Risk factors for an early dialysis start in patients with diabetic nephropathy end-stage renal disease

Abstract

Background

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have symptoms related to severe anemia, edema, and heart failure. Although dialysis improves ESRD syndromes, the optimum timing for initiation of dialysis is unclear. Recent observational studies have suggested that early commencement of dialysis can be harmful. Given that early dialysis may increase the risk of death, avoiding an early start to dialysis is recommended. Patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) may have risk factors for early dialysis. However, the risk factors for early dialysis are unclear in ESRD patients with DN. The aim of this study was to elucidate the risk factors for early initiation of dialysis in patients with DN and ESRD.

Methods

From April 2009 to December 2012, we identified Japanese DN patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/minute/1.73 m². The patients were divided into late or early dialysis groups based on the timing of start of dialysis.

Results

We evaluated 52 patients who commenced dialysis during the observation period, including 33 in the late dialysis group and 19 in the early dialysis group. There was a significant association between early dialysis and age ≥65 years (odds ratio 4.59). The incidence of pneumonia before starting dialysis was significantly higher in elderly patients than in nonelderly patients.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that elderly patients with DN and ESRD have an increased risk of early initiation of dialysis, and occurrence of pneumonia is also associated with early dialysis. To avoid early commencement of dialysis, booster pneumococcal vaccination could be useful in elderly DN patients with ESRD.

Keywords:

• early dialysis
• diabetes mellitus
• nephropathy
• elderly patients
• estimated glomerular filtration rate

Introduction

There are over 300,000 patients on dialysis in Japan.¹ To reduce the need for initiation of dialysis, management of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is important. Patients with ESRD have severe anemia, edema, and heart failure.² Symptoms of ESRD influence daily activities, and thus are important for deciding when to start dialysis. Although dialysis improves the symptoms of ESRD, the optimum timing of its initiation is unclear.

A number of studies have been performed regarding the timing of commencement of dialysis, and early or late initiation of dialysis has been guided by renal function. Older studies suggest that early initiation of dialysis improves survival and decreases complications.^3–5 However, more recent observational data have suggested that an early start to dialysis is harmful.^6–10 The Initiating Dialysis Early and Late study demonstrated that an early start to dialysis was not associated with improvement of survival or clinical outcomes,¹¹ with the difference between the early and late dialysis groups being 5.6 months.¹¹ Pan et al reported that an early start to dialysis was associated with an increased risk of mortality,¹² suggesting that early dialysis should be avoided.

Recently, the number of patients with diabetes mellitus has been increasing rapidly, and diabetic nephropathy (DN) has become the primary reason for starting dialysis.¹³ Mortality in patients with DN is higher after commencement of dialysis,¹² but the risk factors for early initiation of dialysis are unclear in patients with DN and ESRD. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to elucidate the risk factors for early dialysis in DN patients with ESRD.

Materials and methods

This retrospective cohort study was approved by the ethics board of Fujita Health University Hospital, and all data were extracted from patient medical records. From April 2009 to December 2012, we identified Japanese DN patients aged ≥18 years with ESRD and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) under 15 mL/minute/1.73 m².¹⁴ The eGFR values were single measurements. DN was identified from the diagnosis in the medical record. The primary endpoint of the study was early initiation of dialysis.

Renal function was evaluated by calculating the eGFR via the modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation.¹⁵ An early start to dialysis was defined according to our criteria which were based on the Initiating Dialysis Early and Late study¹¹ and European Renal Association.¹⁶ Our criterion for dividing the patients into late and early dialysis groups was eGFR ≤7 mL/minute/1.73 m² when dialysis was initiated (late dialysis) and eGFR >7 mL/minute/1.73 m² when dialysis was initiated (early dialysis).

The baseline characteristics of the subjects are shown in Table 1. Elderly patients were defined as those aged ≥65 years. Hypertension was defined as treatment with antihypertensive drugs, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg. Average values over many months were used to diagnose hypertension. Hyperlipidemia was defined as treatment with lipid-lowering therapy. Heart failure, anemia, and malignancy were identified from the medical records. Pneumonia was also defined from diagnoses in the medical records during the observation period between initiation of dialysis and the start of this study.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the late and early dialysis groups

Characteristic	Late dialysis group (n=33)	Early dialysis roup (n=19)	P-value
Male (%)	24 (73%)	18 (95%)	0.052^b
Age (years)	61.2 (30–85)	68.7 (58–80)	0.004^a
Elderly patients (%)	13 (39%)	15 (79%)	0.006^b
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	3.8 (2.5–7.0)	3.7 (2.5–5.5)	0.488^a
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m^2)	13.0 (7.5–14.9)	13.9 (8.9–14.9)	0.077^a
Potassium (mEq/L)	4.6 (3.1–6.1)	4.5 (3.3–5.6)	0.577^a
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	9.9 (6.9–12.4)	9.8 (7.7–12.4)	0.814^a
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	48.3 (29.4–85.9)	47.2 (26.0–140.2)	0.836^a
Uric acid (mg/dL)	7.0 (3.0–10.5)	7.4 (4.9–13.8)	0.647^a
Albumin (g/dL)	3.2 (2.0–4.2)	3.2 (2.5–4.0)	0.547^a
Hypertension (%)	32 (97%)	19 (100%)	0.778^b
Heart failure (%)	12 (36%)	10 (53%)	0.253^b
Hyperlipidemia (%)	26 (79%)	12 (63%)	0.221^b
Anemia (%)	30 (91%)	18 (95%)	0.618^b
Malignancy (%)	5 (15%)	5 (26%)	0.325^b

Notes: Data are presented as the mean (range) or number of subjects (percentage). P-values were calculated using the Student’s t-test^a or Fisher’s exact test.^b

Abbreviation: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Mean values and nominal data were compared using the Student’s t-test or Fisher’s exact test, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of early dialysis, with selection of parameters that showed statistical significance or were clinically important, ie, male sex, age ≥65 years, heart failure, and anemia. The final multivariable model was applied with variables entered one at a time (forward selection). The predictive ability of the model was quantified using Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. In these tests, a two-sided P-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 20.0 software (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for the statistical analysis.

Results

We evaluated 52 patients who started dialysis during the observation period and classified them into late dialysis (n=33) and early dialysis (n=19) groups. The baseline characteristics of the two groups are listed in the Materials and methods section. Mean age and percentage of elderly patients (aged ≥65 years) were significantly higher in the early dialysis group than in the late dialysis group. Baseline renal function was similar in the two groups. The percentage of male patients did not differ significantly between the two groups, but was higher in the early dialysis group. Morbidity rates for hypertension, heart failure, hyperlipidemia, anemia, and malignancy were not significantly different between the groups.

There was a significant association between early dialysis and patient age (odds ratio 4.59, P=0.030), as well as a weak association with male sex (odds ratio 8.45, P=0.080, Table 2). The multiple logistic regression model was well calibrated between the deciles of observed and expected risk in the late and early dialysis groups (Hosmer–Lemeshow test, P=0.736). The incidence of pneumonia before starting dialysis was significantly higher in elderly patients than in nonelderly patients (see Figure 1).

Figure 1 Incidence rates of pneumonia before starting dialysis.

Notes: (A) Results for elderly and nonelderly patients. (B) Results according to sex. P-values were determined by the Fisher’s exact test. Elderly patients were defined as those aged ≥65 years. The incidence of pneumonia before starting dialysis was significantly higher in elderly patients than in nonelderly patients, with no significant difference between male and female patients.

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for early dialysis

Variable	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	Odds ratio	P-value	Odds ratio	P-value
Male sex	6.75	0.052	8.45	0.080
Elderly patient	7.69	0.006	4.59	0.030
Heart failure	1.94	0.253	3.30	0.100
Hyperlipidemia	0.46	0.221
Anemia	1.80	0.618	2.26	0.553
Malignancy	2.00	0.325

Note: Elderly was defined as age ≥65 years.

Discussion

In the present study, we found that elderly patients with DN and ESRD had a higher risk of early initiation of dialysis. Male patients also had a higher risk of early dialysis, but their increased risk was not significant. Moreover, elderly DN patients with ESRD had a higher risk of developing pneumonia.

Lassalle et al reported that advancing age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, low body mass index, and hypoalbuminemia were risk factors for initiation of dialysis at a higher eGFR.⁸ However, the reasons for early commencement of dialysis in elderly patients with DN have been unclear. Although our criteria for defining early and late dialysis were different from those used by Lassalle et al, our results are to some extent consistent with theirs. Interestingly, the incidence of pneumonia was higher in elderly patients with DN than in their nonelderly counterparts. Given that severe infections induce hypercatabolism in elderly patients, early initiation of dialysis may be required to maintain adequate nutritional status.¹⁷ Although further studies are required, pneumonia could be an important risk factor for early initiation of dialysis in elderly DN patients with ESRD.

The extent of immune dysfunction in DN patients with ESRD is unclear, but it has been reported that the outcomes of hospitalization for infection are 3–4-fold worse in people with CKD than in those without CKD.¹⁸ Also, the mortality associated with pulmonary infection in ESRD patients is 14–16-fold higher than in non-ESRD patients.¹⁹ Therefore, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that ESRD patients receive booster pneumococcal vaccination when the antibody titer decreases below 200 μg/L.² To avoid early dialysis, booster pneumococcal vaccination could be useful in elderly patients with DN and ESRD.

Our study had some limitations. First, it was retrospective and the number of subjects was small, so our results lack statistical power and have a source of bias. Although the increase in risk was not significant, sex could potentially be a more important predictor than old age. Thus, larger prospective and/or multicenter studies will be needed to validate our results. Second, information about booster vaccination is not routinely included in patient medical records, so prospective studies focusing on the usefulness of booster pneumococcal vaccination are required.

Conclusion

The present findings suggest that elderly patients with DN and ESRD have a high risk of early initiation of dialysis, and that occurrence of pneumonia may be associated with early dialysis. Booster pneumococcal vaccination could be recommended for elderly DN patients with ESRD to avoid early dialysis.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.