Comparison of chemiluminescence immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and passive agglutination for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to compare the performance of chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and passive agglutination (PA) method in detecting Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection.

Methods

This study enrolled a total of 280 patients who were consecutively seen at the Nanfang Hospital of the Southern Medical University in Guangdong Province, China, between August and December 2016. Serum was collected and examined by CLIA, ELISA, and PA, respectively.

Results

There were 180 positive (64.3%) and 100 negative cases (35.7%) by PA, 184 positive (65.7%) and 96 negative cases (34.3%) by CLIA MP-immunoglobulin (Ig) M, 89 positive (31.8%) and 191 negative cases (68.2%) by CLIA MP-IgG, 196 positive (70%) and 84 negative cases (30%) by ELISA MP-IgM, and 114 positive (40.7%) and 166 negative cases (59.3%) by ELISA MP-IgG. Patients were allocated to two groups based on PA results. In PA-negative group (≤1:40), the positive rates of MP-IgM by CLIA were 22.8% and 51.2% and by ELISA were 33.3% and 53.5%, respectively. In the PA-positive group (1:80 to ≥1:1,280), MP-IgM negative cases showed a decreasing trend: 40%, 18%, 14.3%, 10%, and 6.7% (CLIA), and 43.3%, 8%, 14.3%, 5%, and 6.7% (ELISA). The consistency between CLIA/ELISA MP-IgM, -IgG, and -IgG+MP-IgM was >92% for negative cases and >75% for positive cases, resulting in an overall consistency rate >88%. The kappa coefficients were 0.804, 0.763, and 0.806, respectively.

Conclusion

CLIA and ELISA have a higher sensitivity compared with PA. CLIA has a high concordance with ELISA. Moreover, CLIA has a higher specificity and sensitivity for the detection of IgM and IgG and should be used for the clinical diagnosis of MP infection.

Keywords:

• chemiluminescence immunoassay
• enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• passive agglutination
• mycoplasma pneumonia antibody

Introduction

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), a very small bacterium in the class Mollicutes, is a human pathogen that causes the disease mycoplasma pneumonia. MP exclusively parasitizes the respiratory tract epithelium of humans¹ and may infect people at all ages, with children being most susceptible. MP has been one of the most important pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children, accounting for around 10%–40% of pediatric CAP cases.^2,3 Approximately 18% of MP-infected children require hospitalization in China.⁴ Currently, there are three diagnosis methods for MP, including culture test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serologic test. Nevertheless, none of these methods has been considered as the golden diagnostic method of MP infection. Culture test is an important standard for the detection of MP infection,⁵ but is rarely used as diagnostic tool because of the requirement of special culture media, as well as laboratory conditions and technicians. In case that paired sera are available, MP infection can be firmly confirmed when the MP-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G titer in paired sera increases by at least fourfold;^6–8 however, such method cannot be used for early diagnosis. Although PCR is rapid and effective in the detection of MP, the procedure cannot distinguish MP carriers from MP infection because MP is present in 0.1%–13.5% of healthy individuals.⁹ Moreover, MP DNA may exist in the upper respiratory tract for 7 weeks to 7 months since the initial infection, leading to false-positive results in PCR test. Currently, elevated serum MP-IgM level is the main laboratory evidence for clinical diagnosis of MP infection. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most common diagnostic method of MP detection because of the low cost and relatively high sensitivity and specificity. However, the manual procedure is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and, therefore, is not suitable for rapid detection. Passive agglutination (PA) is a method that has been widely used in the diagnosis of MP infection, but is largely limited by its inability to discriminate between IgG and IgM because of nonspecific reactions.¹⁰ Chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), an effective combination of immunoreaction and chemiluminescent system, has recently drawn increasing attention in MP diagnosis. Herein, this study aimed to clarify the diagnostic value of CLIA for the diagnosis of MP infection in comparison with PA and ELISA.

Patients and methods

Patients

This study enrolled a total of 280 patients who were consecutively seen at the Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University in Guangdong Province, China, between August and December 2016. The patients included 150 males (53.6%) and 130 females (46.4%) with a mean age of 4.5 years (range: 10 months to 46 years). According to the diagnosis criteria in the 7th edition of Internal Medicine,¹¹ all patients had respiratory symptoms, including acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma, upper respiratory tract infection, and acute tonsillitis, and thus were suspected to have MP infection. The gold standard test for MP infection is a fourfold increase in MP-specific IgG when comparing acute phase and convalescent sera collected in an interval of 2–4 weeks. Among these 280 patients, 176 were diagnosed with refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) and 80 with nonrefractory MPP. All patients had fever (38°C or higher). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or the parents of all children. This study was conducted with the approval of the Institution Human Ethics Committee of Southern Medical University.

Serologic tests

Serum was obtained from all patients. Serum anti-MP antibody was detected by a PA assay using Serodia-MYCO II (Fuji Rebio Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Serum IgG- and IgM-specific anti-MP antibodies were determined using MP IgG and IgM ELISA kits (Savyon Diagnostics, Ashdod, Israel) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, serum was diluted (1:200) and incubated on a plate coated with MP antigens. The optical density was detected by a TECAN-sunrise microplate reader and converted to an antibody value using a standard curve. Serum IgG- and IgM-specific anti-MP antibodies were also performed using the MP IgG and IgM CLIA kits (YHLO Biotech, Shenzhen, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions on a YHLO iFlash 3000 CLIA analyzer. Briefly, 50 μL calibrators/serum samples and 50 μL horseradish peroxidase enzyme–labeled triiodothyronine analog were added into the wells of the coated plate and incubated at 37°C for 45 min. All unbound components were aspirated by the washer and washed 5 times using washing buffer. After an enzymatic reaction, the light emitted from the chemiluminescent reaction was measured by the chemiluminescence microplate reader and was proportional to the free triiodothyronine content in each well.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 statistical software (IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The kappa coefficient was calculated. A larger positive kappa value indicates a higher consistency between two methods. Kappa ≥0.75 indicates good consistency, 0.75 > kappa ≥0.4 for medium consistency, and kappa <0.4 for poor consistency.¹²

Results

Comparison of the three methods to detect the results of MP antibodies

One hundred and eighty cases (64.3%) were positive and 100 cases (35.7%) were negative as measured by PA. For CLIA, 184 cases (65.7%) were MP-IgM positive and 96 cases (34.3%) were negative; 89 cases (31.8%) were MP-IgG positive and 191 cases (68.2%) were negative. For ELISA method, 196 cases were MP-IgM positive and 84 cases (30%) were negative; MP-IgG was positive in 114 cases (40.7%) and negative in 166 cases.

In view of the PA method being used for many years and identical to the clinics, the experimental data to PA method were based on the results for discussion. The results were divided into seven groups according to the MP antibody titer tested by PA method (<1:40, 1:40, 1:80, 1:160, 1:320, 1:640, ≥1:1,280, antibody titer ≥1:80 is positive). The comparison results of CLIA and ELISA detection of MP antibody were as follows: the positive rates of MP-IgM detected by CLIA were 22.8% (titer <1:40) and 51.2% (titer=1:40), respectively. The positive rates of MP-IgM detected by ELISA were 33.3% (titer <1:40) and 53.5% (titer=1:40), respectively.

In PA-positive group (titer ≥1:80), there was a decreasing trend of MP-IgM negative ratio measured by CLIA and ELISA. The negative ratios were 40%, 18%, 14.3%, 10%, and 6.7% by CLIA and 43.3%, 14.3%, 5%, and 6.7% by ELISA, respectively. However, the positive rate of MP-IgG showed an increasing trend: 13.3%, 26%, 42.9%, 75%, and 91.1% by CLIA and 13.3%, 42%, 57.1%, 95%, and 95.6% by ELISA, respectively. In the positive titer of 1:80–1:320, the total antibody (IgM+IgG) negative of MP accounted for a certain proportion (4%–40%; Table 1; Figure 1).

Figure 1 Antibody type and total antibody measured by CLIA (A) and ELISA (B) in PA-positive group.

Note: There was a decreasing trend of MP-IgM negative ratio while there was an increasing trend of MP-lgG positive ratio measured by CLIA and ELISA in PA-positive group (titer ≥1:80).
Abbreviations: CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Ig, immunoglobulin; MP, Mycoplasma pneumoniae; PA, passive agglutination.

Table 1 MP antibody detected by CLIA, ELISA, and PA

PA	CLIA						ELISA						Total
	MP-IgM		MP-IgG		MP-IgG+MP-IgM		MP-IgM		MP-IgG		MP-IgG+MP-IgM
	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive
<1:40	44	13 (22.8%)	57	0	44	13	38	19 (33.3%)	54	3	37	20	57
1:40	21	22 (51.2%)	42	1	20	23	20	23 (53.5%)	39	4	20	23	43
1:80	12 (40%)	18	26	4 (13.3%)	11 (36.7%)	19	13 (43.3%)	17	26	4 (13.3%)	12 (40%)	18	30
1:160	9 (18%)	41	37	13 (26%)	7 (14%)	43	4 (8%)	46	29	21 (42%)	2 (4%)	48	50
1:320	5 (14.3%)	30	20	15 (42.9%)	3 (8.6%)	32	5 (14.3%)	30	15	20 (57.1%)	2 (5.7%)	33	35
1:640	2 (10%)	18	5	15 (75%)	0	20	1 (5%)	19	1	19 (95%)	0	20	20
≥1:1,280	3 (6.7%)	42	4	41 (91.1%)	0	45	3 (6.7%)	42	2	43 (95.6%)	0	45	45
Total	96	184	191	89	85	195	84	196	166	114	73	207	280

Note: Some data includes percentages to make the analysis of the experimental results clearer.

Abbreviations: CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Ig, immunoglobulin; MP, Mycoplasma pneumoniae; PA, passive agglutination.

The consistency analysis of CLIA and ELISA with PA

Consistency check of CLIA and ELISA methods with PA in the antibody titer grouping was investigated. The results showed that the consistency coefficients of MP-IgM detected by CLIA and ELISA were 77% (titer <1:40), 49% (titer=1:40), and 67% (titer <1:40) and 47% (titer=1:40), respectively, in PA-negative group. The consistent coefficients of MP-IgG detected by CLIA and ELISA were 100% (titer <1:40), 98% (titer=1:40), and 95% (titer <1:40) and 91% (titer=1:40), respectively. The total percentages detected by CLIA and ELISA of MP total antibody (IgM+IgG) were 77% (titer <1:40), 47% (titer=1:40), and 65% (titer <1:40) and 47% (titer=1:40), respectively. In the PA-positive group, the consistent percentages of the two types of antibodies increased with raised MP antibody titers (Table 2; Figures 2 and 3).

Figure 2 The consistency analysis of CLIA and PA.

Note: In the PA-positive group, the consistent percentages of the two types of antibodies increased with raised MP antibody titers.
Abbreviations: CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay; Ig, immunoglobulin; MP, Mycoplasma pneumoniae; PA, passive agglutination.

Figure 3 The consistency analysis of ELISA and PA.

Notes: In the PA-positive group, the consistent percentages of the two types of antibodies increased with raised MP antibody titers.
Abbreviations: ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Ig, immunoglobulin; MP, Mycoplasma pneumoniae; PA, passive agglutination.

Table 2 The consistency of CLIA and ELISA with PA

Consistency coefficient %	PA							Total
	<1:40	1:40	1:80	1:160	1:320	1:640	≥1:1,280
CLIA
MP-IgM	77%	49%	60%	82%	86%	90%	93%	76%
MP-IgG	100%	98%	13%	26%	43%	75%	91%	67%
MP-IgG+IgM	77%	47%	62%	86%	91%	100%	100%	80%
ELISA
MP-IgM	67%	47%	57%	92%	86%	95%	93%	76%
MP-IgG	95%	91%	13%	42%	57%	95%	96%	71%
MP-IgG+IgM	65%	47%	60%	96%	94%	100%	100%	79%

Abbreviations: CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Ig, immunoglobulin; MP, Mycoplasma pneumoniae; PA, passive agglutination.

CLIA and ELISA assay MP antibody typing consistency analysis

The concordance test showed that the negative consistencies of MP-IgM, MP-IgG, and MP total antibody (IgM+IgG) groups were all higher than 92% and the positive consistencies of MP-IgM, MP-IgG, and MP total antibody (IgM+IgG) groups were all more than 75%. The ratios of consistency of MP-IgM, MP-IgG, and MP total antibody (IgM+IgG) groups were all over 88%, respectively. Kappa coefficients were 0.804, 0.763, and 0.806 in the MP-IgM, MP-IgG, and MP total antibody (IgM+IgG) groups (Table 3; Figure 4).

Figure 4 The consistency analysis of CLIA and ELISA in typing MP antibody.

Note: The results showed consistency between CLIA and ELISA.
Abbreviations: CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Ig, immunoglobulin; MP, Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Table 3 The consistency of CLIA and ELISA in MP antibody typing

	MP-IgM	MP-IgG	MP-IgG+IgM
Consistency coefficient (%)	91.4	88.9	92.1
Negative consistency (%)	92.9	98.2	93.2
Positive consistency (%)	90.8	75.4	91.8
Kappa	0.804	0.763	0.806

Abbreviations: CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Ig, immunoglobulin; MP, Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Discussion

In PA-negative group, CLIA and ELISA methods could detect a certain proportion of MP-IgM, indicating that the sensitivity of CLIA and ELISA was higher than that of PA. If the low MP-IgM concentration in patients can be detected, misdiagnosis rate could be dramatically decreased and the diagnosis and treatment efficiency can be improved. In the PA-positive group, the ratio of negative MP-IgM detected by CLIA and ELISA showed a decreasing trend, and the proportion of positive MP-IgG showed an increasing trend. This result indicated that the higher the antibody titer of PA, the lower the negative rate of MP-IgM but the higher the positive rate of MP-IgG. Moreover, the percentage of MP total antibody (IgM+IgG) was overcast (4%–40%). This result demonstrated that MP antibody detected by PA may contain IgM and IgG and other types of antibodies so that it has limitations on the clinical guidance. PA test kit does not specify the type of MP antibody in its instruction. Domestic and foreign PA commonly tests MP-IgM.^13–15 It is also reported that the PA method detects total antibody of MP or contains IgA antibodies.^16,17 This study confirmed that the titer of MP antibody detected by the PA method (SERODIA-MYCO II by Fuji Biosciences Co., Ltd.) included other types of antibodies except for IgM and IgG.

CLIA and ELISA methods were consistent with the PA method. Our results in Table 2 showed the increasing trend of CLIA and ELISA consistency coefficients with the raised MP antibody titers detected by PA (titers ≥1:80), which means that CLIA and ELISA have high consistency with PA. Compared with those of the PA method, the consistency coefficients (76% and 76%) of CLIA and ELISA for the detection of MP-IgM were higher than those of MP-IgG (67% and 71%). CLIA and ELISA had better agreement with the PA when ignoring antibody types (IgM+IgG). These results are in good accordance with the results of Ouyang Fang.¹⁸ Their test results showed that the consistency of MP-IgG (kappa=0.702) was higher than MP-IgM (kappa=0.256). Results of the patients with MP-IgG and/or MP-IgM positive were identical to the PA result, with the consistency coefficient being higher (kappa=0.746). The differences could be caused by differences between different ELISA kits.

The consistency coefficients of MP-IgM, MP-IgG, and MP total antibody (IgM+IgG) detected by CLIA and ELISA were all higher than 75%. Kappa coefficients were 0.804, 0.763, and 0.806, respectively. These results indicated that CLIA and ELISA kits were competent in clinical application for MP type detection.

MP infection can cause MPP. The incidence of MPP is slow and clinical manifestations are complicated and difficult to be recognized. If patients do not have timely diagnosis and treatment in its long course, other respiratory diseases and a variety of extrapulmonary complications may occur, which results in great threat to the growth and development of children.¹⁹ Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment is particularly important. The significance of laboratory tests for the diagnosis of MP infection has become increasingly apparent. However, the reported positive rates and infection rates vary widely. The traditional culture methods of mycoplasma, so-called “gold standard”, need high requirements, and the positive rate is very low because of the factors such as the sampling process, culture conditions, and season,^20,21 which take a long time and greatly limit its clinical application. Therefore, it was not a common inspection item in clinics. Molecular biology methods such as real-time PCR and Western blot are other detection methods in the diagnosis of MP infection, but it cannot meet the needs of rapid clinical diagnosis because it is time-consuming and complicated.²²

ELISA method can identify antibody type and its positive predictive value is high. Nevertheless, due to incubation, washing, and other operations, batch testing methods are used in the clinical laboratory. Usually, clinical laboratory tests only one batch of ELISA a day and need to wait for >24 h to get the results. Thus, ELISA does not apply to a single test and rapid test. The sensitivity of the ELISA (SeroMP IgG/IgM ELISA kit) in this study is higher than that of the PA. However, Chen et al²³ concluded that the sensitivity of the ELISA (AUMON, Lübeck, Germany) was lower than that of the PA, probably due to the different quality of numerous ELISA kits and the use of laboratory operations. The fact that CLIA provide antibody titers in a faster, simpler, and more objective manner than ELISA results in limited use of ELISA. PA method does not require that the plate be washed and the operation is simple, so in recent years more clinics use PA to detect MP-IgM. However, this study showed that MP detected by PA has complex composition, including IgM, IgG, or even other types of antibodies. Patients may be misdiagnosed by results of PA. Mycoplasma antigen composition is complex. Different MP antigen epitopes respond separately on antibodies causing different cross-reactions. This is one of the reasons why different kits may have different results. Mycoplasma pneumonia can evade the body’s immune defenses and avoid the macrophage phagocytosis through the variation of surface antigen, leading to clinically “refractory” MPP.²⁴

Conclusion

The detection sensitivity of CLIA and ELISA is higher than that of PA. When the concentration of MP-IgM in patients is low, CLIA and ELISA can detect the antibody, reducing the rate of misdiagnosis. The higher the antibody titer of PA method, the higher the positive consistency coefficient of CLIA and ELISA with PA. CLIA and ELISA detection of MP typing antibody has high consistency with PA. Compared with the existing manual and semiautomatic detection methods (PA and ELISA), automated chemiluminescence (CLIA) much more meets the need of clinical test and can be considered as priority in clinical application because of its specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.