Executive functioning and quality of life in acromegaly

Abstract

Introduction

Active acromegaly is a rare chronic endocrine disorder caused by excessive growth hormone (GH). Clinical studies suggest that cognitive performance is impaired in acromegaly – particularly executive function as well as short- and long-term memory. This study compared the quality of life (QoL) and executive functioning in acromegaly patients vs healthy controls.

Materials and methods

This was an observational case–control study on 38 subjects divided into 19 acromegaly patients and 19 matched controls. The groups were evaluated for QoL, attention, and executive function. All subjects completed Acromegaly Quality of Life Questionnaire (AcroQoL), Trail Making Test (parts A and B), Stroop, and phonemic fluency tests.

Results

Acromegaly patients had an AcroQoL global score that was significantly lower than controls. There were significant differences between the acromegaly group and the control group in terms of the physical effects (P=0.001) and appearance (P<0.001) but not for personal relationships (P=0.421). Acromegaly patients performed worse in the trail making test part B. They provided significantly fewer words than healthy subjects in phonemic fluency testing. Although patients performed generally worse than controls, no significant differences were noted in the trail making test part A, Stroop test, and the constrained phonemic fluency.

Conclusion

Acromegaly patients display worse executive functioning than healthy controls and have a decreased QoL.

Keywords:

• acromegaly
• cognition
• growth hormone
• executive function

Introduction

Acromegaly is a rare chronic illness caused in >95% of the cases by excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) due to pituitary adenoma; it is associated with increased mortality and morbidity.^1–3 The impact of GH and IGF-1 on regulating brain functions and their neurotrophic role has been recently documented.⁴ IGF-1 has an important role in cognition. It improves cerebral circulation, increases neuronal activity, and inhibits neuronal apoptosis.^5,6 The prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and limbic structures have many GH and IGF-1 receptors.^7,8 This may explain the decrease in executive function – the prefrontal cortex is responsible for this complex neuropsychological construct. “Dysexecutive syndrome” is usually associated with difficulties in setting goals, having future-oriented behavior, as well as planning, organizing, and flexible thinking during problem solving.^9–12

In healthy condition, GH and IGF-1 have protective effects on the cognitive (eg, memory) and mood brain functioning.¹³ Moreover, clinical studies have demonstrated that both memory and general cognitive functions are improved when a patient with pituitary deficiency is successfully treated with recombinant GH.^14–16

On the other hand, supraphysiological levels of GH and IGF-1 are correlated with cognitive dysfunction, but no pathological mechanistic associations have yet been discovered. One of the hypotheses is that excessive levels of brain IGF-1 might cause insulin resistance of the cerebrum leading to hyperphosphorylation and amyloid accumulation. These phenomena result in synaptic loss.¹⁷

There are many brain regions with a higher density of GH and IGF-1 receptors, including the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. These areas seem to be particularly vulnerable in acromegaly.^7,8 Given the fact that these brain regions are essential for specific neurocognitive functioning, we hypothesize that patients diagnosed with acromegaly may suffer from impaired executive function. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the executive function and quality of life (QoL) in acromegaly patients compared to healthy controls. Our goal was to indicate that acromegaly is associated with impaired executive functioning and this decreases QoL in acromegaly sufferers.

Materials and methods

Study design

This was a cross-sectional case–control study that assessed the executive functioning and the QoL of patients with acromegaly vs healthy subjects.

Subjects

Both the acromegaly and the control groups included 19 subjects, 14 women and five men. Volunteers were matched for age, sex, and education. The participants from the acromegaly group were recruited between January 2015 and February 2016 from the Endocrinology Department of Saint Spiridon Academic Hospital of Iasi. To eliminate confounding variables, we excluded those with current diagnosis or history of any of the following: 1) stroke; 2) Parkinson’s disease; 3) traumatic brain injury; 4) major psychiatric disorders (including schizophrenia, dementia, and generalized anxiety disorders); 5) smoking, drug or alcohol abuse; 6) diabetes mellitus; or 7) uncontrolled systemic arterial hypertension.

The acromegaly group consisted of patients seeking inpatient endocrinology treatment. In total, 27 acromegaly patients were initially invited to participate in the study. Four refused, one patient was excluded due to a stroke, two did not complete all the tests, and one patient was illiterate.

The control group was represented by healthy volunteers – mostly relatives of the patients. The inclusion criteria were the absence of current systemic pathology such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or other metabolic or endocrine disturbances, as well as present or previous drug abuse.

All the patients gave informed written consent to participate in the study.

The diagnosis of active acromegaly was based on clinical features, biological parameters (GH profile during oral glucose-tolerance test [OGTT] over 2 hours and IGF-1), and pituitary neuroimaging. Biochemically controlled acromegaly was based on the following two criteria: 1) GH levels <1 µg/L during the OGTT and 2) IGF-1 levels within 2 SD of age and gender-adjusted norms. The global function of the anterior pituitary was also assessed (prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH] along with cortisol, thyroxine, and estradiol/testosterone).

Assessment instruments

QoL in acromegaly was assessed using the Acromegaly Quality of Life Questionnaire (AcroQoL). It contained 22 questions with five possible responses scored on a Likert-type scale (from 1 to 5) that evaluates physical and psychological domains. The psychological domain is subdivided into two subscales regarding the appearance and personal relationships. For each, a lower score is associated with a worse QoL.

We applied the following instruments to evaluate the executive functioning:

• Trail making test (TMT) part A estimates attention, motor speed, and visual research skills. Part B assesses higher cognitive functions such as mental flexibility, ability to execute and modify an action plan, and to maintain and apply two criteria simultaneously.

• The Stroop test is a common neuropsychological instrument to measure frontal lobe function by evaluating the inhibition of a pre-potent automatic response.

• The Stroop test consists of three different conditions that are based on the same number of stimuli.

• Simple and constrained phonemic fluency can assess high cognitive function including the executive domain specific to the frontal brain function. This task involves many complex operations such as finding the right words, initiating verbal responses, inhibiting responses that do not meet the criteria, correcting wrong outputs, and shifting attention to a new search.

Ethical considerations

All subjects signed an informed consent form. The study was approved by the ethical committee of “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iași, Romania. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.

Statistical methods

Statistical analysis used SPSS version 19. Sample distribution was evaluated with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. We used parametric tests (Student’s t-test) for continuous variables, independent, unequal variance assumed, and Pearson’s method for correlations to compare the possible relationship between depression and QoL. Statistical significance level was set at a 95% CI (P<0.05).

Results

Subjects characteristics

The mean age of acromegaly patients was 53.68±11.84 and 55±12.28 years for the control group (P=0.739). The characteristics of acromegaly subjects along with the functional state of the pituitary are shown in Table 1. Table 2 illustrates the demographic data of acromegaly and control group.

Table 1 Characteristics of the patients with controlled and uncontrolled acromegaly

	Controlled (n=8), M±SD	Uncontrolled (n=11), M±SD
Age (years)	56.875±8.084	50.417±12.345
Gender (F/M)	6/2	8/3
Disease duration	12.375±13.738	8.583±8.489
GH (ng/dL)	0.585±0.2853	3.023±3.207
IGF-1 (ng/dL)	199.875±91.279	305.750±199.379
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	113.264±25.602	103.667±21.833
TSH (μIU/mL)	0.832±0.777	0.530±0.334
fT4 (pg/mL)	1.036±0.188	1.029±0.124
ACTH (pg/mL)	29.313±11.912	29.346±13.835
Cortisol (μg/dL)	8.683±4.389	22.116±41.120
Prolactin (ng/mL)	3.780±2.161	4.455±5.762
Microadenoma, n (%)	3 (37.5)	0 (0)
Macroadenoma, n (%)	5 (62.5)	11 (100)

Abbreviations: ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; F, female; FT4, free thyroxine; GH, growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; M, male; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Table 2 Demographic data of acromegaly and control groups

	Patients	Controls	P-value
Total N	19	19
Female (%)	73.68	73.68
Male (%)	26.32	26.32
Age (years)	53.68±11.84	55±12.28	0.739
Educational level (years)	11.315±2.38	12.73±3.052	0.118
Hamilton scale score	11.842±5.32	10.421±4.63	0.068

We used the Hamilton Depression Scale to assess the level of depression because depressed people may achieve lower scores on some cognitive measures due to psychomotor slowness. We further analyzed the correlation between the Hamilton Depression Scale scores and the AcroQoL global score because some questions are similar in both questionnaires. There was a significant negative relationship between the depression score obtained with Hamilton scale (r=–0.45; P=0.005) and the global AcroQoL score. Subjects with a higher depression have a lower QoL as seen by a lower score on the AcroQoL.

AcroQoL

The average scores in the acromegaly group are significantly lower (M=60.80, SD=13.37) than the control group (M=75.97, SD=13.68, P=0.001).

We investigated the three dimensions in the AcroQoL. There are significant differences between the acromegaly group and the control group in terms of the physical effects (P=0.001) and appearance (P<0.001) but not for personal relationships (P=0.421).

The average score for physical dimension in the acromegaly group was 20.89 (SD=6.72) vs 28.52 (SD=6.2) for the controls; for appearance it was 20.47 (SD=5.91) vs 27.94 (SD=5.03) and for personal relationships 25.63 (SD=4.36) vs 27.10 (SD=6.58) for the acromegaly group and the controls, respectively.

TMT

The average time to solve the TMT part A was 58.94 seconds (SD=39.74) in the acromegaly group; the control group needed 45.5 seconds (SD=17.24) to solve the same part of the test (P=0.195). The average time for solving TMT part B for subjects in the acromegaly group was 161.42 (SD=110.78) vs 74.77 (SD=35.26) for the controls (P=0.003).

We evaluated another parameter to analyze the differences between the two groups (acromegaly and control groups): the time difference needed to finish the two samples (time for part B minus time for part A). The average time B – A in the acromegaly group was 104 seconds (SD=87.28), which was significantly elevated (P=0.002) vs the control group (M=29.27 seconds; SD=25.93), suggesting that part B is more difficult to solve vs part A.

Stroop test

The Stroop test evaluated the time needed to read an incongruent list via ID (score difference) and IR (ratio score). The t-test for independent samples showed no significant differences between the acromegaly group and the control group. The average score difference was 79.44 (SD=34.6) for the acromegaly group, and for the control group it was 71.42 (SD=24.51), P=0.419. The acromegaly group had a mean ratio score of 0.308 (SD=0.086), and the control group had 0.310 (SD=0.063). The differences are not significant (P=0.949).

Simple and constrained phonemic fluency

The acromegaly group provided fewer words than the control group for letters “A” (P=0.01) and “I” (P=0.002) and no significant difference for letter “P” (P=0.116). No significant differences were found for the constrained phonemic fluency. The acromegaly group achieved a mean of 4.73 (SD=3.12) and the control group 5.88 (SD=2.84), P=0.250.

All the neuropsychological test results are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Neuropsychological test results for acromegaly group and healthy controls

	Items	All patients
		Acromegaly group (SD)	Healthy controls (D)	P-value
AcroQoL	Physical side	20.89 (6.72)	28.52 (6.2)	0.001
	Appearance	20.47 (5.91)	27.94 (5.03)	0.000
	Interpersonal relations	25.63 (4.36)	27.1 (6.58)	0.634
	Total score	60.8 (13.37)	75.97 (13.68)	0.001
TMT	Part A (s)	58.94 (39.74)	45.5 (17.24)	0.195
	Part B (s)	161.42 (110.78)	74.77 (35.26)	0.003
	B-A (s)	104	29.27	0.002
Stroop test	ID	79.44 (34.6)	71.42 (24.51)	0.419
Simple phonemic fluency	A	8.47 (4.62)	13.05 (5.50)	0.01
	I	6.21 (3.66)	11.10 (5.44)	0.002
	P	12.84 (5.06)	15.36 (4.59)	0.116
Constrained phonemic fluency		4.73 (3.12)	5.88 (2.84)	0.250

Notes: ID (the score difference) calculates the amount of time needed for naming the color from the incongruent list and the time needed recognizing the color from the congruent list; simple phonemic fluency was quantified by counting the number of words that patients were able to give for each of the three letters that we have provided: P, A, I; constrained phonemic fluency was evaluated by the number of words the subjects could provide in 1 minute beginning with the letter “m” and having only four letters.

Abbreviations: AcroQoL, Acromegaly Quality of Life Questionnaire; TMT, trail making test.

Discussion

The QoL of acromegaly patients is an important topic. Patient’s expectations, living standards, and social integration are important concepts in evaluating the QoL. This study showed that acromegaly is associated with a decreased QoL. The acromegaly group had global AcroQoL scores lower than the control group, suggesting a lower QoL. This study reports a global score of 60.8 (SD=13.37), which is similar to studies in Germany (62.1 [SD=18.2]), Belgium (67.1 [51.1–78.4]), and in France (59.8 [SD=17.9]).^19–21

Although acromegaly has a negative impact on the body side and appearance, patients feel that their social life is not affected. This is important because social relations play a crucial role in psychological well-being. Subjects with acromegaly showed more visible physical effect including hypertension, polyarthralgia, osteoporosis, and kyphosis. Similar results were reported by Webb et al, but not Szcześniak et al, who reported worse social relationships than the general population.^18,22,23

This study illustrates a significant relationship between dysexecutive syndrome and QoL. Unlike other acromegaly comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and sleep apnea, dysexecutive syndrome is an “invisible” and silent factor with a negative impact on QoL. Cognitive dysfunctions – particularly impairment of executive function – are subtle changes. Minimizing dysexecutive syndrome is an important step in improving QoL: cognitive-behavioral therapy including the “Think Healthy” technique had encouraging results.²⁴

Executive function is one of the highest neurocognitive functions. This neuropsychological construct involves complex cognitive skills such as an ability to plan and organize with efficient working memory and flexibility. It is the capacity to reject inappropriate stimuli and to integrate past experiences into present actions.

Executive function is a new and exciting concept that has been recently investigated outside neuropsychology. Impaired executive function has been discovered in brain tumor, stroke in frontal lobes, Parkinson’s disease, fibromyalgia syndrome, and type 1 diabetes mellitus.^25,26

This study showed that acromegaly patients have a decreased executive function. The study explored different aspects of the executive function such as working memory and semantic inhibition. The acromegaly patients had lower scores than the controls in all tests with a statistically significant difference in the TMT part B and simple phonemic fluency.

The cognitive impairment is subtler. This might be because of the delay in diagnosing acromegaly. It takes 5–10 years on average and best 3.8 years.^1–3 The patient is usually not aware of these changes and blames “ugly aging” associated with a deficit of memory, attention, as well as goal setting and execution.

Moreover, physicians tend to focus only on GH normalization and the treatment of the life-threatening consequences of the disease. Metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes, abnormal lipid profile, hypertension, heart failure or sleep apnea are severe complications that motivate the patient to seek adequate treatment, but cognitive dysfunctions can also decrease QoL.

Neurocognitive impairment in acromegaly has been evaluated in multiple studies with contradictory results. Sievers et al²⁷ reported that patients with acromegaly have a decrease in cognitive functioning as follows: 33% with reduced attention, 24.1% with reduced memory, and 16.7% with reduced executive function; 67.3% could not reach the cutoff level in at least one test.²⁷ Leon-Carrion et al proved that short-term and long-term memory are most severely impaired, and the prefrontal and middle temporal cortices have decreased activity.²⁸

Neuropsychological tests revealed that lower memory scores are associated with untreated disease duration with few deficits in executive functions.⁴ Tiemensma et al²⁹ reported no cognitive dysfunction in patients with long-term cured acromegaly.²⁹

Most studies that have analyzed cognitive function report that patients diagnosed with acromegaly achieve lower scores than control groups on memory and executive functioning.^2,28,30–32 Tanriverdi et al³² used cognitive electroencephalographic (EEG)-evoked potentials to show that there is a reduction of P300 amplitudes in brain areas in acromegaly patients. These areas are important for cognitive functioning and include the inferior parietal lobe, frontal lobe, hippocampus, and medial temporal lobe.³⁰ An MRI study compared 44 patients with acromegaly to healthy controls and found that acromegaly led to alterations of the macroscopic brain tissue architecture that appear during the first 10 years of the disease; patients had increased gray matter volume (+3.7%) and white matter volume (+5.1%), which might be due to excessive GH and IGF-1 on neuronal or glial cells.⁴ Low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) was used to estimate the electrical brain activity in 16 untreated acromegaly patients vs 16 matched controls – there was decreased activity in the right inferior frontal lobe alpha, the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex β-2, and the right parahippocampal cortex β-3 waves.²⁸ A combination of EEG and LORETA in acromegaly patients showed lower α and β cortical activity in the left temporal cortex vs healthy controls.²

Conclusion

This study suggests that executive functioning is affected in acromegaly. These results indicate that clinicians should consider cognitive tests to evaluate executive functioning in addition to standard screening for comorbidities. We highlight the benefit of an interdisciplinary psychological intervention to acromegaly disease that can improve the patients’ QoL.

Further studies with a larger number of subjects and a larger battery of tests are needed to investigate the cognitive functions in acromegaly. Another aspect that might possibly be evaluated is a correlation between the degree of cognitive dysfunction with the disease-specific hormone levels (GH, IGF-1, etc) and imaging parameters (LORETA).

Acknowledgments

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in public, commercial, or non-for-profit sectors. We thank Professor Carmen Vulpoi for her support.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.