Efficacy and safety evaluation of pentoxifylline associated with other antioxidants in medical treatment of Peyronie’s disease: a case-control study

Abstract

Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a chronic disorder involving the tunica albuginea surrounding the corpora cavernosa of the penis. A conservative treatment is indicated in the first stage of disease. The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic impact and possible side effects of treatment with pentoxifylline (PTX) in combination with other antioxidants in 307 patients with early-stage PD. Patients were subdivided into three groups: A, B, and C. Both groups, A and B, comprising of 206 patients, underwent treatment, whereas Group C was the control group (n=101). Treatment lasted 6 months and included the following: Group A: PTX 400 mg twice a day + propolis 600 mg/d + blueberry 160 mg/d + vitamin E 600 mg/d + diclofenac 4% gel twice/a day + PTX 100 mg via perilesional penile injection/every other week (12 injections in all); Group B: the same treatment as Group A except for the penile PTX injections. After the 6-month treatment course, we obtained the following results: actual mean decrease in plaque volume −46.9% and −24.8% in Group A and B, respectively (P<0.0001); mean curvature reduction −10.1° and −4.8°, respectively (P,0.0001); resolution of pain in 67.6% and 67.2% of cases, respectively (P=0.961); recovery of normal penile rigidity in 56.09% and 23.5% of cases, respectively (P=0.005). After 6 months, progression of disease was observed in all patients belonging to Group C: plaque volume +123.3%; curvature +15.7°; no recovery of penile rigidity. The statistically significant results of our study show that multimodal treatment with PTX in association with other antioxidants and topical diclofenac is efficacious in treating early-stage PD. Furthermore, treatment proved to be more effective when PTX was administered both orally and by penile injection. No serious adverse effects occurred.

Keywords:

• multimodal treatment
• penile curvature
• penile injections
• antioxidant supplementation

Introduction

Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the tunica albuginea surrounding the corpora cavernosa of the penis. Prevalence of this disease varies between 3.6% and 13% as reported by various epidemiological studies.^1–4 It is, therefore, not as rare a disease as is generally believed; in fact, PD prevalence is much higher than that of diabetes mellitus, which was 2.8% in 2000 (the estimated prevalence for 2030 is 4.4%).⁵

PD affects male subjects with a mean age of 50–55 years. PD is at times a treacherous disease, which unfortunately can affect even young men under 40 years of age, and in these cases, its evolution has been shown to be more rapid and its symptoms more evident.^6–8

No clear understanding of the etiology of PD has been reached so far; however, there is general consensus that the major pathogenic mechanism arises as a consequence of penile trauma.^9–11 The chronic inflammatory process is thus thought to occur in genetically predisposed male subjects after penile trauma or microtrauma.^12,13

Following trauma and the related accumulation of fibrin, insufficient activation of the fibrinolytic process triggers the pathological mechanism that causes formation of plaque due to excessive production of collagen by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts.^14–18 At the disease site, there is consistent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokines, among which the most important is the transforming growth factor beta-1, largely responsible for the production of collagen in the disease site.^18–22 The presence of oxidative stress leads to activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells, which in turn causes further gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as gene expression of collagen, fibrin, and inducible nitric oxide synthase.^18,23 The gradual local overproduction of collagen, associated with degradation–destruction of the elastic fibers of the tunica albuginea,^24,25 gradually leads to a sectoral reduction in elasticity, which in turn causes inevitable morphological changes in the penis, ie, curvature, hourglass deformity, divots, and shortening. Besides penile curvature and the other possible morphological changes, the most frequent symptoms of PD are pain and erectile dysfunction.

Conservative medical treatment is indicated in the first stage of the disease, when there is still pain and penile curvature, and erectile dysfunction, if present, does not yet prevent complete sexual intercourse. Current medical-conservative therapies include oral substances (Potaba, tamoxifen, colchicine, carnitine, vitamin E, pentoxifylline [PTX], phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, flavonoids/propolis, blueberries), intralesional treatments (verapamil, collagenase clostridium histolyticum, interferon, iloprost, hyaluronic acid, steroids), topical treatments (diclofenac 4% gel, verapamil hydrochloride 15% gel, liposomal recombinant human superoxide dismutase gel), and local physical treatment (iontophoresis, extracorporeal shock wave therapy [ESWT], Capacitive Resistive Energy Transfer/TECAR therapy, traction, and vacuum devices).^26–44 Our study consists uses a multimodal therapeutic approach to PD using antioxidant substances. We already had experience in using a combined therapy with antioxidants such as propolis, blueberries, and vitamin E associated with local treatment consisting of penile perilesional injections with verapamil.^38–40 In this study, we decided to continue our positive experience with multimodal PD therapy, and thus, for the second time with a larger sample, we found an association between oral antioxidants and local perilesional injections, replacing verapamil with PTX, and administering it both orally and via injection.³³ The reason behind this choice is that, in addition to its strong antioxidant effect, PTX also has antifibrogenic activity.^45–48

Besides evaluating the efficacy of PTX, we aimed at making a more in-depth assessment regarding the tolerability of this interesting compound with antioxidant, antifibrogenic properties.

Materials and methods

We conducted this controlled study to analyze and learn more about the therapeutic effects and possible side effects of multimodal treatment with PTX associated with other antioxidant substances in subjects affected by PD in whom conservative management of the disease was indicated. For all patients, the fundamental inclusion criterion was therefore the presence of PD in an active, as yet unstabilized, stage.

The total number of patients who presented to our outpatient clinic between May 2, 2012 and December 31, 2014 with symptoms that were without doubt referable to PD was 381. However, 26 of them were excluded from the study because their clinical situation met one or more of the following exclusion criteria:

1. any medical therapy for sexual dysfunction both prior to and during the study;

2. PD in a stabilized phase;

3. previous therapy for PD;

4. severe erectile dysfunction;

5. significant penile curvature preventing complete sexual intercourse;

6. patients with allergy or intolerance to one or more of the substances used in the study;

7. low blood pressure;

8. patients receiving concomitant theophylline;

9. patients receiving concomitant anticoagulant drugs (dicumarol, heparin, etc);

10. presence of risk factors for hemorrhage;

11. recent retinal or cerebral hemorrhage.

Exclusion criteria from number 7 to number 11 are exclusively relevant to contraindications to the use of PTX. Therefore, 355 patients affected by PD in its active, unstabilized stage were selected and enrolled. Before any treatment was administered, every patient was informed that one of the therapeutic options for PD was surgical treatment. All patients refused the surgical option a priori, and 101 of them preferred not to be treated even with conservative medical therapy due to various reasons: lack of trust in the type of therapy, fear of its side effects, hope of spontaneous resolution, underestimation of the disease, and overall costs of care.

We therefore divided patients into three groups, A, B, and C. Both treatment groups, A and B, received a 6-month combined therapy with various antioxidant substances and differed only in that Group A received penile injections with PTX, whereas Group B did not. However, both groups received oral PTX. Group C represents the control group, made up of patients who did not undergo any therapy. The detailed characteristics of the three groups are as follows:

• Group A: Oral therapy: PTX 400 mg twice a day + propolis 600 mg/d (on an empty stomach) + blueberry (vaccinium myrtillus) 160 mg/d + vitamin E 600 mg/d for 6 months. Diclofenac sodium 4% gel twice a day, applied as topical treatment to the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the penis (excluding the glans) for 6 months. PTX 100 mg was given as a perilesional injection in the penis using a thin 30-gauge needle, approximately every other week (twice a month) for 6 months and for a total number of 12 penile injections.

• Group B: Oral therapy: PTX 400 mg twice a day + propolis 600 mg daily (on an empty stomach) + blueberry (vaccinium myrtillus) 160 mg/d + vitamin E 600 mg/d for 6 months. Diclofenac sodium 4% gel twice a day, applied as topical treatment to the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the penis (excluding the glans) for 6 months.

• Group C: This was the control group and included all patients who opted not to undergo any treatment.

Unlike other authors, for several years we have preferred to administer penile injections close to the plaque and not within the plaque itself. In fact, since peyronie’s plaque is a densified zone with reduced or null stretchability-elasticity, we believe that an injection of a substance directly into the plaque may produce a strong pressure increase, thus causing further penile trauma. Furthermore, the perilesional injection, as it is not an intraplaque injection, does not require any previous local anesthesia.

Out of the 355 patients originally selected for the study, we had to exclude 48 further patients due to the following reasons:

• thirty-one cases were excluded because of various reasons (degree of penile curvature, plaque volume, plaque echogenicity, comorbidity, presence of erectile dysfunction), as they disrupted the necessary statistic homogeneity between the three groups;

• ten cases of patients who were treated for a few days but had to discontinue treatment early because they immediately presented uncomfortable side effects after administration of oral PTX (tachycardia, rash, low blood pressure, dizziness);

• seven cases who developed severe skin irritation after topical administration of diclofenac gel.

After accurate selection, 307 patients were finally enrolled and divided into three groups:

• Group A – 112 patients

• Group B – 94 patients

• Group C – 101 patients.

Patients assigned to Group C, although they refused to undergo any treatment, consented to be followed up after 6 months.

Propolis and blueberry were administered combined in a single tablet of Propolberry-3P^® – Brea Srl, Grosseto, Italy (one tablet of Propolberry contains propolis – 600 mg and blueberry – 160 mg).

All 307 patients who took part in the study, besides undergoing a physical examination and careful collection of their clinical history, performed the following tests before and after the 6-month treatment period: dynamic penile color Doppler ultrasound with photographic documentation of the penis at maximum erection,⁴⁹ IIEF questionnaire for the evaluation of erectile function,⁵⁰ and pain rating questionnaire (pain intensity numeric rating scale/PI-NRS).⁵¹

The color Doppler ultrasound, besides assessing the plaque’s echogenicity, also included measurement of its three dimensions (length, width, and thickness),⁵² and imaging of the penis at maximum erection with photographic poses according to Kelâmi,⁴⁹ for goniometric measurement of the curvature of the penis.

Plaque volume was measured in cm³ using the ellipsoid formula.^53,54

To assess erectile function, we used the IIEF questionnaire,⁵⁰ taking into consideration the answers that refer specifically to the evaluation of penile rigidity (IIEF-Erectile Function), ie, answers to questions 1–5 and question 15 (IIEF-EF normal score: 26–30). Patients with a score below 26 were identified as suffering from erectile dysfunction.

The questionnaire used to assess pain is based on analogical measurement of pain intensity on a scale with 11 points, going from 0 to 10 (PI-NRS), where 0= no pain and 10= worst possible pain.⁵¹

After the approval of the Institutional (LILT) ethics committee, specific written informed consents were obtained from 307 patients.

Our study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, 1983, and subsequent revisions.

Statistical analysis

Statistical comparison between the baseline and follow-up categorical variables was calculated using the chi-square (χ²) test. Statistical comparison between the baseline and follow-up continuous variables was calculated using Student’s t-test. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. To calculate statistics, we used the Primer of Biostatistics software package (Version 7.0, McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC, NY, USA).

Results

The number of patients enrolled in the study was 307, with a mean age =53.6±11.1 (standard deviation, SD). Age varied between 22 and 73 years. Most subjects (255/307 cases =83.06%) presented penile curvature, with a mean curvature of 26.7°±12.6°.

Penile pain was present in 57.9% of patients (178 out of 307 cases), and their mean score on the PI-NRS was 4.8±2.7 SD. Erectile dysfunction was present in 36.1% of subjects (111 out of 307 cases), and their mean erectile function (IIEF-EF) score was 19.79±4.91 SD. In all cases presenting calcification, it was never present in the totality of the plaque, but only in a small percentage of the area affected by the disease, confirming that in all cases examined PD was still in an active, progressive stage.

Statistical comparison of the baseline clinical and demographic features of the three groups did not reveal any significant statistical differences, thus confirming a substantial homogeneity for subsequent statistical analysis (Table 1).

Table 1 Clinical and demographic features of PD patients in the three groups

Clinical features	Treatment group A (112 cases)	Treatment group B (94 cases)	Control group C (101 cases)	Statistical analysis (P-value)
				A vs B	A vs C	B vs C
Mean age ± SD (years)	53.22±12.01	53.73±10.31	53.99±11.10	0.746 (t-test)	0.630 (t-test)	0.867 (t-test)
Mean time from disease onset ± SD (months)	11.73±5.65	11.64±6.71	11.97±6.26	0.922 (t-test)	0.771 (t-test)	0.729 (t-test)
Mean plaque volume ± SD (cm^3)	0.687±0.853	0.631±0.929	0.617±0.600	0.652 (t-test)	0.493 (t-test)	0.900 (t-test)
Cases with calcification (n [%])	31 (27.6)	24 (25.53)	26 (25.7)	0.754 (χ^2 test)	0.759 (χ^2 test)	0.973 (χ^2 test)
Mean calcification volume ± SD (cm^3)	0.198±0.454	0.182±0.348	0.192±0.201	0.780 (t-test)	0.902 (t-test)	0.804 (t-test)
Cases with penile curvature (n [%])	94 (83.92)	78 (82.97)	83 (82.17)	0.853 (χ^2 test)	0.855 (χ^2 test)	0.883 (χ^2 test)
Mean angle of penile curvature ± SD (°)	26.914±13.778	26.884±12.489	26.554±11.587	0.988 (t-test)	0.852 (t-test)	0.862 (t-test)
Presence of penile pain (n [%])	65 (58.03)	55 (58.51)	58 (57.42)	0.945 (χ^2 test)	0.928 (χ^2 test)	0.993 (χ^2 test)
Mean PI-NRS score, only in patients with penile pain ± SD	4.892±2.165	4.709±2.087	4.81±3.682	0.639 (t-test)	0.879 (t-test)	0.859 (t-test)
Cases with ED (n [%])	41 (36.6)	34 (36.1)	36 (35.6)	0.948 (χ^2 test)	0.997 (χ^2 test)	0.938 (χ^2 test)
Mean IIEF-EF score in patients with ED ± SD	19.5±4.75	19.9±5.09	19.8±5.06	0.736 (t-test)	0.805 (t-test)	0.928 (t-test)
Concurrent risk factors	Number ofcases	Number ofcases	Number ofcases	A vs B (χ^2 test)	A vs C (χ^2 test)	B vs C (χ^2 test)
Dupuytren’s contracture	4	3	3	0.880	0.805	0.928
Coronary artery disease	8	7	7	0.933	0.951	0.889
Dyslipidemia	17	15	16	0.877	0.893	0.982
Diabetes	13	11	12	0.983	0.950	0.969
High blood pressure	31	28	30	0.759	0.763	0.989
Low testosterone	2	2	3	0.859	0.906	0.709
Benign prostatic hyperplasia	10	9	9	0.873	0.996	0.872
Chronic prostatitis	4	3	4	0.880	0.881	0.773
Cigarette smoking	23	21	20	0.885	0.894	0.795

Notes: Group A: PTX 400 mg twice a day + propolis 600 mg/d + blueberry 160 mg/d + vitamin E 600 mg/d + diclofenac 4% gel twice/day + PTX 100 mg via perilesional penile injection/every other week (12 injections in all); Group B: the same treatment as Group A except for the penile PTX injections; Group C: control group with no treatment. Continuous variables were compared using the two-tailed Student’s t-test whereas categorical variables were statistically compared by use of the χ² test.

Abbreviations: PD, Peyronie’s disease; SD, standard deviation; n, number of cases; PI-NRS, pain intensity numeric rating scale; ED, erectile dysfunction; IIEF-EF, index of erectile function.

Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of the administered substances

Results after 6 months of treatment

Statistical analysis allowed us to find statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups (A and B) and the control group (C) in terms of the following: actual reduction in penile plaque volume and calcification volume, improvement in penile curvature, pain, and erectile function (Table 2).

Table 2 Results after 6 months of treatment

Outcomes	Treatment group A (112 cases)	Treatment group B (94 cases)	Control group C (101 cases)	Statistical analysis (P-value)
				A vs B	A vs C	B vs C
Mean pain resolution (% [n/N])	67.69 (44/65)	67.27 (37/55)	6.89 (4/58)	0.961 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)
Mean changes in PI-NRS score in patients with penile pain ± SD	−4.12±2.01	−3.40±2.03	−1.15±2.88	0.054 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)
Mean onset of penile pain (% [n/N])	0 (0/47)	0 (0/39)	48.83 (21/43)	1.000 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)
Mean plaque volume reduction (% [n/N])	100.0 (112/112)	79.78 (75/94)	0 (0/101)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)
Mean actual changes in plaque volume ± SD (%)	−46.99±21.23	−24.84±27.76	+123.38±238.49	<0.0001 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)
Mean increase in plaque volume (% [n/N])	0 (0/112)	5.31 (5/94)	98.01 (99/101)	0.0186 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)
Mean plaque resolution (% [n/N])	0.89 (1/112)	1.06 (1/94)	0 (0/101)	0.900 (χ^2 test)	0.341 (χ^2 test)	0.971 (χ^2 test)
Mean calcification volume reduction (% [n/N])	96.77 (30/31)	70.83 (17/24)	0 (0/26)	0.0159 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)
Mean actual changes in calcification volume ± SD (%)	−54.02±30.43	−40.27±36.11	+109.29±206.16	0.131 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)	0.001 (t-test)
Mean calcification resolved (% [n/N])	9.67 (3/31)	8.33 (2/24)	0 (0/26)	0.863 (χ^2 test)	0.301 (χ^2 test)	0.435 (χ^2 test)
Mean increase in volume of calcification (% [n/N])	3.2 (1/31)	0 (0/24)	80.7 (21/26)	0.374 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)
Mean appearance of new calcification (% [n/N])	0 (0/81)	0 (0/70)	33.3 (25/75)	1.000 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)
Mean improvement in penile curvature (% [n/N])	96.8 (91/94)	56.41 (44/78)	3.61 (3/83)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)
Mean variations in angle of penile curvature ± SD (°)	−10.1±6.5	−4.8±5.7	+15.7±16.1	<0.0001 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)
Mean variation in percentage of penile curve angle + SD (%)	−40.7±22.1	−21.7±23.5	+68.2±66.8	<0.0001 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)
Mean no variation in penile curvature (% [n/N])	3.19 (3/94)	41.02 (32/78)	15.66 (13/83)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	0.0069 (χ^2 test)	0.0004 (χ^2 test)
Mean resolution of penile curvature (% [n/N])	6.38 (6/94)	1.28 (1/78)	0 (0/83)	0.128 (χ^2 test)	0.0304 (χ^2 test)	0.484 (χ^2 test)
Mean worsening in penile curvature (% [n/N])	0 (0/94)	0 (0/78)	80.72 (67/83)	1.000 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)
Mean onset of penile curvature in patients with no curvature (% [n/N])	0 (0/18)	0 (0/16)	94.4 (17/18)	1.000 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)
Mean improvement in penile rigidity in patients with ED (% [n/N])	92.6 (38/41)	61.7 (21/34)	0 (0/36)	0.0016 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)
Mean recovery of penile rigidity in patients with ED (% [n/N])	56.09 (23/41)	23.5 (8/34)	0 (0/36)	0.0052 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	0.0019 (χ^2 test)
Mean variations in IIEF-EF score in patients with ED ± SD	+3.6±3.1	+1.1±2.6	−1.4±2.1	0.0004 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)
Mean variation percentage of IIEF-EF score in patients with ED ± SD (%)	+23.99±31.46	+6.94±15.33	−7.44±11.36	0.0051 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)	<0.0001 (t-test)
Onset of ED in patients with previously normal penile rigidity (% [n/N])	0 (0/71)	0 (0/60)	48.0 (36/65)	1.000 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)	<0.0001 (χ^2 test)

Notes: Group A: PTX 400 mg twice a day + propolis 600 mg/d + blueberry 160 mg/d + vitamin E 600 mg/d + diclofenac 4% gel twice/day + PTX 100 mg via perilesional penile injection/every other week (12 injections in all); Group B: the same treatment as Group A except for the penile PTX injections; Group C: control group with no treatment. Continuous variables were compared using the two-tailed Student’s t-test whereas categorical variables were statistically compared by use of the χ² test.

Abbreviations: n, patients; N, total patients; PI-NRS, pain intensity numeric rating scale; SD, standard deviation; ED, erectile dysfunction; IIEF-EF, index of erectile function.

At 6 months from study entry, a reduction in plaque volume was seen in all cases in Group A, in 79.7% of cases in Group B, and never in Group C (P<0.0001).

Specifically in Group A, an average of 46.9% reduction in plaque volume was observed; in Group B, the mean reduction was 24.8% (P<0.0001); and in Group C, an average 123.3% increase in plaque volume occurred (P<0.0001).

It must be specified that in Group A no increase in plaque volume was observed after the 6-month treatment, while an increase occurred in 5.3% of cases in Group B, and 98.01% of cases in Group C (P<0.0001).

After 6 months, when present, penile pain resolved in 67.6% of cases in Group A, 67.2% of cases in Group B, and 6.8% of cases in Group C (P<0.0001).

In Groups A and B, there was no progression of penile curvature after treatment, whereas in Group C curvature progressed in 80.7% of cases (P<0.0001).

After 6 months, a reduction in curvature occurred in Group A, B, and C in 96.8%, 56.4%, and 3.6% of cases, respectively. Actual measure of the decrease in curvature was, on average, −10.1° for Group A and −4.8° for Group B (P<0.0001), while in Group C curvature increased, on average, by 15.7° (P<0.0001).

With respect to penile rigidity in patients with ED, recovery of regular erections occurred in 56.09% of cases in Group A and 23.5% of cases in Group B (P=0.0052), whereas, on the contrary, no recovery occurred in Group C (A versus C: P,0.0001; B versus C: P=0.0019). It is important to stress the fact that at 6 months from study entry, no onset of ED occurred in patients belonging to Groups A and B who had no problems of rigidity, while in the control group (Group C) ED appeared at 6-month follow-up in 48% of patients who initially did not suffer from it (P<0.0001).

Evaluation of the tolerability of the substances used

Overall, our multimodal therapy was well tolerated.

Tables 3 and 4 list side effects by substance and treatment group.

Table 3 Side effects for each substance

Side effects	Oral PTX			Perilesional PTX injection			Oral propolis + blueberry			Oral vitamin E			Topical diclofenac sodium (4% gel)
	n	I (%)	n/N	n	I (%)	n/N	n	I (%)	n/N	n	I (%)	n/N	n	I (%)	n/N
Blood pressure dropa	1	0.46	1/216	0			0			0			0
Tachycardiaa	3	1.38	3/216	0			0			0			0
Dizzinessa	2	0.92	2/216	0			0			0			0
Skin rasha	4	1.85	4/216	0			0			0			0
Headache	2	0.97	2/206	0			0			0			0
Hot flashes	2	0.97	2/206	0			0			0			0
Vomiting	1	0.48	1/206	0			0			0			0
Dyspepsia	5	2.42	5/206	0			0			0			0
Nausea	6	2.91	6/206	0			0			0			0
Meteorism	8	3.88	8/206	0			0			0			0
Severe, widespread penile skin irritationa	0			0			0			0			7	3.28	7/213
Mild penile skin irritation	0			0			0			0			0
Penile hematoma or severe ecchymosis	0			0			0			0			0
Small ecchymosis	0			4	3.57	4/112	0			0			0
Significant penile pain after injection	0						0			0			0
Local penile edema after injection	0						0			0			0
Incidenceb		11.65	24/206		3.57	4/112								2.91	6/206
Incidence total		15.74	34/216c											6.1	13/213d

Notes: The table includes even the 17 cases of patients who discontinued treatment early due to the onset of significant side effects.

a Side effect which caused treatment to be stopped early;

b refers only to the 206 patients who completed the 6-month treatment.

c refers to all 216 patients who took oral PTX;

d refers to all 213 patients treated topically with diclofenac.

Abbreviations: PTX, pentoxifylline; n, number of cases; N, total number of patients.

Table 4 Side effects in the two treatment groups

Side effects (n)	Group Aa	Group B
Headache	1	1
Hot flashes	1	1
Vomiting	0	1
Dyspepsia	2	3
Nausea	3	3
Meteorism	4	4
Mild penile skin irritation	3	3
Penile hematoma or severe local	0	0
ecchymosis
Small ecchymosis	4	0
Severe penile pain after injection	0	–
Local edema after injection	0	–
Incidence % for each group (n/N)	16.07% (18/112)	17.02% (16/94)
Total incidence % in groups	16.5% (34/206)
A and B (n/N)

Notes:

a With perilesional injection. Group A: PTX 400 mg twice a day + propolis 600 mg/d + blueberry 160 mg/d + vitamin E 600 mg/d + diclofenac 4% gel twice/day + PTX 100 mg via perilesional penile injection/every other week (12 injections in all); Group B: the same treatment as Group A except for the penile PTX injections.

Abbreviations: n, number of cases; N, total number of cases.

All adverse effects, except for those strictly localized to the penis, occurred exclusively after PTX was taken orally and never after penile injection with PTX or topical application of diclofenac gel. As already mentioned in the “Material and methods” section, a number of adverse effects, although not severe, were very bothersome and thus forced us to discontinue therapy.

Specifically, in ten cases oral treatment with PTX was discontinued after a few days because patients, after taking it a few times, presented uncomfortable side effects such as tachycardia, skin rashes, dizziness, or drop in blood pressure; in seven cases topical treatment with diclofenac gel was discontinued after a few days after onset of severe, widespread penile skin irritation.

Although these 17 cases were obviously excluded from subsequent treatment and thus from the study of clinical efficacy, nevertheless, to provide comprehensive information, we decided to report the adverse effects in Table 3 (first and last column).

In the other 24 cases, the adverse effects after administration of oral PTX (gastrointestinal problems and headache: 11.65%) were mild and short lasting and gradually disappeared over the course of treatment.

Overall, incidence of side effects after oral administration of PTX was 15.74% (34 cases out of 216).

Adverse effects after penile injection with PTX occurred in only four cases (3.57%) and consisted, in all cases, of a small ecchymosis, which never exceeded 1 cm in diameter.

The incidence of side effects after topical diclofenac application was, overall, 6.1% (13 cases out of 213), and consisted always in more or less widespread local skin irritation. As previously mentioned, in seven cases treatment was discontinued due to severe, widespread local irritation, while in six other cases the irritation on the skin of the penis was mild and temporary and regressed without discontinuing the medication.

Taking into consideration exclusively the 206 patients comprising treatment Groups A and B, the total incidence of adverse effects was 16.5% (34 cases out of 206; Table 4), while the incidence per group was 16.07% in Group A and 17.02% in Group B.

In our study, no severe adverse effects occurred.

Discussion

As other authors previously reported, we decided to use PTX to treat PD in its initial, not yet stabilized phase,^31,32 intrigued by the interesting properties of PTX, which has been used since 1976 and is commonly employed to treat circulatory disorders, in particular in chronic peripheral artery disease.^55,56

With its various properties, PTX acts on various crucial issues of PD, as our study results seem to confirm that besides reducing the production of ROS and protecting against damage to the tissue, it proved to have an anti-inflammatory and especially fibrinogen-reducing action, as it is an antagonist to fibrogenic cytokine TGF-β1.^45–48,57

The anti-inflammatory action of PTX also derives from its inhibition of the transcription action of NF-κB and the release of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α.^58,59 PTX has also shown nonspecific inhibition of phosphodiesterase through the cyclic AMP pathway,^60–62 and therefore, besides facilitating vasodilation and oxygenation of tissues, it promotes further antifibrogenic activity by stimulating apoptosis of the fibroblasts in the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa.⁶²

Our study joins that of other authors who, in their articles, confirmed the efficacy of PTX in the treatment of PD.^{31,32,63–66} In our study, however, we used the substance not only orally, but also via penile injection. We also used other antioxidant substances, ie, vitamin E, propolis, and blueberry, as part of our multimodal therapeutic approach. Vitamin E has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrogenic properties.^39,67–69 Propolis, besides being an antioxidant, also contains caffeic acid phenethyl ester and terpenoids, which can hinder production of proinflammatory cytokines.^70,71 Blueberries contain not only anthocyanins that have an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory action⁷² but also catechins, which are able to inhibit the production of platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor – cytokines known to play a role in the physiopathological mechanisms of PD – through inhibition of tyrosine kinase receptors.^73–76 The properties of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs are known, including the action of diclofenac, which, in any case, we had already used previously in multimodal management of PD.^38–40

The results of our study are interesting, as significant improvements were achieved in both A and B treatment groups in the most important parameters, such as degree of curvature, plaque volume, pain intensity, and penile rigidity.

It must also be noted that, contrary to general opinion, a reduction in the calcification component of plaque (where present) was obtained after treatment in both groups, while even complete resolution was observed in some cases (9.6% in Group A; 8.3% in Group B).

Although after 6 months, the results of Group A were, for the most part, better than those of Group B, the improvements in Group B were clearly significant in comparison with the results of control Group C.

Nevertheless, our study proved that PTX had greater efficacy when it was administered both orally and via perilesional injection (Group A), as clearly evident from the main study endpoints: reduction in plaque volume (P<0.0001), reduction in angle of curvature (P<0.0001), and improvement in erectile function (P=0.0016). Results of the follow-up of the patients in Group C showed a significant progression of disease in all study endpoints.

Comparison with the results of other treatment plans that call for intraplaque penile injections (interferon, verapamil, and collagenase) further persuades us of the efficacy of multimodal therapy, especially when PTX is used, not only because of the brilliant results achieved in the main endpoints, but also especially for the total absence of severe adverse effects such as penile hematomas or rupture of the corpora cavernosa.²⁹

Although our study recorded an absence of severe side effects, the possibility of developing both general and gastrointestinal side effects after use of oral PTX is already known;^77,78 in our study, side effects occurred in 15.74% of patients.

This is currently leading us to investigate how to avoid such effects, for instance, by associating transdermal administration of PTX (with iontophoresis or hydrophoresis replacing oral therapy) to the perilesional injections of PTX, or simply replacing oral PTX with Tradamixina.

Conclusion

Our study outcomes show that combined treatment with PTX associated with other minor antioxidants (propolis, blueberries, and vitamin E) and topical diclofenac is efficacious in treating PD. The study also demonstrated that clinical efficacy of PTX is greater when its oral administration is coupled with local administration via perilesional injection.

Our research confirms that in this disease long-term treatment yields the best results; in consideration of the fact that the first stage of PD has a duration of approximately 6–18 months, short-term therapies should thus certainly be avoided.^23,26,79,80

Once again, multimodal therapy has been proven to be the best approach for conservative management of PD, as it makes it possible to achieve better results than those obtained with any single drug.^{28,64,81–90}

Although our study achieved results that are extremely significant statistically, further randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm the efficacy of PTX in the treatment of PD.

Acknowledgments

We are deeply grateful to Prof Furio Pirozzi Farina, President of the Società Italiana di Andrologia-S.I.A. and Prof Alessandro Palmieri, Secretary of the same Society (both in office in the period 2010–2013), for their exemplary leadership and constant encouragement throughout our study.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.