The quantification and assessment of depression and anxiety in patients with postoperative gastroparesis syndrome

Abstract

Background

This study aimed to analyze the stage-situation depression and anxiety as well as independent influential factors in patients with postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome (PGS) and to provide dependent indications for treatment.

Patients and methods

The self-rating depression scale (SDS) and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) were used to test the depression and anxiety of 53 patients with PGS, who were treated in the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery of Gansu Provincial Hospital from January 2012 to October 2016. A comparison between the SDS or SAS scores of patients with PGS and without PGS was undertaken; then, we retrospectively analyzed the factors influencing depression and anxiety in PGS patients.

Results

The patients with PGS’ mean scores of depression and anxiety were 49.92±11.37 and 50.91±6.57, respectively, which were higher than that of patients without PGS in the Chinese population (P<0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the independent influential factors of depression and anxiety in patients with PGS included course of disease, pancreatic juice leakage, preoperative outflow tract obstruction, postoperative abdominal infection, and anastomotic complication (P<0.05). Patients with a disease course longer than 30 days; with pancreatic juice leakage; and who suffered from preoperative outflow tract obstruction, postoperative abdominal infection, and anastomotic complication had higher ratios of depression and anxiety.

Conclusion

Depression and anxiety are clearly evident in patients with PGS, and we should pay attention to this phenomenon and provide appropriate treatment.

Keywords:

• postoperative gastroparesis syndrome
• depression
• anxiety
• influential factors

Background

Postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome (PGS), also called functional gastric emptying disorder, often occurs following upper abdominal surgery, with an incidence rate of 2%–3%. As verified by studies, the occurrence of PGS is associated with mental-nervous factors, surgery, and complications.¹

PGS is often caused by upper abdominal surgery, especially gastric or pancreatic resection, and sometimes lower abdominal surgery, such as gynecological or obstetrical procedures.^2,3 Its symptoms can be long lasting and often fail to be alleviated by usual medical therapy. Gastric reoperations usually prove useless. Its incidence rate has been increasing in recent years. PGS after gastrectomy has an incidence of approximately 0.4% to 5.0%. Recently, nearly 2% to 3% of patients who have undergone abdominal operations suffer from PGS, which accounts for 19% of the entire PGS incidence.^2,4,5 PGS appears to be caused by multiple factors and mechanisms, with nervous system and gastrointestinal motility disorders considered the main causes. It is associated with a variety of symptoms, including injuries to arteries and veins, energy stagnancy and blood stasis in surgery, early satiety, postprandial fullness, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.⁶ Frequency of complications varies directly according to the type and number of gastric operations. PGS after gastric surgery can also be due to muscular, neural, or humoral abnormalities. Delayed gastric emptying represents the inability to return to a standard diet by the end of the postoperative period.⁷ These symptoms prolong the enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition course of the patients, which not only compounds the suffering of patients but also increases the risk of nosocomial infections. Gastric motility stimulant medication is commonly used. However, a large number of patients find it difficult to tolerate long-term treatment due to side effects, leading to drug-refractory symptoms, large economic burden, and extreme physical pain. Therefore, analysis of the incidence and risk factors for PGS is a crucial breakthrough to enhance recovery after surgery.

Depression, or major depressive disorder, is currently the fourth most common medical condition worldwide and is estimated to be the second most common disease by the year 2020.⁸ Currently, 50% to 60% of all antidepressant prescriptions are written by primary care physicians,⁹ indicating that the majority of patients seek treatment from primary care clinics. Effective treatment of depression is critical, as depression has an adverse impact on morbidity and mortality of several medical conditions, including coronary artery disease, diabetes, and cancer, often resulting in noncompliance with therapy for these disorders.¹⁰ Among various malignant diseases, pancreatic cancer is believed to have one of the highest rates of concomitant depressive disorders.^11,12 Anxiety and depression have been reported to be the two most common psychological problems in cancer patients.¹³ Clinical research has shown that depression and anxiety are of major importance, resulting in more severe symptoms, impairment, subjective distress, and a long-term course of either anxiety or depression alone.¹⁴ Recently, many studies have shown that depression and anxiety affect the prognosis and long-term survival of cancer patients, ie, tumor stage and treatment methods in gastric cancer patients were significantly associated with depression.¹⁵ Psychological intervention is very critical for cancer patients, especially advanced cancer patients.^16,17

A good psychological state plays as an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer as a psychosomatic disease. Anxiety and depression have been reported to be the two most common psychological problems in cancer patients. Depression and anxiety have many effects on cancer patients, including reduced quality of life, altered decision making regarding treatment, increased desire for death, and a greater risk of suicide. The enteric nervous system plays a key role in emotions, earning it the nickname of “the second brain”. Recent studies also have confirmed that the onset of PGS is closely related to neuropsychological factors, surgery, and complications.¹⁸ However, little research has been done regarding the factors influencing depression and anxiety in PGS patients.^19,20 Currently, there is little research investigating the specific degree of and the influential factors of depression and anxiety of PGS patients.

The aim of this study was to use the self-rating depression scale (SDS) and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) to examine the level of depression and anxiety in PGS patients and also to explore influential factors and provide recommendations for the comprehensive treatment of PGS.

Ethics statement

This study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Gansu Cancer Center (sykj0065), Gansu Provincial Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Patients and Methods

Patients

The observation group consisted of patients with PGS (28 males and 25 females) who underwent radical surgery for gastric or pancreatic cancer in Gansu Provincial Hospital of General Surgery between January 2011 and October 2016. All patients in this study met the PGS diagnostic criteria:³ 1) frequent nausea, vomiting, or stomach retention after abdominal surgery and has been qualified without outflow tracked by gastroscopy or upper gastrointestinal tract examination; 2) drainage fluid from stomach was over 600 to 800 mL per day for at least 6–10 days; 3) no serious water, electrolyte, or acid–base imbalance; 4) no primary disease that could cause PGS, such as thyroid hypofunction; and 5) no medication history of drugs such as morphine that could affect stomach smooth muscle contraction. In the same period, 60 patients without PGS who underwent radical surgery for gastric and pancreatic cancer were randomly selected as a control group. In order to complete this questionnaire, patients also had to fulfill the following conditions: junior high school education or higher, no brain disease that affected their cognition, no major psychological impairments, and sufficient comprehension.

Clinical data collection

Questionnaires, SDS, and SAS were administered to patients on the 7th day after the diagnosis of PGS was confirmed in hospital. This study used a double-blind trial conducted by professionally trained doctors and nurses. The questionnaires were filled out by patients with at least one of three trained staff members or the physician present. The patients completed the questionnaires independently and without families present, with doctors available to clarify questions as needed regarding the 20 items of the SDS and the 20 items of the SAS. A raw score (X) was obtained by adding all the scores corresponding to the 20 items, and then it was converted through the formula: Y=Int(1.25X), namely, dividing the raw score by 1.25, the integer was taken as the standard score (Y), and a standard score ≥50 points meant the presence of anxiety or depression. A comparative analysis was made between the final data and the control group SDS and SAS.

Statistical analysis

A database was established using Excel. Data were presented as mean ± SD. Statistic comparisons were performed using the Student’s t-test for paired observations or by chi-square test for grouped comparison. Logistic regression was used for analysis of the correlated influence factors. We used the SAS 11.0 software to analyze the data. Statistical significance level was set at P<0.05.

Results

Results of depression and anxiety evaluation

The comparison between the SDS and SAS scores of PGS patients and patients without PGS (control group) showed that the PGS patients had higher SDS and SAS scores than patients without PGS, showing statistically significant differences (SDS: [49.92±11.37] points vs [43.07±6.02] points, P<0.01; SAS: [50.91±6.51] points vs [40.35±9.31] points, P<0.01), as shown in Table 1. According to Chinese norms, 50 points was a critical value, and a standard score of not less than 50 points indicated no presence of anxiety or depression. In the observation group, 31 patients had a depression standard score of more than 50 points, the depression incidence was 58.5% (31/53), and 35 patients had an anxiety standard score of not less than 50 points, the anxiety incidence was 66.0% (35/53). In the control group, the incidence of depression and anxiety was 18.3% (11/60) and 23.3% (14/60), respectively. The incidence of depression and anxiety in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). This result indicated that the patients in the observation group had obvious depression and anxiety symptoms.

Table 1 Mean scale value of PGS patients compared to patients without PGS (mean ± standard deviation)

Scale	Patients with PGS	Patients without PGS	t-value	P-value
SDS	49.83±11.37	43.07±6.02	6.925	<0.01
SAS	50.91±6.51	38.35±9.31	7.190	<0.01

Abbreviations: PGS, postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome; SDS, self-rating depression scale; SAS, self-rating anxiety scale.

Single-factor analysis of relationship of anxiety–depression and clinical characteristics

The results of single-factor analysis showed that the depression of 53 PGS patients was associated with the disease course, postoperative pancreatic juice leakage, preoperative gastrointestinal outflow tract obstruction, and postoperative anastomotic stoma complications. Patients with the following had a relatively high incidence rate of depression (P<0.05): a disease course of more than 30 days, postoperative occurrence of pancreatic leakage, preoperative gastrointestinal outflow tract obstruction, and postoperative anastomotic stoma complications. The occurrence of anxiety in PGS patients in this group was significantly correlated with a disease course of more than 30 days, postoperative abdominal infection, postoperative pancreatic leakage, preoperative gastrointestinal outflow tract obstruction, and postoperative anastomotic stoma complications (P<0.05). Patients’ depression and anxiety were not associated with sex, age, surgery duration, and perioperative hypoproteinemia (P>0.05, Tables 2 and 4).

Table 2 Comparison of clinical features in PGS patients with and without depression

Clinical characteristics	Cases (n)	Standard scale >50	P-value
Sex			0.530
Male	28	18
Female	25	13
Age (years)			0.338
≤60	18	10
>60	35	21
Disease course (days)			0.040*
≤30	39	20
>30	14	11
Postoperative fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)			0.253
≤8	41	26
>8	12	5
Postoperative abdominal infection			0.271
With	8	5
Without	45	26
Postoperative analgesia pump			0.114
With	39	22
Without	14	9
Perioperative hypoalbuminemia			0.362
With	12	7
Without	31	24
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)			0.211
≤500	30	22
>500	23	27
Operative time (hours)			0.173
≤3.0	27	17
>3.0	24	14
Pancreatic juice leakage			0.040
With	6	5
Without	47	26
Preoperative gastrointestinal outflow tract obstruction			0.001*
With	15	14
Without	38	17
Postoperative anastomotic stoma complications			0.013*
With	12	11
Without	41	20

Note:

* The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).

Abbreviation: PGS, postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome.

Table 4 Comparison of clinical features in PGS patients with and without anxiety

Clinical characteristics	Cases (n)	Standard scale >50	P-value
Sex			0.19
Male	28	19
Female	25	16
Age (years)			0.45
≤60	18	11
>60	35	24
Disease course (days)			0.002*
≤30	39	26
>30	14	9
Postoperative fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)			0.728
≤8	41	28
>8	12	7
Postoperative abdominal infection			0.027
With	9	8
Without	45	27
Postoperative analgesia pump			0.427
With	39	25
Without	14	10
Perioperative hypoalbuminemia			0.719
With	12	6
Without	31	29
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)			0.282
≤500	30	21
>500	23	14
Operative time (hours)			0.495
≤3.5	27	19
>3.50	24	16
Pancreatic juice leakage			0.026
With	6	6
Without	47	29
Preoperative gastrointestinal outflow tract obstruction			0.003*
With	15	14
Without	38	21
Postoperative anastomotic stoma complications			0.031*
With	12	11
Without	41	24

Note:

* The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).

Abbreviation: PGS, postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome.

Multi-factor analysis of relationship of anxiety–depression and clinical characteristics

The results of logistic multi-factor analysis showed a disease course of more than 30 days, postoperative pancreatic leakage, preoperative gastrointestinal outflow tract obstruction, and postoperative anastomotic stoma complications were influential factors in depression in PGS patients (P<0.05). A disease course of more than 30 days, postoperative abdominal infection, postoperative pancreatic juice leakage, preoperative gastrointestinal outflow tract obstruction, and postoperative anastomotic stoma complications were significantly correlated with the presence of intraperitoneal infection (P<0.05; Tables 3 and 5).

Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of PGS patients with depression

Variables	OR value	95% CI	P-value
Course of disease >30 days	1.781	1.512–2.203	0.013
Pancreatic juice leakage	1.726	1.362–1.972	0.000
Preoperative outflow tract obstruction	1.409	1.271–1.836	0.002
Anastomotic stoma complications	1.463	1.263–1.782	0.001

Abbreviation: PGS, postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome.

Table 5 Logistic regression analysis of PGS patients with anxiety

Variables	OR value	95% CI	P-value
Course of disease >30 days	1.864	1.653–2.291	0.017
Postoperative abdominal infection	1.726	1.309–1.957	0.000
Preoperative outflow tract obstruction	1.472	1.203–1.852	0.001
Pancreatic juice leakage	1.863	1.735–2.170	0.000
Anastomotic stoma complications	1.913	1.597–2.019	0.000

Abbreviation: PGS, postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome.

Discussion

PGS is one of the most common complications following gastric and pancreatic surgery, and approximately 40% of PGS patients have mental illness symptoms of varying degrees.^5,6 After clinical observation, the authors found that PGS patients have depression and anxiety symptoms of varying degrees, and their presence significantly impacts patients’ treatment compliance and the recovery of gastric motility. Therefore, studying the psychological problems of PGS patients and their influential factors, as well as multi-disciplinary, comprehensive treatment for the influential factors, are of vital significance to clinical practice.

Scale of measure is one of the important examinations in modern medicine. It is characterized by a relatively wide application in clinical treatment and scientific research with high validity, good reliability, and simple and easy application, and its contents involve emotional experience and emotion-related somatic symptoms.²¹ The application in gastrointestinal surgery not only facilitates the patient’s diagnosis and treatment but also plays an active role in helping medical staff to adapt the traditional treatment and nursing modes.²² SAS and SDS are characterized by a relatively wide application in clinical treatment and scientific research with high validity, good reliability, and simple and easy application, and its contents involve emotional experience and emotion-related somatic symptoms, and these symptoms are relatively common in PGS patients. Measurement, using the scale, found that most PGS patients presented with depression and anxiety symptoms at 7–45 days after radical surgery for gastric or pancreatic cancer, and most of the patients showed personality deviation, such as stubbornness and stereotypy, irritability, disinclination to move and talk, susceptibility and suspiciousness, which lasted for a long period of time. In order to accurately and comprehensively study the adverse emotions of a patient, the authors of this study carried out the measurements at day 7 after the diagnosis of PGS was confirmed by a clinical doctor. The investigation results indicated that PGS patients had significantly higher SAS and SDS scores (49.83±11.37 and 50.91±6.51 points, respectively) than patients without PGS (43.07±6.02 and 40.35±9.31, respectively), indicating that PGS patients had a higher depression and anxiety score than the normal population and showing the presence of anxiety or depression. The results of logistic multi-factor regression analysis found that a disease course of more than 30 days, postoperative occurrence of pancreatic leakage, preoperative gastrointestinal outflow tract obstruction, and postoperative anastomotic stoma complications were independent influential factors for depression and anxiety in PGS patients. These results indicated that the medical history of PGS patients should be studied comprehensively and carefully during clinical practice. As for patients with a disease course of more than 30 days, postoperative abdominal infection, postoperative occurrence of pancreatic juice leakage, preoperative gastrointestinal outflow tract obstruction, and postoperative anastomotic stoma complications, the observations of the patient’s psychological status should be consolidated and the patient’s abnormal psychological status and behaviors should be detected early during the active treatment of PGS, so that effective psychological intervention can be carried out and the patient’s psychological status can be corrected. The authors’ department provided psychological intervention to patients with depression and anxiety through the timely application of cognitive psychological therapeutic principle, so that they could be guided to establish healthy thinking, emotional, and behavioral psychology. Out of the 53 patients with PGS in this study, comprehensive conservative treatment and psychological counseling were successful in 51 patients; two patients had no response to conservative treatment, then underwent another surgery for gastrostomy for the placement of intranasal jejunum nutrient canal, and became convalescent 5 weeks thereafter. The authors proposed the following suggestions with reference to the treatment methods for depression and anxiety, among other mental diseases, after the psychological intervention treatment methods for functional gastrointestinal diseases were taken into consideration: 1) cognitive behavior therapy, dynamic psychological therapy, biological feedback therapy, and relaxation therapy, etc. can be adopted for psychological intervention so that patients can establish healthy thinking and emotional and behavioral psychology. Doctor–patient communication should be consolidated to stimulate patients’ psychosomatic self-regulation so that the treatment of primary diseases can be greatly boosted on the basis of the elimination of depression and anxiety.^13,23–25 2) Drug treatment: the current psychotropic antidepressant and anti-anxiety drugs mainly include β-adrenaline receptor blocking agent, mono-oxygenase inhibitor, benzodiazepine, selective 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake inhibitor, and other drugs (such as buspirone hydrochloride tablets and venlafaxine).^26–28 Psychiatrists are advised to give individualized treatment after consultation under the condition of drug intervention. These results indicate that improvement in psychological status is beneficial to the recovery of patients’ physiological functions. In this paper, because the treatment of depression and anxiety was undertaken by psychologists and psychiatrists, there are relatively little data on the specific treatment of depression and anxiety, and we will reinforce this in a later study.

Conclusion

Most PGS patients have obvious depression and anxiety emotions; a disease course of more than 30 days, postoperative occurrence of pancreatic leakage, preoperative gastrointestinal outflow tract obstruction, and postoperative anastomotic stoma complications are the independent risk factors; patients are advised to adopt psychological intervention and drug therapies during their treatment to promote fast recovery.

Depression and anxiety are clearly evident in patients with PGS, and we should pay attention to this phenomenon and provide appropriate treatment.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, no 81260325, and Hospital Research Foundation of Gansu Provincial People’s Hospital, no 17GSSY1-4.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.