAMS sum score as the main outcome. A sample size of 34 participants per group was found to determine if both groups are equivalent (power=0.8, α=0.05, sampling ratio=1). After checking for outliers and normality, either the t-test or chi-squared test were used for comparison between both groups with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to determine similarity between both groups. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request for scientific purpose only.

Table 1 Characteristics of both groups (nonanonymous self-report and anonymous self-report) and items of the Stendal Adherence to Medication Score

Demographical characteristics	Self-report questionnaire		P-value
	Nonanonymous	Anonymous
Age	70±9 45–82	72±9 44–83	0.370
Number of drugs per day	6±3 2–14	6±3 2–15	0.371
Sum Stendal Adherence to Medication Score	5.4±6.8 0–33	5.4±5.8 0–31	0.874
Sex			1.000
Male	24	24
Female	16	16
Marital status			0.583
Married	30	31
Missing value	0	1
Single	1	2
Divorced or widowed	9	6
Graduation			0.522
High	15	15
Low	13	9
Middle	12	16
Occupation			0.185
Employed	4	3
Not employed	3	0
Pensioned	33	37
Organizes daily medication to be taken			0.216
Caregiver	6	10
Health care service	2	0
Patient	32	30

Note: Metric data are given as mean ± SD and range, categorical data are given as number, and t-test or chi-squared test was used for comparison between both groups.

Table 2 Stendal Adherence to Medication Score (SAMS)

		For all	For most	For half	For some	For none
		0	1	2	3	4
1	Do you know the reason for taking your medication?
2	Do you know the dosages of your medication?
3	Are you familiar with the timing for taking the medication?
		All	Most	Half	Some	None
		0	1	2	3	4
4	Do you take your medication regularly?
5	Do you know the names of medications you are taking?
		Never	Rare	Sometimes	Often	Mostly
		0	1	2	3	4
6	Do you forget to take your medication?
7	Are you untroubled about taking the medication?
8	Do you stop taking your medication when you feel better?
9	Do you stop taking your medication if you sometimes feel worse after taking the medication?
10	Do you take any wrong or other/unprescribed medications (such as those of your partner)?
	If you think you have side effects due to of the medications (such as tremors, nausea, etc)
11	Do you reduce the dose without consulting a doctor?
12	Do you not take the medication for a while, ie, take a break?
13	If you feel you have to take too many, do you stop taking those medications you consider to be less important than the others without consulting your doctor?
	If you forget or omit your medication, do you forget it…
14	in the morning?
15	at noon?
16	in the evening?
17	Do you deliberately not take medications you do not consider important, but take the rest?
18	If you take medication as a syringe or a weekly tablet, have you ever forgotten it?

Results

Overall 32 female and 48 male patients with PD with a mean age of 71 years (SD=9, range 44–83) were included in the analysis. The two groups (anonymous self-reported questionnaire and nonanonymous) did not differ in terms of age, gender, marital status, graduation, occupation, the number of drugs used per day, and the mean SAMS sum score (chi-squared test and t-test, respectively; P>0.05) (detailed in Table 1). The mean SAMS sum score of both groups did not differ in the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (P=0.91). According to the SAMS, 13 (16%) patients were fully adherent (SAMS=0), 46 (56.8%) showed moderate nonadherence, and 21 (25.9%) were found to be clinically meaningful nonadherent. The numbers of fully adherent, moderate nonadherent, and nonadherent patients did not significantly differ between anonymously and nonanonymously collected data (chi-squared test, P>0.05). Anonymously collected data showed significantly higher scoring for the item 6 (“Do you forget your medications?”) than the data collected nonanonymously (P=0.017 with Bonferroni correction). All other items of the SAMS did not significantly differ between both groups (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Comparison of each item of the Stendal Adherence to Medication Score (SAMS) between both groups.

Notes: Only item 6 (“Do you forget your medications?”) was significantly (*P=0.017) higher in the anonymously collected data. All other items of the SAMS did not significantly differ between both groups (ns).

Discussion

Pharmacotherapy in patients with PD is often suboptimal, and nonadherence is influenced by various factors, such as disease stage, motor complications, complexity of therapeutic schedule, or the presence of depression.¹⁸ The prevalence of the observed nonadherence agrees with other epidemiological studies.^18,19 Our study indicates that overall assessment of adherence does not depend on whether the patient remains anonymous or not. Solely, for the item “Do you forget your medications?” did patients more frequently report forgetfulness if they were asked anonymously. This also implies that this general question probably does not add significant knowledge about the individual adherence of a patient. It seems more appropriate to convey to the patient that forgetting is a normal human trait and to rephrase the question to, “If you forget your medication, is it more likely to happen in the morning, at noon or in the evening?” Our data suggest that adherence questionnaires can also be used by physicians for regular care to determine reasons of nonadherence.

This study is not free of limitations. Although the results are likely to be transferable to other groups of patients, it should be noted that it was restricted to patients with PD, because they usually need long-term medical treatment with several drugs per day. Due to the study design, we cannot guarantee that other cofounders, such as disease severity or disease stage (which were not assessed in the anonymous cohort), were perfectly matched. However, to the group with the nonanonymous self-report, we only included patients from our outpatient hospital who were mobile and able to walk in order to make them comparable to the anonymous patients who had participated in the symposium.

Conclusion

We found that the overall assessment of adherence, as indicated by the SAMS sum score, does not depend on whether the patient remains anonymous or not. There seems to be no social desirability bias in nonanonymous responses. Therefore, the SAMS questionnaire can be used as valid tool for physicians to detect nonadherence in their patients.

Author contributions

Research idea and study design: TP. Data collection: TP, DS, CP. Data analysis/interpretation: TP, DS, GHF, AK. Preparation of the manuscript: TP. Revision and approval of the manuscript: CP, OW, JG. All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting and revising the article, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Acknowledgments

We thank Nasim Kroegel for proofreading and Sarah Mendorf, Jenny Wilde, Maria-Theresa Gruber, and Juliane Nößler for acquisition of data.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.