Treatment cost of narcolepsy with cataplexy in Central Europe

Abstract

Background

Narcolepsy is a lifelong, rare neurological sleep disorder characterized by chronic, excessive attacks of daytime sleepiness. This disease is often extremely incapacitating, interfering with every aspect of life, in work and social settings.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to specify the treatment costs of patients in Central Europe (Czech Republic), while the attention is mainly paid to the drugs that were fully or partially covered by public health insurance. Furthermore, concomitant therapy is also evaluated, since it incurs a certain financial burden for patients and their family members. On the basis of the calculated costs, impact on the public budget is evaluated.

Patients and methods

This study monitors the direct costs of the drugs for 13 patients, who represent ~1.3% of the total number of diagnosed patients in the Czech Republic, and evaluates the costs associated with their treatment during the period from January 9, 2011 to April 23, 2013.

Results

Most of the treatment costs (~80%) were covered by publicly available sources. This finding is also true for the concomitant therapy of comorbidities. Additional payments for the drugs constitute about 20% of the total costs.

Keywords:

• cataplexy
• cost
• narcolepsy
• orphan drug
• rare disease
• sodium oxybate

Introduction

Narcolepsy is one of the orphan neurological diseases. This disabling illness often starts in the second or third decade of human life. The major symptom of narcolepsy is excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). The typical manifestation is a feeling of sleepiness fluctuating during the day and episodes of uncontrollable sleep recurring daily or almost daily. The second most common and specific symptom of narcolepsy is cataplexy. Cataplexy includes an unexpected loss of voluntary muscle tone with preserved consciousness¹ and is very often triggered by emotion. The frequency of cataplexy is variable. It may occur once or less per year to several times per day. The prevalence of narcolepsy is estimated to be ~25 per 100,000 in Caucasian populations.²

This disease is often connected with pediatric age. Many studies have dealt with pathophysiology of narcolepsy and its effect on pediatric age. Rocca et al³ investigated behavioral aspects and quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 narcolepsy (NT1). Meletti et al⁴ reported for the first time in humans the brain structures whose neural activity was specifically and consistently associated with emotion-induced cataplexy. To achieve this goal, drug-naïve children and adolescents with recent-onset NT1 were investigated. Han et al⁵ identified rare allelic variants and HLA alleles in narcolepsy patients with hypocretin (orexin, Hcrt) deficiency. Partinen et al⁶ dealt with epidemiological observations from studies in People’s Republic of China and suggested a role for H1N1 virus infections as a trigger for narcolepsy. Although the pathological mechanisms are unknown, an H1N1 virus-derived antigen might be the trigger. Khatami et al⁷ introduced the first prospective web-based European narcolepsy database hosted by the European Narcolepsy Network.

Major progress in the treatment of narcolepsy and cataplexy has been made in the past few years. In 2006, a promising compound called sodium oxybate was introduced. It was found to be effective in controlling all main symptoms of narcolepsy with cataplexy: daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, and disturbed nighttime sleep.⁸ The efficacy of sodium oxybate on the cataplectic symptoms of narcolepsy has been confirmed in a few randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies.^9–11 Chemically, sodium oxybate is the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and is supplied as an oral solution. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed sodium oxybate for the treatment of EDS and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. In the European Union (EU), it is licensed for the treatment of narcolepsy with cataplexy. The European Federation of Neurescience Societies (2006)¹² recommended the use of sodium oxybate as a first-line therapy for cataplexy.

Nevertheless, sodium oxybate is an expensive therapy. The drug costs, whether borne by patients or by managed care, can present a barrier to treatment. The issue of relationship – costs of health care vs their further development – is the key in many diseases whose treatment is either highly costly or an increase in the incidence of diseases is expected.^13–15

The purpose of this study is to specify the treatment costs of patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy in Central Europe (Czech Republic). Attention is mainly paid to the drugs that are fully or partially covered by public health insurance and to the complementary drugs which incur a certain financial burden for patients and their family members. On the basis of the calculated costs, impact on the public budget is evaluated.

Patients and methods

This study used Drummond’s methodology.¹⁶ According to this methodology, the costs are divided into two categories. The first category includes the costs of creation and running of health care programs, and the costs are perceived as the used sources. This category involves both variable and fixed costs and is therefore often called direct costs. The second category includes the costs which are imposed on patients and their families. Apart from the direct costs, this category also includes the costs in the form of a loss of working hours when taking a treatment. These production losses contribute to the indirect costs of services or programs. The so-called mental costs, subsequently causing mental harm, are similar in both categories. They play a significant role in patient’s and his/her family’s decision-making process. These indirect costs, however, are not researched in this study.

This study aims at the costs of the drugs that are used mainly in the treatment of this disease and at the concomitant therapy which is usually covered only partly by the public health insurance in the Czech Republic. This partially specifies the burden on the patients themselves or their family members. The study monitors 13 patients, who represent ~1.3% of the total number of diagnosed patients in the Czech Republic, and evaluates the costs of their treatment during the period from January 9, 2011 to April 23, 2013. In the Czech Republic, there are two centers for the treatment of patients suffering from narcolepsy with cataplexy. The treatment with sodium oxybate is exclusively done in one of the centers – the Charles University 1st Medical Faculty and General Teaching Hospital in Prague.

The authors institution (the University of Hradec Kralove) does not require ethical approval or patient consent for this study because the data used are freely available on request.

Results

This study, specifying the reimbursable and unpaid drugs from the public health insurance, includes 13 patients. Special attention is paid to sodium oxybate. The data were collected from the Public Health Insurance Company in the Czech Republic.

Costs of sodium oxybate (Xyrem^®)

According to the valid summary of product characteristics, the recommended initial dose is 4.5 g of sodium oxybate per day. It is divided into two equal doses of 2.25 g. The dose should be titrated to an effective dose according to the efficiency and tolerance up to the maximum possible dose of 9 g per day, divided into two equal doses of 4.5 g. The recommended daily dose according to the World Health Organization is 7.5 g per day. In the real clinical practice, an average dose was 7.4 g per day. The common daily therapeutic dose was set by State Institute for Drug Control in the Czech Republic (SUKL) at 9 g per day. At a dose of 7.4 g per day, one package of this medicine lasts for 12 days, and thus, the costs of the daily treatment are 30 EUR and the annual costs are 10,790 EUR. The reimbursement of sodium oxybate (Xyrem^®) is 354.7 EUR per 180 mL (500 mg/mL). One package contains 90 g of this efficient drug. The costs of this medicine for the period of one year in the Czech Republic are illustrated in Table 1.

Table 1 Costs of sodium oxybate in the Czech Republic

Daily dose	Costs per day, EUR	Costs per 12 months, EUR
4.5 g per day	20	7,630
7.4 g per day	30	10,790
9 g per day	41	14,860

Note: Authors’ own calculations based on the cited data.¹⁸

Further analyses are based on the doses used in the real clinical practice, ie, 7.4 g per day. Another entry parameter for the pharmaco-economic analysis is a recommended price for the end consumer for 180 mL (500 mg/mL) =354.7 EUR (SUKL). Table 2 specifies the population of patients in the Czech Republic, costs per analyzed period, the year when they were registered at the Public Insurance Company, and the costs of medicine per year.

Table 2 Consumption of sodium oxybate by the monitored patients

Patient	Sex	Year ofbirth	Consumption of sodium oxybate forthe monitored period (in the numberof packages of Xyrem 500 mg/mL)	Costs peryear (EUR)	Costs per analyzedperiod (EUR)
A	Male	1942	• For the consumption of 7.4 g, it is a purchase of 69.5 packages	• 10,789.9	• 24,345.4
B	Male	1945	• For 4.5 g, it is 42.26 packages	• 7,429.8	• 16,976.5
C	Male	1948	• For the maximum dose of 9 g, it is 84.52 packages	• 14,859.6	• 33,953.1
D	Male	1951
E	Male	1965
F	Male	1969
G	Male	1970
H	Male	1970
I	Female	1972
J	Female	1976
K	Male	1981
L	Male	1983
M	Male	1994

Note: Authors’ own calculation based on the data from the Public Health Insurance Company in the Czech Republic.

The costs of the total number of patients in one year covered by the public health insurance are 10,789.9×13=140,269 EUR per year.

Costs of the concomitant therapy

Table 3 provides an overview of other drugs which the patients were taking together with sodium oxybate. The drugs included in this category are the drugs that are directly connected with narcolepsy with cataplexy or with the direct psychiatric comorbidities and other efficient drugs.

Table 3 Overview of anatomical therapeutic chemical groups (ATC) of the monitored patients

Patient	Number of other types of drugs	ATC
A	19 (other efficient drugs)	N06DA02 – Donepezil
		N06DX02 – Ginkgo folium
		N06BX03 – Piracetam
		A07EA06 – Budesonide
		C05CA53 – Diosmin, combinations
		A02BC03 – Lansoprazole
		A09AA02 – Multienzymes (lipase or protease)
		A02BC02 – Pantoprazole
		A12BA01 – Potassium chloride
		H02AB04 – Methylprednisolone
		J01MA02 – Ciprofloxacin
		C03CA01 – Furosemide
		A07EC02 – Mesalazine
		M01AX17 – Nimesulide
		C05CA51 – Rutoside, combinations
		M01AB05 – Diclofenac
		C04AD03 – Pentoxifylline
		C10AA05 – Atorvastatin
		A12AX – Calcium, combinations with vitamin D and/or other drugs
	3 (directly related drugs)	N06BA07 – Modafinil
		N06AB06 – Sertraline
		N06AB10 – Escitalopram
B	7 (other efficient drugs)	G04BD06 – Propiverine
		C05CA04 – Troxerutin
		V08AB07 – Ioversol
		S01FB01 – Phenylephrine
		C10AA05 – Atorvastatin
		M02AA15 – Diclofenac
		C10AA07 – Rosuvastatin
	1 (directly related drugs)	N06AB10 – Escitalopram
C	0
D	13 (other efficient drugs)	C09AA05 – Ramipril
		C07AB02 – Metoprolol
		C03AA03 – Hydrochlorothiazide
		D06AX – Other antibiotics for topical use
		V08AB07 – Ioversol
		C03DA01 – Spironolactone
		R03BB01 – Ipratropium bromide
		A10BA02 – Metformin
		A10AD01 – Insulin (human)
		C10AA05 – Atorvastatin
		A02BC02 – Pantoprazole
		B01AC06 – Acetylsalicylic acid
		B01AC04 – Clopidogrel
	5 (directly related drugs)	N06BA04 – Methylphenidate
		N06BA07 – Modafinil
		N03AE01 – Clonazepam
		N06AA04 – Clomipramine
		N06AX14 – Tianeptine
E	0
F	2 (other efficient drugs)	J01FA09 – Clarithromycin
		N02AX02 – Tramadol
	2 (directly related drugs)	N06BA04 – Methylphenidate
		N06AB03 – Fluoxetine
G	1 (other efficient drugs)	C07AB02 – Metoprolol
	2 (directly related drugs)	N06AX14 – Tianeptine
		N06AA04 – Clomipramine
H	1 (other efficient drugs)	D01AC01 – Clotrimazole
	2 (directly related drugs)	N06BA07 – Modafinil
		N06AB10 – Escitalopram
I	8 (other efficient drugs)	J01CR02 – Amoxicillin and enzyme inhibitor
		R03AC02 – Salbutamol
		D07XC01 – Betamethasone
		M01AX17 – Nimesulide
		R06AX27 – Desloratadine
		V04CL – Tests for allergic diseases
		M02AA10 – Ketoprofen
		R01AD05 – Budesonide
	3 (directly related drugs)	N06AA04 – Clomipramine
		N05BA12 – Alprazolam
		N06BA07 – Modafinil
J	10 (other efficient drugs)	G01AF02 – Clotrimazole
		R05DA04 – Codeine
		R03AL01 – Fenoterol and ipratropium bromide
		D07BB03 – Triamcinolone and antiseptics
		R06AX27 – Desloratadine
		J01EE01 – Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim
		J01CR02 – Amoxicillin and enzyme inhibitor
		R03AK08 – Formoterol and beclometasone
		D11AH01 – Tacrolimus
		D07AC01 – Betamethasone
	1 (directly related drugs)	N06BA04 – Methylphenidate
K	1 (other efficient drugs)	N06BA07 – Modafinil
L	1 (other efficient drugs)	M01AX25 – Chondroitin sulfate
	1 (directly related drugs)	N06BA07 – Modafinil
M	1 (other efficient drugs)	A03FA07 – Itopride
	2 (directly related drugs)	N06BA07 – Modafinil
		N06AA04 – Clomipramine

Note: Authors’ own processing based on the data from the Public Health Insurance Company in the Czech Republic.

The specification of the costs for the specific patients with respect to the drugs taken by the patients is provided in Table 4. Attention is paid to the proportion of the costs incurred by the patients and to the amount paid by the public resources.

Table 4 Concomitant therapy and its prices of all other taken drugs for a specific patient for 12 months (EUR)

Patient	Indicative price of all other taken drugs per patient for 12 months		Indicative additional payment (paid by the patient)		Maximum reimbursement from the health insurance
	EUR	%	EUR	%	EUR	%
A	5,231.2	100	1,048.6	20	4,217.3	80
B	235.5		172.0	73	63.5	27
C	0		0	0	0	0
D	2,311.4		591.8	26	1,719.6	74
E	0		0	0	0	0
F	351.3		88.4	25	262.9	75
G	18.8		7.4	39	11.4	61
H	1,954.7		189.7	10	1,765.0	90
I	1,443.1		27.4	^Citation2	1,415.7	98
J	195.9		46.6	24	149.3	76
K	273.1		0	0	273.1	100
L	968.3		7.2	^Citation1	961.2	99
M	878.0		21.0	^Citation2	856.9	98
Total	2,718,397		30	^Citation16	2,402,67	84

Note: Authors’ own processing based on the cited data.¹⁸

The range of costs for individual patients differs significantly; three patients did not have any concomitant therapy in the monitored period. The highest total costs were 1,048.6 EUR with one patient covered from his own resources. Generally, most of the costs for the treatment of these patients (~84%) are covered by publicly available sources. Similar situation is observed in the case of comorbidities. There are additional payments for the patients, which constitute about 20%. Nevertheless, patient B paid for most of his treatment by himself. However, this is an exception.

A more detailed analysis of the costs connected with the drugs of the monitored disease shows (Table 5) that most of the costs are covered by public health insurance, and patients are not so much burdened with the costs. From the 20% burden of costs mentioned earlier, the main part is the reimbursement of comorbidities.

Table 5 Price of the additional payment and reimbursement from the public health insurance in relation to the drug and its link to the monitored disease (EUR)

Patient and the type of the drug	Indicative price for 12 months	Indicative additional payment	Maximum reimbursement from the health insurance
A. Other efficient drugs	2,328.6	1,038.2	1,325.1
Directly related drugs	2,902.6	10.4	2,892.2
B. Other efficient drugs	157.7	112.2	45.5
Directly related drugs	77.7	59.8	18.0
C. Other efficient drugs	0.0	0.0	0.0
Directly related drugs	0.0	0.0	0.0
D. Other efficient drugs	1,189.3	561.2	628.1
Directly related drugs	1,122.1	30.6	1,091.5
E. Other efficient drugs	0.0	0.0	0.0
Directly related drugs	0.0	0.0	0.0
F. Other efficient drugs	61.4	14.4	47.0
Directly related drugs	289.9	74.0	215.9
G. Other efficient drugs	1.7	1.3	0.4
Directly related drugs	17.0	6.1	11.0
H. Other efficient drugs	5.7	3.7	2.0
Directly related drugs	1,948.9	185.9	1,763.0
I. Other efficient drugs	23.5	12.8	10.7
Directly related drugs	1,419.6	14.6	1,404.9
J. Other efficient drugs	60.5	16.9	43.6
Directly related drugs	135.4	29.7	105.7
K. Other efficient drugs	0.0	0.0	0.0
Directly related drugs	273.1	0.0	273.1
L. Other efficient drugs	12.3	7.2	5.2
Directly related drugs	956.0	0.0	956.0
M. Other efficient drugs	20.2	18.0	2.2
Directly related drugs	857.8	3.0	854.8

Note: Authors’ own processing based on the cited data.¹⁸

Discussion

The situation in the Czech Republic with respect to the availability and reimbursement of drugs is relatively promising. This study shows that the public health insurance covers most of the costs of drugs used for the treatment of narcolepsy with cataplexy. Figure 1 describes the price of the drug in relation to parameters: sodium oxybate 500 mg/mL, usual daily therapeutic dose 7,500 number of package 12. Figure 1 compares the available data on the prices in the European countries. It is obvious that the highest price is reported in Italy, which is comparable with that in Slovenia, Austria, and Germany. On the contrary, the lowest price is reported in Cyprus and Denmark. Thus, this international comparison shows a relatively favorable price for this drug.

Figure 1 Price producer per package (EUR) – sodium oxybate.

Note: Authors’ own calculation according to the drug database in individual countries.

With respect to the reimbursement of other drugs for this disease, the situation in the Czech Republic is promising; additional payments are low. The cost analysis showed that patients annually paid 20% of the costs on the drugs which they used, but in most cases it was for the treatment of comorbidities.

The Czech Republic has one of the highest availability of orphan drugs (ODs), with 74% of ODs included in the European Medicines Agency available in market. According to the study of SZP (Association of Health Insurance Companies) and VZP (Public Insurance Company), the costs of ODs have been rising in the past few years. It was only in 2012 when they started to decline. If the percentage of costs is compared according to the SUKL methodology, then in 2007 the costs were at 1.8%; however, in 2011 they rose to 4.5% in VZP and to 3% in SZP. The year 2012 showed a slight decline to 4.49%.¹⁷

In comparison with the EU, the costs in the Czech Republic are slightly lower (gross national product in the Czech Republic is, however, significantly lower than the average gross national product in the EU). The costs in the EU in 2010 constituted 3.3% and their estimation for 2016 is 4.6%. It is hoped that there would not be any increase in the costs until 2020 and that they would slightly decline. The costs in Sweden are at ~3%; more specifically, it is 2.7% in Sweden and 3.2% in France.¹ In comparison with the EU and Czech Republic study, their forecast a stable increase in the budget. In the Czech Republic, there has been a fear of a rapid increase in the costs of these drugs. However, with respect to the estimates for the EU countries and Czech Republic, one can expect a stop spending level. On the contrary, in the countries where these costs are lower than in the parts of the Eurozone (Sweden and France, 3.2%), one can expect an increase in the costs.

These findings show that in the Czech Republic, there is no need to be worried about a rapid increase in the costs because a limited number of the existing drugs in combination with a small number of patients will not threaten the health system with a sharp rise in the treatment costs of ODs.

Acknowledgments

The study is supported by the Project Excellence at the Faculty of Informatics and Management of the University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and internal research Economic and Managerial Aspects in Biomedicine.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.