The Mediating Role of Self-Perceived Burden Between Social Support and Fear of Progression in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Purpose

To explore the mechanism of social support and fear of progression (FoP) in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and the self-perceived burden that acts as a mediator between social support and FoP.

Patients and Methods

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), the Self-Perceived Burden Scale (SPBS), and the Fear of Progression-Questionnaire-Short Form (FoP-Q-SF) were used. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the mediating role of self-perceived burden.

Results

Our results showed that social support was negatively related to the self-perceived burden (r = −0.28, p < 0.001) and FoP (r = −0.37, p < 0.001). Moreover, we determined that self-perceived burden was positively related to FoP (r = 0.58, p < 0.001) and that the indirect effect of social support on FoP via self-perceived burden was significant (β = −0.172, 95% CI: −0.253, −0.097), and with a mediating effect value of 36.9%.

Conclusion

The FoP in RTRs is a concern. Higher social support and lower self-perceived burden can reduce the risk of FoP. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) should assist RTRs in correctly evaluating an individual’s social support system, helping them optimize social support to reduce the self-perceived burden and the development of FoP.

Keywords:

• social support
• self-perceived burden
• fear of progression
• renal transplantation

Introduction

For individuals suffering from end-stage renal disease, renal transplantation (RT) is the preferred and most cost-effective treatment choice.¹ According to the China Scientific Registry of Kidney Transplantation, China will have performed 12,712 RTs by the end of 2022, ranking second in the world after the United States. The survival rate for renal transplant recipients (RTRs) is 95% in the first year and 88% by the fifth year.² The low survival rate, chronic rejection,³ quality of the donor kidney,⁴ and various complications experienced by RTRs can result in heightened attention to disease progression, leading to serious emotional panic.⁵ Fear of progression (FoP) refers to a patient’s fear or concern about disease recurrence or progression.⁶ Patients with FoP may exhibit persistent concern regarding their physical symptoms,⁷ resulting in a psychological burden and increased susceptibility to fatigue.^8,9 Importantly, studies have shown that FoP accounts for one-third of patient’ stressors, significantly impacting their quality of life.¹⁰ Moreover, patients with high FoP have reduced compliance with treatment and rehabilitation, prolonged hospital stays, escalated medical expenses, and heightened economic burden.¹¹ In a study of 221 Chinese RTRs, FoP was moderate.¹² Psychological intervention is one of the main interventions for patients with FoP.¹³ Consequently, healthcare professionals (HCPs) should recognize the mental elements affecting the development of FoP in RTRs and help them reduce this fear and improve living standards.

Social support is an available and effective external resource providing needed assistance for individuals when faced with pressure and difficulties.¹⁴ Transplant patients benefit from social support.¹⁵ Indeed, a study demonstrated that social support is the second largest factor in measuring whether patients can accept transplantation and greatly affects transplantation results.¹⁶ Patients undergoing RT face many psychological issues, including anxiety and fear. Drawing from the stress-buffering model, social support can improve the psychological status of RTRs.¹⁷ A meta-analysis demonstrated that social support is an important and effective coping mechanism for patients confronted with FoP.¹⁸ The absence of social support may increase the probability of FoP development. Nonetheless, there are few studies on social support and FoP in RTRs. Thus, the objective of this research was to examine how social support affects FoP in RTRs, thereby providing a more comprehensive theoretical foundation for alleviating FoP in RTRs.

The burden of disease and caregiving responsibilities frequently weighs heavily on caregivers, leading to a diminished sense of self-worth in RTRs. The social behavior-equity theory states that when an individual’s effort and feedback are not balanced, it is easy to induce bad emotions.¹⁹ Self-perceived burden encompasses adverse emotional experiences, such as self-blame, ennui, and apprehension, which are unfavorable for psychological adjustment.²⁰ Moreover, serious patients are more prone to depression, and their lives may even be at risk.²¹ One study investigating 102 RTRs found that the patients had a severe burden of self-perception.²² Indeed, the more burden the patient perceives, the worse the patient’s ability to tolerate FoP.²³ Previous studies demonstrated that illness uncertainty indirectly affects well-being via the self-perceived burden,²⁴ which presents a unique viewpoint for examining the connection between social support, self-perceived burden, and FoP.

Previous research demonstrated the link between social support and FoP; however, little is known about the connection between social support, self-perceived burden, and FoP. The theoretical framework of this research was based on the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM)²⁵ and the cognitive appraisal theory of stress.²⁶ CSM posits that patients undergo activation of both cognitive and emotional stress response systems when exposed to external stimuli. After undergoing surgical stress, patients will strongly feel that their health is threatened, resulting in negative cognition and emotions, such as FoP. The cognitive appraisal theory of stress indicates that individuals will actively choose internal and external coping styles to regulate stress when encountering environmental stimuli. Social support and a cognitive assessment system will affect a person’s response to stressful events. The self-perceived burden is a psychological stressor for RTRs. Social support is a coping resource for RTRs to diseases and plays a vital role in FoP. The existing research on FoP is mostly in cancer patients. There needs to be more research on FoP in RTRs.

Taken together, the relationship between social support and FoP can be significantly impacted by the self-perceived burden. The following four assumptions were made: (1) social support is negatively associated with FoP; (2) social support is negatively associated with a self-perceived burden; (3) self-perceived burden is positively associated with FoP; (4) self-perceived burden is a mediator between social support and FoP.

Materials and Methods

Design and Participants

This study used a cross-sectional survey from November 2022 to March 2023. The research subjects were RTRs from three tertiary hospitals in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, Changchun City, Jilin Province, and Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province. Inclusion criteria: (1) patients with first RT; (2) ≥ 2 months since the transplantation; (3) age ≥ 18 years; (4) good communication and reading comprehension; (5) voluntary and informed consent for this study. Exclusion criteria: (1) subjects with severe physical diseases or mental disorders; (2) challenging to complete the questionnaire due to cognitive and audio-visual disorders. The sample size included 200–400 cases according to the requirements of the structural equation modeling (SEM).²⁷ We issued 340 questionnaires; 11 questionnaires were not valid. Therefore, the number of valid completed questionnaires was 329, and the questionnaire recovery rate was 96.76%.

Data Collection Procedure

It used a questionnaire to collect information from the research subjects online. The research subjects were sent a two-dimensional code to gain access to the questionnaire through the WeChat group. Before commencing the questionnaire, the purpose, meaning, filling methods, and precautions of this study were explained to the subjects, and they provided informed consent. They could withdraw from filling out the questionnaire at any time. Before issuing the questionnaire, we selected 10 subjects for the pre-test. The answer time is 128 s to 453 s, taking into account the differences between patients, we will answer time of less than 100 s removed.

Measurements

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics

The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were collected using a self-developed questionnaire based on the literature. The social demographics included gender, age, education level, marital status, residence, primary caregivers, working status, medical fee payment method, monthly income per capita, and economic burden. The clinical characteristics included transplantation time, dialysis method, dialysis time, number of complications, and recurrence of the primary disease.

Social Support

The Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) reflecting the social support level was compiled by Xiao in 1986.²⁸ The scale comprises ten items with three dimensions. The overall score of the scale is obtained by summing the scores of each item. The total score ranges from 12 to 66 points (≤ 22 points, poor social support; 23 to 44 points, moderate social support; ≥ 45 points, good social support). A higher score indicates an increased level of social support. The scale has been extensively utilized in China, with Cronbach’s alpha values for the ten items and the overall scale score falling between 0.825 and 0.896.²⁹ In the current study, the Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.807.

Self-Perceived Burden

The Self-Perceived Burden Scale (SPBS) was originally developed by Cousineau in 2003 for chronic disease patients, and the scale has good reliability and validity.³⁰ This study adopted the scale of Wu;³¹ the content validity of the questionnaire was 1, and the internal consistency reliability was 0.910. This scale consisted of ten items and three dimensions. A Likert five-point scale (1 to 5 points) was used to assess these items. A higher score indicates an increased level of self-perceived burden. The Cronbach’s alpha value for this scale in the current study was 0.961.

Fear of Progression

The Fear of Progression-Questionnaire-Short Form (FoP-Q-SF) is a simplified fear of disease progression scale developed by Mehnert in 2006 for breast cancer patients.³² This scale has good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.870). The Chinese version of the scale was sinicized by Wu for patients with primary liver cancer,³³ and the Cronbach’s alpha value for the FoP-Q-SF to measure the FoP of Chinese is good. The scale included two arms: physical health (6 items) and social family (6 items); the Cronbach’s alpha values were 0.829 and 0.812, respectively. A Likert five-point scale (1 to 5 points) was used to evaluate each item in each arm. The score ranged from 12 to 60 points, with higher scores signifying elevated levels of FoP. A score ≥ 34 points implied that a patient experienced psychological impairment. The Cronbach’s alpha value for this study was 0.920.

Ethical Considerations

The Helsinki Declaration guidelines were adhered to in this study. Organ donation was voluntary and conducted according to the Declaration of Istanbul, with written informed consent obtained. This study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University (202372). The participants were informed that filling out the questionnaire was anonymous and voluntary.

Statistical Analysis

SPSS V.26.0 was used for data analysis. Charts (histograms and Q-Q plots) were used to evaluate the normality of the data. After testing, the three variables were subjected to a normal or approximate normal distribution. Continuous variables were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables were expressed as the frequency and percentage. Pearson correlation was used to test the correlation between the three variables. AMOS Statistics 26.0 was used to construct the SEM. The model was fitted with the SEM criteria (χ²/df < 3, GFI > 0.90, AGFI > 0.90, NFI > 0.90, IFI > 0.90, TLI > 0.90, CFI > 0.90, RMSEA < 0.08, and SRMR < 0.08), as previously described.³⁴ The mediating effect was evaluated using a sample of 5000 cases through the utilization of bootstrapping. Effect estimates and bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived. The mediating effect was considered statistically significant if the 95% CI did not include 0. All tests were two-sided, and p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.

Results

Participant Characteristics

A sum of 329 RTRs participated in this study. Table 1 shows the general information for the RTRs. The proportion of males was 61.4% (n = 202), and 53.8% (n = 177) of the RTRs were ≤ 45 years old. The questionnaire revealed that 27.1% (n = 89) of the RTRs had a bachelor’s degree and above, 76.9% (n = 253) were married, and 80.9% (n = 266) lived in urban areas. For the working status of the RTRs, the proportions of the participants employed, unemployed, retired, and other (farmers, students) were 45.6%, 28.0%, 18.8%, and 7.6%, respectively. RTRs with complications ≥ 3 accounted for 25.2% (n = 83) of the research subjects, and 24.9% (n = 82) of the RTRs had heavy economic burdens.

Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants (N=329)

Variables	n	%
Gender
Male	202	61.4%
Female	127	38.6%
Age (year)
≤45	177	53.8%
≥46	152	46.2%
Educational level
Junior high school and below	84	25.5%
High school or technical secondary school	75	22.8%
College for professional training	81	24.6%
Bachelor’s degree and above	89	27.1%
Marital status
Unmarried/ divorced/widowed	76	23.1%
Married	253	76.9%
Residence
Urban	266	80.9%
Rural	63	19.1%
Primary caregivers
Spouse	209	63.6%
Parents	58	17.6%
Alone	32	9.7%
Child	30	9.1%
Working status
Employed	150	45.6%
Unemployed	92	28.0%
Retired	62	18.8%
Farmers/students	25	7.6%
Medical fee payment method
The rural cooperative medical care	41	12.5%
Medical insurance for urban residents	85	25.8%
Medical insurance for urban employees	191	58.1%
Full self-paid / commercial medical insurance	12	3.6%
Per capita monthly income (CNY)
≤2000	62	18.8%
2001~4000	97	29.5%
4001~6000	83	25.2%
≥6001	87	26.5%
Economic burden
No	48	14.6%
Light	77	23.4%
Medium	122	37.1%
Heavy	82	24.9%
Transplantation time (months)
≤12	94	28.6%
13~59	164	49.8%
≥60	71	21.6%
Dialysis method
Hemodialysis	233	70.8%
Peritoneal dialysis	65	19.8%
Both	19	5.8%
No	12	3.6%
Dialysis time (months)
≤24	195	59.3%
≥25	134	40.7%
Number of complications
0	84	25.6%
1	80	24.3%
2	82	24.9%
≥3	83	25.2%
Recurrence of primary disease
Yes	31	9.4%
No	298	90.6%

Correlations Between Social Support, Self-Perceived Burden, and FoP

The mean total scores for social support, self-perceived burden, and FoP among the RTRs were 39.20 ± 8.57, 29.09 ± 11.10, and 33.13 ± 10.32, respectively. The connections between social support, self-perceived burden, and FoP are depicted in Table 2. Social support was negatively related to FoP (r = −0.37, p < 0.001). The self-perceived burden was positively related to FoP (r = 0.58, p < 0.001). Social support was negatively related to the self-perceived burden (r = −0.28, p < 0.001).

Table 2 Means, SDs, and Correlations of All Variables

Variables	Mean	SD	Social Support	Self-Perceived Burden
Social support	39.20	8.57	1
Self-perceived burden	29.09	11.10	−0.28***	1
FoP	33.13	10.32	−0.37***	0.58***

Note: ***p < 0.001 (two-tailed).

The Self-Perceived Burden is a Mediator Between Social Support and FoP

SEM was established with Amos 26.0 using social support (objective support, subjective support, and utilization of support) as an independent variable, self-perceived burden (physical burden, economic burden, and emotional burden) as an intermediary variable, and FoP (physical health and social family) as a dependent variable. The final best-fitting indexes are as follows (χ²/df = 2.897, GFI = 0.965, AGFI = 0.927, NFI = 0.970, IFI = 0.980, TLI = 0.967, CFI = 0.980, RMSEA = 0.076, and SRMR = 0.033). The mediating effect of self-perceived burden in social support and FoP is shown in Figure 1. Social support adversely impacted the self-perceived burden (β = −0.333, p < 0.001) and FoP (β = −0.294, p < 0.001) of the RTRs. Self-perceived burden beneficially impacted FoP (β = 0.516, p < 0.001) (Table 3). The results of the direct, indirect, and total effects in the mediation model are shown in Table 4. The total effect (β = −0.466, p < 0.001) and direct effect (β = −0.294, p < 0.001) of social support on FoP were significant. The indirect effect was significant after self-perceived burden had been incorporated (β = −0.172, 95% CI: −0.253, −0.097, p < 0.001), contributing to 36.9% of the total effect.

Table 3 The Path Coefficients of the Mediation Model

Variable	Standardized Estimate	SE	CR	P
SPB <--- SS	−0.333	0.126	−4.412	<0.001
FoP <--- SPB	0.516	0.129	8.746	<0.001
FoP <--- SS	−0.294	0.256	−4.210	<0.001

Table 4 Mediating Effect

Effect	Estimate	Lower	Upper	P-value	Mediating Effects
Direct effect	−0.294	−0.421	−0.164	<0.001	63.1%
Indirect effect	−0.172	−0.253	−0.097	<0.001	36.9%
Total effect	−0.466	−0.581	−0.345	<0.001

Figure 1 Model of the mediating role of self-perceived burden between social support and FoP. Indirect effect of social support on FoP through self-perceived burden = −0.172 (95% confidence interval: −0.253, −0.097, p < 0.001).

Notes: X1: objective support; X2: subjective support; X3: utilization of support; M1: physical burden; M2: economic burden; M3: emotional burden; Y1: physical health; Y2: social family.

Abbreviations: SS, social support; SPB, self-perceived burden; FoP, fear of progression.

Discussion

This study explored the connection between social support, self-perceived burden, and FoP in RTRs and confirmed that social support indirectly affects FoP via self-perceived burden.

The mean FoP score (33.13 ± 10.32) for the RTRs was at a moderate level, and 52.6% (n = 173) of the patients had psychological dysfunction (FoP ≥ 34 points), which was consistent with a German study³⁵ and a study of patients with hematological cancer.³⁶ The high incidence of FoP in RTRs may be caused by the unpredictability of FoP, the ambiguity of the treatment outcome, concern about family burdens and adverse drug reactions, and fear of complications and death.³⁷ Although RT can alleviate the psychological distress experienced by end-stage dialysis patients,³⁸ the long-term use of medication and the survival time of the transplanted kidney are major factors that cause FoP in RTRs. Therefore, FoP is a common psychological issue in RTRs.

In the present study, the average social support score in RTRs was comparable to that in patients with liver stones, both at a medium level.³⁹ However, it was lower than the social support reported by hemodialysis patients.³⁸ This disparity may be attributed to the fact that most RTRs do not resume employment after undergoing RT and lack social support from colleagues and work units.⁴⁰ In addition, social support was negatively correlated with FoP, confirming previous research findings.⁴¹ RTRs who receive greater social support are willing to develop an optimistic attitude towards the challenges posed by the disease, facilitating a quicker adjustment to postoperative life and ultimately reducing the occurrence of FoP.³⁹ Good social support can also improve treatment compliance.¹⁵ Encouraging patients to increase their treatment knowledge by actively seeking relevant information can alleviate adverse emotions during treatment and reduce FoP. However, due to the different personalities and living environments of patients, the type of social support needed may differ. Korotkin’s research showed that people with anxiety need companionship support, whereas young people need mostly family support,⁴² implying that the HCPs should administer tailored interventions and diverse forms of social support to different patient cohorts while optimizing the availability and effectiveness of social support resources to effectively mitigate FoP.

The self-perceived burden score in this study was 29.09 ± 11.10, with 14.3% of RTRs reporting a severe self-perceived burden, similar to the results of Geng in 2017 for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.⁴³ The high burden score may be attributed to the ongoing treatment requirements and complications that impose physical and psychological pressure on RTRs. The present study concluded that self-perceived burden was positively related to FoP, providing new ideas for studying the connection between these two variables. Patients with heavier self-perceived burdens have greater postoperative mental stress, lower tolerance for disease recurrence, and stronger fear.⁴⁴ A quantitative systematic review study found that reducing the psychological burden and distress of patients can decrease the occurrence of FoP and enhance overall well-being.⁴⁵ Patients with lower economic burdens have a low incidence of FoP.⁴⁶ The cost of RT and post-maintenance treatment is expensive, which can heighten the concerns of some patients regarding the exorbitant expenses associated with disease progression, making them more afraid of disease changes. Thus, in addition to caring about the physical health of RTRs, the HCPs should emphasize the assessment of mental issues, encourage participation in social activities, promote the sharing of true feelings, and alleviate the self-perceived burden.

This study found that social support was negatively related to the self-perceived burden, suggesting that RTRs develop a self-perceived burden when faced with insufficient social support, similar to the results of Ren’s research.⁴⁷ More importantly, the present study showed that self-perceived burden is a mediator between social support and FoP. Previous studies demonstrated that dysfunction indirectly affects depressive symptoms via self-perceived burden.⁴⁸ A study conducted in 2023 on 386 patients with rheumatoid arthritis confirmed that social support indirectly affects kinesiophobia through self-perceived burden.⁴⁹ Other studies have shown that high-quality time companionship, travel with family members and peers, and other ways to increase social support allow patients to share their emotional distress, eliminate negative emotions, and reduce emotional burdens.^50,51 Consequently, patients can calmly confront disease changes, which is beneficial in mitigating FoP.⁵² Medical support provided by telemedicine can facilitate a patient’s comprehension of disease-related information,⁵³ enabling them to promptly identify changes in their condition. This proactive approach can effectively minimize hospitalization and alleviate the physical and economic burdens associated with the condition and FoP.⁵⁴ A study of foreign scholars showed that people with moderate to high levels of FoP do not receive needed social psychotherapy, and there needs to be a consensus on FoP management among social psychological workers.⁵⁵ Therefore, this study identified a new direction for interventions that reduce FoP by increasing social support and reducing the self-perceived burden for RTRs.

Limitations

There are some constraints in this research. First, the study was cross-sectional and failed to exhibit a good causal connection between social support, self-perceived burden, and FoP. In the future, longitudinal research should be conducted around these three variables. Secondly, only the contribution of social support and self-perceived burden to FoP and the relationship between the three were discussed. Therefore, other potential contributions to FoP should also be considered. Third, the data were mainly collected through questionnaires, which could introduce recall and reporting bias. Fourth, only RTRs with good communication and reading comprehension were included in this study, which could cause selection bias and restrict the generalizability of our study results.

Conclusion

In summary, we found that the level of FoP in RTRs was moderate, and FoP among RTRs is a rising problem in China. Social support was negatively correlated with FoP. Social support also indirectly affected the FoP through self-perceived burden. Therefore, clinical nurses should always pay attention to patients’ social support and psychological status of self-perceived burden in the process of admission and discharge, and implement some interventions to enhance the social support of RTRs and decrease the occurrence and development of their self-perceived burden psychology. Enhanced social support may help promote a positive and stable psychological state, reducing FoP and, more importantly, improving quality of life.

Abbreviations

FoP, Fear of progression; RTRs, Renal transplant recipients; SSRS, Social Support Rating Scale; SPBS, Self-Perceived Burden Scale; FoP-Q-SF, Fear of Progression-Questionnaire-Short Form; HCPs, Healthcare professionals; RT, Renal transplantation; CSM, Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation; SEM, Structural equation modeling.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank the teachers of each medical center for their help and support, and all the patients involved in this study.