The relation between zero-time pretransplant deceased donor renal biopsy and kidney transplant survival

Abstract

Introduction

There are several investigations about preimplantation biopsy results in alive donors. However, assessment of the biopsies in deceased donors’ kidney and its correlation with patient survival is limited. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between zero-time pretransplant kidney biopsy and survival of kidney in deceased donors.

Patients and methods

This was a cohort study conducted at Montaserieh Hospital, Mash-had, between January 2016 and December 2017. We included all brain dead patients who were referred to Montaserieh transplantation center. After vascular anastomosis of kidneys in recipient patients, in the operation room, and de-clumping of vessels, biopsies were taken from upper pole of donated kidney. Blocks of biopsies were evaluated by expert pathologists and then reported. We followed patients for 1 year and compared the pathologic findings and renal survival in them.

Results

The mean age of deceased donors was 32.32±1.49 years and that of the recipient patients was 36.33±1.27 years. Thirty-eight recipient patients (45.2%) were female and 46 were male (54.8%). The most pathologic pattern in our study was grade I separation, followed by blebs, dilatation, and loss of attenuation. We showed that most of the transplantations were safe after 1-year follow-up (85.7%) without any complications. We observed thrombosis in two cases (2.4%) and rejection of transplantation in ten patients (11.9%). Cox regression analysis showed that end-stage renal disease grade (HR =3.84, 95% CI =2.315–6.348; P<0.0001) and gender of the deceased donors (HR =0.34, 95% CI =0.145–0.797; P=0.013) were related to graft survival rate.

Conclusion

Only cast feature in pathologic exam was related to graft survival, which is a marker of tissue ischemia. There was no significant correlation between other histological findings and graft survival.

Keywords:

• survival rate
• transplant
• renal biopsy
• graft outcome
• kidney
• deceased donors

Introduction

Kidney transplantation is now the best choice for the survival of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).¹ This therapy exhibits a good cost/benefit ratio and can elevate the survival and quality of life of patients with ESRD. It has been estimated that the number of cases with chronic kidney disease and requiring a kidney transplant is increasing yearly by 8% in the USA.² Iran is a pioneer in the Middle East region in performing kidney transplant for patients.³ In the past, the majority of renal transplantations in Iran were from living donors, yet recently deceased donation of organs has been increasing.⁴ This is due to an international acceptance for extension of using organs, which was not accepted until recently.^5,6 However, a crucial factor to be considered before kidney transplantation from a deceased donor is kidney biopsy of the donated kidney to assess the functionality and efficiency of the transplanted kidney. This is also important in predicting the mid-term and long-term outcomes of transplantation in the patient.^7,8 The function of the donors’ kidney after transplantation can be evaluated by measuring serum creatinine.^9,10 The early outcomes of transplantation during the first months of operation were evaluated by measuring serum creatinine levels.¹¹ The presence of pathological changes in live donors’ kidneys has been shown by previous studies.¹²

Preimplantation biopsies play a major role in defining structural integrity and the functional reserve of kidney specimens.^13,14 Different algorithms based on histological parameters have been proposed to evaluate kidneys from donors with expanded criteria.¹⁵ In biopsies performed according to standard protocols, it is known that glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and arteriosclerosis are associated with an inferior kidney function in the long term.^16,17 The criteria used to decide whether kidneys from donors are suitable for kidney transplantation are not univocal. Useful parameters to consider when making transplant-related decisions are the history of the donor, their renal function, the anatomical appearance of the kidneys at ultrasonography and macroscopic evaluation, and the histological findings of the preimplantation biopsy.¹⁸ Histological scores as an index of severity of renal lesions can be a good predictor for future graft outcome.^19,20 Although there are several investigations about preimplantation biopsy results in alive donors, the assessment of biopsies in deceased donors’ kidneys and its correlation with patient survival is limited. This study evaluated the correlation between zero-time pretransplant kidney biopsy and survival of kidneys in deceased donors.

Patients and methods

This was a cohort study performed at Montaserieh Hospital, Mashhad, between January 2016 and December 2017. The research included all brain dead patients, who were referred to Montaserieh transplantation center.

Eligibility criteria

All the candidates with verified brain death were included for transplantation. The study excluded patients who did not have suitable kidneys for transplantation, those without consent from their parents or protector to participate in the study, and those in whom both kidneys were donated en-bloc to one receptor patient.

Study design

Informed consent was obtained from the patients’ parents or protectors for recruitment in the study. This was also done for receptor patients. After vascular anastomosis of kidneys in recipient patients, in the operation room, and de-clumping of vessels, biopsies were taken from the upper pole of donated kidneys. Blocks of biopsies were evaluated by an expert pathologist. The patients were followed for 1 year and correlation between their pathologic findings and renal survival was analyzed.

Pathologic evaluation

The evaluated liver specimens were wedge biopsies with 2–4 H&E stained sections available for review. Periodic acid-Schiff and trichrome stains were performed for all cases. All specimens were assessed for glomerulosclerosis, hypoxia, and arteriosclerosis. The degree of acute tubular necrosis in donated kidneys was categorized as grades: mild (10%–25%), moderate (25%–50%), or severe (>50%). The function of donated kidneys was evaluated by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and with Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation on the first day, first week, first month, and after 1 year. We used the parameters like urine volume, serum creatinine, and GFR <15% to demonstrate the loss of kidney function. The primary end point of the study was 1-year graft survival.

Statistics

This research used descriptive tests for reporting continuous variables, including mean or median. Categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentages. Graft survival was computed using Kaplan–Meier method. Proportions were compared using the chi-squared test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using the log-rank test. Variables that were significant at the P<0.05 univariate level were included in the multivariate analysis. P-values <0.05 were considered significant. All analyses were performed using the SPSS software, version 16.0 (SPSS Institute, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Ethics statement

This study was approved by the Editorial Board of Urology of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences with an ethical code of IR.MUMS.fm.REC.1393.764. We obtained written informed consent from all legal attendants of each subject.

Results

The mean age of deceased donors was 32.32±1.49 years and that of recipients was 36.33±1.27 years. Thirty-eight recipients (45.2%) were female and 46 were male (54.8%). Other demographic data are listed in Table 1.

Table 1 Baseline and demographic data of deceased donors and recipient patients

Characteristics
Deceased	Gender (n, %)	Female	24, 28.5
		Male	60, 71.5
	Kidney side (n, %)	Left	50, 59.5
		Right	34, 40.5
	Age (mean ± SD), years	32.32±1.49
	Cause of brain death (n, %)	Brain trauma (38, 70); brain tumor (2, 4); poisoning (4, 7); CVA (6, 11); seizure (2, 8); encephalopathy (2, 4)
	Serum creatinine (mean ± SD), mg/dL	0.99±0.28 (0.5–1.7)
	Urinary output (mean ± SD), mL/day	2,387.50±441.29 (1,800–3,200)
	Right kidney size (mean ± SD), mm	110.75±12.01 (70–120)
	Left kidney size (mean ± SD), mm	111.10±12.20 (70–120)
	Vascular resistance index (mean ± SD)	0.65±0.05 (0.51–0.75)
Recipient	Gender (n, %)	Female	38, 45.2
		Male	46, 54.8
	Age (mean ± SD), years	36.33±1.27 (14–65)
	Cause of ESRD (n, %)	Hypertension (22, 26.2); DM (2, 2.4); hypertension+ DM (12, 14.3); nephrotic syndrome (10, 11.9); PCKD (2, 2.4); HUS (2, 2.4); Alport syndrome (2, 2.4); VUR (6, 7.1); PSGN (2, 2.4); kidney stone (2, 2.4); idiopathic (22, 26.2)

Abbreviations: ESRD, end-stage renal disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; PCKD, polycystic kidney disease; HUS, hemolytic-uremic syndrome; VUR, vesicoureteral reflux; PSGN, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

The study showed that most of the transplantations were safe after 1-year follow-up (85.7%) without any complications. We observed thrombosis in two cases (2.4%) and rejection of transplant in ten patients (11.9%).

The results showed that 85.71% of recipients had a complete kidney survival after the 12-month follow-up. Table 2 shows the pathologic characteristics of preimplant biopsy of deceased kidneys, by their grading score, in rejected and survived groups.

Table 2 Pathologic characteristics of preimplant biopsy of the deceased kidneys

Characteristics		Kidney survival (n, %)		Total (n, %)	P-value	Characteristics		Kidney survival (n, %)		Total (n, %)	P-value
		No	Yes					No	Yes
Coagulative necrosis	Normal	0	12, 100	12, 100	0.12	Blebs and shedding of proximal tubular epithelium	Normal	0	8, 100	8, 100	0.72
	Mild	4, 10.5	34, 89.5	38, 100			Mild	6, 20	24, 80	30, 100
	Moderate	4, 22.2	14, 77.8	18, 100			Moderate	4, 14.3	24, 85.7	28, 100
	Severe	6, 37.5	10, 62.5	16, 100			Severe	4, 22.2	14, 77.8	18, 100
Swelling	Normal	10, 19.2	42, 80.8	52, 100	0.83	Separation and detachment	Normal	2, 16.7	10, 83.3	12, 100	0.45
	Mild	2, 11.1	16, 88.9	18, 100			Mild	10, 21.7	36, 78.3	46, 100
	Moderate	2, 14.3	12, 85.7	14, 100			Moderate	2, 10	18, 90	20, 100
	Severe	–	–	–			Severe	0	6, 100	6, 100
Loss of attenuation	Normal	0	10, 100	10, 100	0.32	Thinning	Normal	6, 14.3	36, 85.7	42, 100	0.25
	Mild	4, 14.3	24, 85.7	28, 100			Mild	2, 10	18, 90	20, 100
	Moderate	8, 20	32, 80	40, 100			Moderate	6, 30	14, 70	20, 100
	Severe	2, 33.3	4, 66.7	6, 100			Severe	0	2, 100	2, 100
Dilatation	Normal	8, 14.8	46, 85.2	54, 100	0.47	Interstitial edema	Normal	12, 14.6	70, 85.4	82, 100	0.026
	Mild	6, 21.4	22, 78.6	28, 100			Mild	2, 100	0	2, 100
	Moderate	0	2, 100	2, 100			Moderate	–	–	–
Casts	Normal	8, 11.8	60, 88.2	68, 100	0.03	Sloughing	Normal	14, 18.4	62, 81.6	76, 100	0.39
	Mild	4, 33.3	8, 66.7	12, 100			Mild	0	6, 100	6, 100
	Moderate	0	2, 100	2, 100			Moderate	0	2, 100	2, 100
	Severe	2, 100	0	2, 100			Severe	–	–	–
Peri-tubular scan	Normal	12, 15	68, 85	80, 100	0.067	Apoptosis	Normal	14, 17.5	66, 82.5	80, 100	0.475
	Mild	2, 50	2, 50	4, 100			Mild	0	4, 100	4, 100
Proximalization	Normal	14, 17.1	68, 82.9	82, 100	0.693	Focal calcification	Normal	14, 17.5	66, 82.5	80, 100	0.475
	Mild	0	2, 100	2, 100			Mild	0	4, 100	4, 100

There was no significant correlation between pathological indexes and kidney survival (P>0.05), except cast (P=0.03). Table 3 shows the findings of posttransplantation outcomes in the patients.

Table 3 Findings of posttransplantation outcomes in patients

Variables		Kidney survival		P-value
Complication		Yes	No
None (n, %)		70, 97.20	2, 2.8	<0.001
Reject (n, %)		2, 2.8	8, 66.7
Thrombosis (n, %)		0	2, 16.7
Grade of ESRD (N, %)	I	2, 100	0	<0.001
	II	26, 100	0
	III	42, 100	0
	IV	0	6, 100
	V	0	8, 100

Abbreviation: ESRD, end-stage renal disease.

Data of the two groups (survived or not) are listed in Table 4.

Table 4 Differences in laboratory variables between the two groups

Variables	Kidney survival		P-value
	Yes	No
Deceased serum creatinine (mean ± SD)	1.00±0.26	1.01±0.20	0.91
Age of deceased (mean ± SD), years	32.75±12.97	37.83±17.69	0.40
Age of recipient (mean ± SD), years	34.91±12.39	44.83±12.36	0.07
Seventh day creatinine (mean ± SD), mg/dL	1.47±0.30	3.81±2.50	0.05
30th day creatinine (mean ± SD), mg/dL	1.35±0.30	3.48±2.20	0.04
1-year creatinine (mean ± SD), mg/dL	1.38±0.30	5.08±2.20	<0.001
Recipient gender (n, %)	Male (34, 47.3), female (38, 52.7)	Male (12, 100), female (0)	0.01
Vascular resistance index (mean ± SD)	0.66±0.04	0.65±0.07	0.87
Urinary output of deceased (mean ± SD)	2,418.10±408.85	2,366.70±467.61	0.78
Urinary output of recipient (mean ± SD)	3,777.80±841.46	1,308.30±1,951.51	0.02

Cox regression analysis showed that ESRD grade (HR =3.84, 95% CI =2.315–6.348; P<0.0001) and gender of deceased donors (HR =0.34, 95% CI =0.145–0.797; P=0.013) were related to graft survival rate (Table 5). Figure 1 indicates the pattern of survival according to these variables. It was demonstrated that the risk of graft survival failure was 3.84 times more in higher grades of ESRD and 0.34 times more in the female gender. There was no significant relationship between survival prognosis and existence of pathological variables (P>0.05). The median GFR between the two groups was significantly different (renal survival group, mean rank: 7.5; rejected group, mean rank: 49.5; P<0.001).

Figure 1 Survival rate of cases according to ESRD grade (A) and gender of deceased donor (B).

Abbreviation: ESRD, end-stage renal disease.

Table 5 Multivariate analysis by the Cox regression model

Characteristics	SE	Wald	P-value	HR	95.0% CI
					Lower	Upper
Coagulative necrosis	−0.183	0.458	0.690	0.833	0.339	2.045
Blebs and shedding of proximal tubular epithelium	0.012	0.564	0.983	1.012	0.335	3.057
Swelling	0.229	0.295	0.437	1.257	0.706	2.239
Separation and detachment	−0.036	0.646	0.955	0.965	0.272	3.423
Loss of attenuation	0.240	0.418	0.566	1.271	0.560	2.885
Thinning	0.405	0.413	0.327	1.500	0.667	3.370
Dilation	−1.036	0.510	0.042	0.355	0.131	0.965
Cast	.212	0.382	0.579	1.236	0.584	2.616
Sloughing	−0.672	0.573	0.241	0.511	0.166	1.570
Grade of ESRD	1.344	0.257	<0.0001	3.834	2.315	6.348
Deceased age	−0.006	0.013	0.673	0.994	0.969	1.021
Deceased gender	−1.080	0.435	0.013	0.340	0.145	0.797
Deceased serum creatinine	−0.464	0.563	0.410	0.629	0.208	1.897
Deceased urinary output	0.000	0.000	0.510	1.000	0.999	1.001
Deceased left kidney size	−0.037	0.026	0.146	0.963	0.916	1.013
Deceased right kidney size	0.018	0.029	0.530	1.018	0.962	1.078
Recipient age, years	0.000	0.014	0.980	1.000	0.974	1.027
Recipient gender	0.355	0.283	0.209	1.427	0.820	2.483

Note: Bold text= P<0.05.

Abbreviations: ESRD, end-stage renal disease; SE, standard error.

Discussion

This study was an analysis of biopsies from brain dead donors with expanded criteria for recipients. All of the biopsy specimens were obtained in regards to clinical protocols.²¹ Various investigations have addressed different issues related to preimplantation kidney biopsies and recommended a set of histopathologic parameters to be evaluated based on their predictive value for graft outcome.^22–25 Histopathologic scoring systems and evaluations were suggested to assist decision-making by transplant teams, regarding organ acceptability for transplantation. However, there are limited studies on deceased biopsies, and in this study, we evaluated them histopathologically, and followed the patients for 1 year and examined the kidney survival.

The major findings were that after 1-year follow-up, graft survival was observed in 85.7% of the cases, thrombosis in two cases (2.4%), and rejection of transplantation in ten patients (11.9%). Some studies suggested that biopsies from donors are not beneficial; however, this is probably related to the lack of true definition and crude survival findings in these studies.²⁶ The current study only reported the determinants of histopathologic findings and found no significant relationship between variables and survival rate. We showed that only cast in the samples was significantly different between survived and rejected cases. Naderi et al showed that glomerulosclerosis in donated kidneys was not associated with graft rejection. Their results demonstrated that no allograft dysfunction was observed in 55 (95%) patients during the first month, 51 (88%) in 6 months, and 53 (91%) during the first year. They reported that survival rate after deceased transplant was 89%, whereas that of living-donor transplants was 99%.²⁷ Mossad et al²⁸ designed a study with 63 renal transplant children, weighing 25 kg or less at the time of renal transplantation. They received a living donor renal allotransplant and were retrospectively evaluated for survival, graft survival, as well as physical growth. Their results demonstrated that patient and graft survival rate at 1 year was 98.4%.²⁸ Chamienia et al²⁹ found delayed graft function in three cases and an acute rejection episode in four subjects among the 29 cases. One-year patient and graft survival rates were both 100% (98% and 83% for deceased donor kidney transplantation). Five-year patient and graft survival rates were 100% and 89.6%, respectively, compared with 83% and 69% in deceased donor kidney transplantation.²⁹ Rezaei et al³⁰ revealed that graft survival rates in 1 year were 85.6% and 97.4%, in 3 years were 77.2% and 92.3%, and in 10 years were 33.3% and 60.6% in living unrelated donors and living related donors, respectively.³⁰ Ghaffari et al demonstrated that in 39 cases, who had undergone kidney transplant from deceased donors, 1-year patient survival rate was 89.7%.³¹ Hashiani et al³² reported this survival rate as 93.7% (32 cases) and Yazdani et al reported this as 92.3%.³³

The rate of survival in the current study for deceased transplant in comparison with other studies was relatively poor. This can be related to population differences and demographic baseline characteristics and larger number of cases that were evaluated. Cecka et al reported the survival rate as 89% for deceased samples and 95% for living ones.³⁴ Kaitelidou et al reported the survival rate from deceased samples in 38 cases after 1 year as 95% for patients and 85% for grafts.³⁵ The rate of graft survival after 1 year is an important factor, which influences overall survival in transplantation. Therefore, suitable reported function in the current study can indicate the long-term survival of patients. One of the reasons for relatively high survival rate in the current study can be due to the source of transplant being cases with brain death.

Cox regression analysis showed that ESRD grade (HR =3.84, 95% CI =2.315–6.348; P<0.0001) and gender of deceased donors (HR =0.34, 95% CI =0.145–0.797; P=0.013) had independently been related to graft survival rate. Mossad et al²⁸ demonstrated significant risk factors for growth retardation postrenal transplant, which included older age at time of transplant (P=0.019), female gender (P=0.010), retarded growth at time of transplant (P=0.011), incidence of chronic rejection (P=0.012), higher steroid cumulative dose (P=0.013), and graft dysfunction (P=0.009).²⁸ Rezaei et al³⁰ showed that in the Cox model, four factors, including the presence of surgical or other complications, known primary disease, and donor–recipient relationship, had a significant association with patient survival, and seven factors, including the presence of surgical complications, known primary disease, donor–recipient relationship, gender, weight, same side transplanted kidney, and donor’s age, had significant relationship with graft survival.³⁰ Pegas et al’s² multivariate model found an association with the presence of arteriosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis, acute rejection, and delayed graft function.

The current study showed that the 30-day mean serum creatinine after transplant in patients with suitable renal function was 1.35±0.30 mg/dL and was significantly different from patients with rejected graft (3.48±2.2 mg/dL). Chamienia et al demonstrated that the mean serum creatinine levels at 1, 6, 12, and 60 months were 1.59±0.4, 1.51±0.3, 1.51±0.4, and 1.49±0.3 mg/dL, respectively.²⁹ The importance of transplanted kidneys during the long-term follow-up is determined by percentage of creatinine. It was reported that if serum creatinine after 6 months was equal or lower than 1.5 mg/dL, the rate of survival would be 80%.³⁶

There was no significant relationship between pathologic indexes and kidney survival (P>0.05), except cast (P=0.03). Pegas et al² evaluated the prevalence of chronic alterations in preimplant biopsies of kidney grafts and the association of findings with graft function and survival in 1-year posttrans-plant in 110 biopsies, including live donors, ideal deceased donors, and those with expanded criteria. The score was computed according to criteria suggested by Remuzzi. They showed that no statistical difference was found in the survival of donors, stratified according to Remuzzi criteria, and that the GFR was significantly associated with total scores in the groups with mild and moderate alterations, and alone in the compartments of kidney.² Taheri et al used the Banff scoring system in their study and evaluated pathological lesions in rejected transplanted kidneys. They showed that the most frequent rejections were tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis grades 2 and 3, and acute rejection with grades IA and IIB, respectively.³⁷ Ratnakar et al³⁸ in a 10-year retrospective study on renal transplant biopsies evaluated histological changes, according to Banff’s working classification of renal allograft pathology. They showed that out of 26 cases, 10 belonged to hyper-acute and acute forms, whereas 11 could be categorized to chronic sclerosing allograft nephropathy. In the remaining five, the graft pathology was unrelated to the rejection process. Presence of tubular atrophy and interstitial matrix increase were considered useful parameters for assessing severity in cases with chronic allograft nephropathy.³⁸ In Escofet et al’s study,³⁹ patients with over 20% glomerulosclerosis had worse kidney function in 1 year. Bajwa et al,⁴⁰ analyzing 12,129 preimplantation kidney biopsies, noted that presence of more than 5% glomerulosclerosis was associated with a more unfavorable outcome. On the other hand, Cockfield et al,²² in a study with 730 biopsies, did not show an independent association of glomerulosclerosis with the prognosis. Sulikowski et al showed that in 121 patients, there was no significant association between renal function and arterial hyalinization, fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and tubular atrophy.⁴¹ Most investigations showed that there was no significant relationship between pathological changes and graft survival. Despite these results, the current study showed that cast in pathological assessment is related to graft survival and can be an important factor and the degree of these changes should be considered for patient survival prediction.

Conclusion

The current study showed that graft survival was 85.71%, which was comparable with results of other regions. Overall, there was no significant relationship between histological findings and graft survival. However, cast in pathological exam was related to graft survival. The most common pathologic pattern in the current study was grade I separation, followed by blebs, dilatation, and loss of attenuation. We demonstrated that ESRD grade and gender of deceased donors were independently related to graft survival rate. The study limitation was the short-term follow-up and patients will be resumed for long-term follow-up evaluations.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.