Evaluation of the appropriate use of commonly prescribed fluoroquinolones and the risk of dysglycemia

Abstract

Background

Fluoroquinolones are among the most widely prescribed antibiotics. However, concerns about increasing resistant microorganisms and the risk of dysglycemia associated with the use of these agents have emerged.

Objective

The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the appropriate use of commonly prescribed fluoroquinolones, including appropriate indication, dose, dose adjustment in renal impairment, and duration of treatment. The secondary objective was to investigate the dysglycemic effect of fluoroquinolone use (hypoglycemia and/or hyperglycemia) in diabetic and nondiabetic patients.

Methods

A prospective observational study at a teaching hospital in Lebanon was conducted over a 6-month period. A total of 118 patients receiving broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and moxifloxacin) were identified. Patients were mainly recruited from internal medicine floors and intensive care units.

Results

The final percentage for the appropriate indication, dose, and duration of fluoroquinolone therapy was 93.2%, 74.6%, and 57.6%, respectively. A total of 57.1% of the patients did not receive the appropriate dose adjustment according to their level of renal impairment. In addition, dysglycemia occurred in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Dysglycemia was more frequently encountered with ciprofloxacin (50.0%), followed by levofloxacin (42.4%) and moxifloxacin (7.6%). Hyperglycemia was more common than hypoglycemia in all groups. The highest incidence of hyperglycemia occurred with levofloxacin (70.0%), followed by ciprofloxacin (39.0%) and moxifloxacin (33.3%). In contrast, hypoglycemia did not occur in the ciprofloxacin group, but it was more common with moxifloxacin (11.1%) and levofloxacin (6.0%).

Conclusion

The major clinical interventions for the future will adjust the dose and duration of therapy with commonly prescribed fluoroquinolones. The incidence of hypoglycemia was less common than hyperglycemia.

Keywords:

• fluoroquinolones
• ciprofloxacin
• levofloxacin
• moxifloxacin
• dysglycemia

Introduction

Fluoroquinolones are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antibiotics world-wide.¹ The development of newer generations of fluoroquinolones has expanded the traditional Gram-negative coverage to Gram-positive and anaerobic organisms.² Fluoroquinolones are mainly used in the treatment of pneumonia and urinary tract infections.³

The increased use of fluoroquinolones has led to the emergence of recent concerns about resistance. The major factor is the inappropriate use of these agents in both community and hospital settings.⁴ In the Lebanese population, resistance to ciprofloxacin was estimated to be 40%–50% for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in 2013.⁵ Inappropriate use of fluoroquinolones is linked to indication, dose, and duration of therapy.

Additionally, concerns about the safety of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials have been addressed.^6,7 Serious adverse events have led to the withdrawal of temafloxacin (because of hemolysis, renal failure, and hypoglycemia),^8,9 grepafloxacin and sparfloxacin (because and QT prolongation),^9,10 and trovafloxacin (because of hepatotoxicity).^10,11 Furthermore, postmarketing surveillance of adverse events includes dysglycemia (hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia). On April 27, 2006, Bristol-Myers Squibb (New York, NY, USA) announced that it would stop manufacturing Tequin^® (gatifloxacin), as the drug has been associated with potentially fatal blood glucose fluctuations.¹²

Both hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic episodes occur during therapy.¹³ Recent data show that fluoroquinolones can cause dysglycemia as an adverse effect in diabetic and nondiabetic patients.¹⁴ Although the exact mechanism of glucose homeostasis alteration is not fully known, animal studies suggest that fluoroquinolones can enhance insulin secretion by blocking adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic B-cells,^15–18 leading to hypoglycemia. The hypoglycemic episodes have been mainly observed in patients receiving concomitant sulfonylurea antidiabetic agents.¹⁹ On the other hand, the mechanism of hyperglycemia is unclear. It may be due to a direct drug effect on glucose metabolism, or it may be a result of multiple confounding factors.²⁰ In addition, some recent findings imply that disturbed cellular glucose transport and GLUT1 function may underlie the dysglycemic effects of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.²¹ This adverse effect has important clinical implications, especially for diabetic patients.²²

Aim of the study

The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the appropriate use of commonly prescribed fluoroquinolones, including appropriate indication, dose, dose adjustment in renal impairment, and duration of treatment. The secondary objective was to investigate the dysglycemic effect of fluoroquinolone use in diabetic and nondiabetic patients.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Hospital Institutional Review Board and informed consent was not required since there were no deviations from optimal medical practice.

Methods

Setting and design

A prospective study at a teaching hospital in Lebanon was conducted over a 6-month period. One hundred and eighteen patients receiving broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and moxifloxacin) were identified. Patients were mainly recruited from internal medicine floors and intensive care units. Patients were analyzed according to drug, indication, dose, and duration of therapy.

Sources of data

Electronic charts using the hospital database were identified, which included each patient’s chief complaint, past medical history, history of present illness, and all medications with their doses, routes of administration, and durations of therapy. Patients were followed up from initiation of fluoroquinolone use to the discharge date. A data collection form was used to evaluate the appropriate use of fluoroquinolones, which included patient demographic information, past medical history, the use of antidiabetic drugs, and pertinent laboratory tests (fasting blood glucose, hemoglucose test, and glycated hemoglobin [HbA_1C], when available). The assessment was based on relevant guidelines from the Infectious Disease Society of America,^23–28 manufacturer package inserts,^29–31 and clinical judgment. In addition, the relative risk of dysglycemia associated with fluoroquinolones among the 118 hospitalized patients, as well as the impact of this important clinical outcome, will be reported.

Results

Appropriateness of treatment

During the 6-month period, 118 hospitalized patients received fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and moxifloxacin) for the treatment of their infections (Table 1).

Table 1 Summary of fluoroquinolone indications encountered in the study

Community-acquired pneumonia

Hospital-acquired pneumonia/ventilator-associated pneumonia

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation

Diabetic foot infection

Skin and soft tissue infection

Intra-abdominal infection

Urinary tract infection

Prophylaxis for transurethral resection of bladder tumor

Prophylaxis for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

The characteristics of patients recruited in the study are shown in Table 2. Male sex was dominant (62.7%) with a mean age of 64 years versus 61 years for females. A total of 14.0% of the population were diabetic and 29.7% had renal impairment. Concomitant drug intake was evaluated, and baseline blood glucose was monitored in only 21.2% patients (Table 2). Around one-third of the patients (32.2%) were on concomitant steroid therapy for various indications and different durations of therapy.

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the study population (N=118)

Characteristics	Percentage
Demographic and medical characteristics
Female sex	37.3%
Male sex	62.7%
Mean female age	61 years
Mean male age	64 years
Renal impairment	29.7%
Diabetic	14.0%
Nondiabetic	86.0%
Drug therapy
Steroids	32.2%
Insulin therapy	11.0%
Oral antidiabetic agents	5.1%
Combination
Steroids + oral antidiabetic	4.2%
Steroids + insulin	2.5%
Steroids + insulin + oral antidiabetic	0.8%
Baseline blood glucose level*
Normal	51.8%
Hyperglycemia	47.1%
Hypoglycemia	1.1%

Note:

* Baseline blood glucose level was monitored in only 21.2% of the patients.

Abbreviation: N, total number.

Prior to starting antibiotic therapy, cultures were taken from different sites of infection: blood; urine; sputum; pus; bone; cerebrospinal fluid; and deep tracheal aspirate in 70 patients (59.3%). Cultures were positive for bacterial microorganism(s) in 62.9% of the collected specimens. Gram-negative bacteria were the most commonly isolated microorganisms (Table 3).

Table 3 Microorganisms isolated in positive cultures during the study

Gram-positive

Staphylococcus spp.

Streptococcus spp.

Enterococcus spp.

Gram-negative

Pseudomonas spp.

Serratia spp.

Escherichia coli

Klebsiella spp.

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (E. coli, Klebsiella spp.)

Proteus spp.

Acinetobacter spp.

Citrobacter spp.

Morganella spp.

Alcaligenes xylosoxidans

Anaerobes

Candida spp.

Indication

Ciprofloxacin

A total of 59 patients received ciprofloxacin. The most common indication for ciprofloxacin was diabetic foot infection (12 patients), followed by prophylaxis for transurethral resection of bladder tumor (eleven patients), urinary tract infections (ten patients), skin and soft tissue infections (six patients), prophylaxis for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (five patients), intra-abdominal infections (three patients), community-acquired pneumonia (one patient), nosocomial pneumonia (one patient), and other types of infections (ten patients). The final results showed that 96.6% of the patients received ciprofloxacin for an appropriate indication (Table 4).

Table 4 Summary of the results of fluoroquinolone indications

Fluoroquinolone	Indication
	Appropriate	Inappropriate
Ciprofloxacin	96.6%	3.4%
Levofloxacin	94.0%	6.0%
Moxifloxacin	66.7%	33.3%
Weighted average percentage	93.2%	6.8%

Note: The final weighted average percentage of the appropriate indication for fluoroquinolones is 93.2%.

Levofloxacin

A total of 50 patients received levofloxacin. Most patients were treated with levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia (43 patients), followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (five patients), intra-abdominal infections (one patient), and other types of infections (one patient). We observed that 94.0% of levofloxacin indications were appropriate (Table 4).

Moxifloxacin

Only nine patients received moxifloxacin. The two major indications for moxifloxacin were community-acquired pneumonia (three patients) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (two patients). In addition, one patient received moxifloxacin for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia, one patient for the treatment of a urinary tract infection, and two patients for other types of infections. In the study, moxifloxacin was used for an appropriate indication in 66.7% of the patients (Table 4).

Dose

In the levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin groups, 32 patients (64.0%) and 47 patients (79.7%) received the appropriate dose, respectively. All patients in the moxifloxacin group received the correct dose (Tables 5 and 6). The appropriate doses per indication are mentioned in the Supplementary materials.

Table 5 Fluoroquinolone doses in different indications

Fluoroquinolone	Dose
	Appropriate (n)	Inappropriate (n)
Ciprofloxacin
CAP	1	0
HAP/VAP	1	0
Diabetic foot infection	10	2
SSTI	5	1
Prophylaxis for TURBT	10	1
Prophylaxis for ERCP	5	0
IAI	3	0
UTI	2	8
Others	10	0
Levofloxacin
CAP	28	15
COPD exacerbation	4	1
IAI	0	1
Others	0	1
Moxifloxacin
CAP	3	0
HAP/VAP	1	0
COPD exacerbation	2	0
UTI	1	0
Others	2	0

Abbreviations: n, number of patients; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia; SSTI, skin and soft tissue infection; TURBT, transurethral resection of bladder tumor; ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; UTI, urinary tract infection; IAI, intra-abdominal infection.

Table 6 Summary of the doses of fluoroquinolone therapy

Fluoroquinolone	Dose
	Appropriate	Inappropriate
Ciprofloxacin	79.7%	20.3%
Levofloxacin	64.0%	36.0%
Moxifloxacin	100.0%	0.0%
Weighted average percentage	74.6%	25.4%

Note: The final weighted average percentage of the appropriate dose of fluoroquinolones is 74.6%.

Dose adjustment in renal impairment

In the study, renal impairment that required a dosage adjustment for levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was defined as a creatinine clearance ≤50 mL/minute. Moxifloxacin does not require dosage adjustment in kidney dysfunction. Out of 118 patients, 35 patients had renal impairment. A total of 12 and eight patients in the levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin groups, respectively, did not receive the correct dosage adjustment according to their level of renal impairment. Two patients on hemodialysis and one patient with a creatinine clearance of 32.7 mL/minute were treated with moxifloxacin (Table 7).

Table 7 Summary of patients with renal impairment

Fluoroquinolone	Number of patients with renal impairment	Inappropriate dose adjustment (%)
Ciprofloxacin	18	44.4
Levofloxacin	14	85.7
Moxifloxacin	3	No need for dose adjustment

Duration

In the levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and moxifloxacin groups, 30 patients (60.0%), 31 patients (52.5%), and seven patients (77.8%) received the appropriate duration of therapy, respectively (Table 8).

Table 8 Summary of the duration of fluoroquinolone therapy

Fluoroquinolone	Duration
	Appropriate	Inappropriate
Ciprofloxacin	52.5%	47.5%
Levofloxacin	60.0%	40.0%
Moxifloxacin	77.8%	22.2%
Weighted average percentage	57.6%	42.4%

Note: The final weighted average percentage of the appropriate duration of fluoroquinolone therapy is 57.6%.

Dysglycemia

In the study, we defined hyperglycemia when glucose levels were > 150 mg/dL and hypoglycemia when they were <70 mg/dL. To evaluate the relative risk of dysglycemia associated with fluoroquinolone use, we grouped patients into one of two groups: diabetics and nondiabetics. The majority of the population in the study were nondiabetic; the incidence of dysglycemia with ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin in diabetic and nondiabetic patients is reported in Table 9. Dysglycemia occurred more frequently with ciprofloxacin (50.0%), followed by levofloxacin (42.4%) and moxifloxacin (7.6%) (Table 9).

Table 9 Incidence of dysglycemia in diabetic and nondiabetic patients

Fluoroquinolone	Patients developing dysglycemia	Diabetics
		Yes	No
Ciprofloxacin	50.0%	28.8%	71.2%
Levofloxacin	42.4%	24.0%	76.0%
Moxifloxacin	7.6%	33.3%	66.7%

Blood glucose monitoring

Blood glucose was monitored using pertinent laboratory tests such as fasting blood glucose, hemoglucose test, and HbA_1C in 49.2%, 90.0%, and 77.8% of patients in the ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin groups, respectively (Table 10). Baseline blood glucose was monitored in 21.2% of the patients and they were classified according to normal blood glucose levels, hypoglycemia, or hyperglycemia (Table 10).

Table 10 Blood glucose level monitoring

Fluoroquinolone	Glucose monitoring		Baseline
	Yes	No	Yes			No
			Normal	Hyperglycemia	Hypoglycemia
Ciprofloxacin	49.2%	50.8%	13.6%	22.0%	1.7%	62.7%
Levofloxacin	90.0%	10.0%	16.0%	14.0%	0.0%	70.0%
Moxifloxacin	77.8%	22.2%	22.2%	11.1%	0.0%	66.7%

Number of episodes

Hyperglycemia was more common than hypoglycemia in all groups. The highest incidence of hyperglycemia occurred with levofloxacin in 70.0% of the cases, followed by 39.0% with ciprofloxacin, and 33.3% with moxifloxacin. In contrast, hypoglycemia did not occur in the ciprofloxacin group, but it was more common with moxifloxacin (11.1%), followed by levofloxacin (6.0%) (Table 11).

Table 11 Dysglycemia with fluoroquinolone therapy

Fluoroquinolone	Dysglycemia
	Yes		No
	Hyperglycemia	Hypoglycemia
Ciprofloxacin	39.0%	0.0%	61.0%
Levofloxacin	70.0%	6.0%	24.0%
Moxifloxacin	33.3%	11.1%	55.6%

Concomitant medications

A total of 47 patients were taking additional medications that can affect blood glucose levels concomitantly with their fluoroquinolone therapy. These medications included steroids, insulin regimens, and/or oral anti-diabetic agents.

Discussion

In Lebanon, concerns about microorganisms resistant to fluoroquinolones have emerged in both community and hospital settings.⁴ No large-scale studies have examined the inappropriate use of these agents and their impact on the Lebanese population. In our prospective observational study, we found that commonly prescribed fluoroquinolones were used according to the appropriate indication in 93.2% of the patients. This finding shows that fluoroquinolones are being prescribed appropriately in a hospital setting. However, dosing of these agents was adequate in only 74.6% of the patients and 57.2% did not receive the correct dose adjustment based on their level of renal impairment. In addition, only 57.6% of the patients received the appropriate duration of treatment. Based on the results of this study, the major clinical interventions for the future will involve adjusting the dose and duration of fluoroquinolones. Clinical pharmacists can have a great impact on decreasing the widespread resistance by reviewing and promoting rational antibiotic therapy. Thus, pharmacists in collaboration with other health care professionals can contribute to provide optimal patient care and appropriate drug use.

A major issue before the initiation of antimicrobial agents is to take cultures in all patients whenever possible. In our study, cultures were only taken from 59.3% of the patients. Clinical pharmacists can play a tremendous role in de-escalating treatment when indicated and in sparing the use of broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones.

Dysglycemic events were not restricted to diabetic patients. The glycemic control issue with fluoroquinolones became a concern in 2006 when Bristol-Myers Squibb stopped manufacturing Tequin^® (gatifloxacin).¹² Although most of the effects on glucose homeostasis have been linked to gatifloxacin, it should be noted that all fluoroquinolones can cause blood glucose fluctuations.^20,32,33 Baseline blood glucose levels before the initiation of fluoroquinolones were checked only in 21.2% of the patients and 27.7% did not have their blood glucose monitored during therapy.

There is a growing body of literature documenting the increased complication rates of high blood glucose levels.^32,33 Additionally, the literature documents the positive effect of tightly controlled glucose in various disease states, especially infections.^32,33 Therefore, based on the institution sliding scale of insulin, we defined hyperglycemia when glucose levels exceeded 150 mg/dL. Compared to other studies, this level is relatively stricter. Interestingly, hyperglycemia occurred frequently with levofloxacin (70.0%), followed by ciprofloxacin (39.0%) and moxifloxacin (33.3%). Several confounding factors may have contributed to these findings. For example, the presence of stress factors and other disease state interactions may have increased blood glucose levels. In addition, 32.2% of the patients were taking steroids concomitantly with their fluoroquinolone therapy. This was a confounding factor in our study because the administration of a steroid can cause hyperglycemia due to a decrease in both insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. Another confounding factor that could have affected the results was that the baseline blood glucose levels were checked in only 21.2% of the patients; thus, a correlation between baseline and subsequently measured glucose concentrations was difficult to interpret.

On the other hand, the incidence of hypoglycemia was less common than hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia was defined as blood glucose levels <70 mg/dL. In this study, 11.1% and 6.0% of the patients had hypoglycemic episodes in the moxifloxacin and levofloxacin groups, respectively, and none in the ciprofloxacin group. In this study, concomitant hypoglycemic drug treatment was the major interacting factor. For example, 11.0% and 5.1% of patients were taking insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs, respectively. In a case control study of 7,287 patients who received gatifloxacin or levofloxacin, 1.6% recorded a glucose level <51 mg/dL.³⁴ This life-threatening side effect, which is often masked by the underlying disease, must be carefully monitored especially when fluoroquinolones are used.

Although our study was prospective in nature, it has several limitations. It was designed to be observational, which limits the pharmacist’s interventions. In addition, the survival rate was not followed up and the pharmacists were not in direct contact with the patients.

Conclusion

Overall, our findings provided important implications for clinical practice. Major clinical interventions for the future will include adjusting the dose and duration of therapy with fluoroquinolones. The incidence of hypoglycemia with commonly prescribed fluoroquinolones was less than hyperglycemia. Underestimating the potential risk of dysglycemia associated with fluoroquinolone use may lead to serious complications in diabetic and nondiabetic patients.

Supplementary materials

Table S1 Ciprofloxacin oral dosage

Ciprofloxacin (FDA-approved indication)	Severity	PO dose (adult)	Frequency	Duration
UTI	Acute uncomplicated	250 mg	q 12 h	3 days
	Mild/moderate	250 mg	q 12 h	7–14 days
	Severe/complicated	500 mg	q 12 h	7–14 days
Chronic prostatitis	Mild/moderate	500 mg	q 12 h	28 days
Acute sinusitis	Mild/moderate	500 mg	q 12 h	10 days
Lower RTI	Mild/moderate	500 mg	q 12 h	7–14 days
	Severe/complicated	750 mg	q 12 h	7–14 days
SSTI	Mild/moderate	500 mg	q 12 h	7–14 days
	Severe/complicated	750 mg	q 12 h	7–14 days
Bone and joints	Mild/moderate	500 mg	q 12 h	4–6 weeks
	Severe/complicated	750 mg	q 12 h	4–6 weeks
Infectious diarrhea	Mild/moderate/severe	500 mg	q 12 h	5–7 days
Typhoid fever	Mild/moderate	500 mg	q 12 h	10 days
Intra-abdominal	Complicated	500 mg	q 12 h	7–14 days
Neisseria gonorrhoeae	Uncomplicated	250 mg	Single dose	Single dose

Notes: Ciprofloxacin should be used as 400 mg IV q 8 h or 750 mg PO q 12 h for febrile neutropenia and nosocomial pneumonia for patients with normal kidney function.

Abbreviations: FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration; PO, per os; UTI, urinary tract infection; q 12 h, every 12 hours; RTI, respiratory tract infection; SSTI, skin and soft tissue infection; IV, intravenous; q 8 h, every 8 hours.

Table S2 Ciprofloxacin equivalent AUC dosing regimen

Ciprofloxacin oral dosage	Equivalent ciprofloxacin IV dosage
250 mg tablet q 12 h	200 mg IV q 12 h
500 mg tablet q 12 h	400 mg IV q 12 h
750 mg tablet q 12 h	400 mg IV q 8 h

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; IV, intravenous; q 12 h, every 12 hours; q 8 h, every 8 hours.

Table S3 Adjustment of ciprofloxacin dose in renal impairment

CrCl 25–49 mL/minute	200–400 mg IV q 12 h
	250–500 mg PO q 12 h
CrCl <25 mL/minute	200 mg IV q 12 h
	250–500 mg PO q 24 h
Hemodialysis	250–500 mg PO q 24 h (after dialysis)

Abbreviations: CrCl, creatinine clearance; IV, intravenous; q 12 h, every 12 hours; PO, per os; q 24 h, every 24 hours.

Table S4 Levofloxacin oral/IV dosage

Levofloxacin (FDA-approved indication)	PO/IV dose (adult)	Frequency	Duration
AECB	500 mg	q 24 h	7 days
	750 mg	q 24 h	5 days
CAP	500 mg	q 24 h	7–14 days
	750 mg	q 24 h	5 days
Sinusitis	500 mg	q 24 h	10–14 days
	750 mg	q 24 h	5 days
HAP	750 mg	q 24 h	7–14 days
Uncomplicated SSTI	500 mg	q 24 h	7–10 days
Complicated SSTI	750 mg	q 24 h	7–14 days
Chronic prostatitis	500 mg	q 24 h	28 days
Complicated UTI	250 mg	q 24 h	10 days
	750 mg	q 24 h	5 days
Acute pyelonephritis	250 mg	q 24 h	10 days
	750 mg	q 24 h	5 days
Uncomplicated UTI	250 mg	q 24 h	3 days

Abbreviations: FDA, United states Food and Drug administration; PO, per os; IV, intravenous; AECB, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis; q 24 h, every 24 hours; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; HAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia; SSTI, skin and soft tissue infection; UTI, urinary tract infection.

Table S5 Adjustment of levofloxacin dose in renal impairment

Acute sinusitis, AECB, CAP, uncomplicated SSTI, chronic bacterial prostatitis
CrCl >50 mL/minute	No dosage adjustment required
CrCl 20–49 mL/minute	500 mg then 250 mg q 24 h
CrCl 10–19 mL/minute	500 mg then 250 mg q 48 h
hemodialysis	500 mg then 250 mg q 48 h
Complicated SSTI, nosocomial pneumonia
CrCl 20–49 mL/minute	750 mg q 48 h
CrCl 10–19 mL/minute	500 mg q 48 h

Abbreviations: AECB, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; SSTI, skin and soft tissue infection; CrCl, creatinine clearance; q 24 h, every 24 hours; q 48 h, every 48 hours.

Table S6 Moxifloxacin oral/IV dosage

Moxifloxacin (FDA-approved indication)	PO/IV dose (adult)	Frequency	Duration
Acute bacterial sinusitis	400 mg	q 24 h	10 days
AECB	400 mg	q 24 h	5 days
CAP	400 mg	q 24 h	10 days
Uncomplicated SSTI	400 mg	q 24 h	7 days
Complicated SSTI	400 mg	q 24 h	7–21 days
Complicated intra-abdominal infections	400 mg	q 24 h	5–14 days

Abbreviations: FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration; AECB, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; SSTI, skin and soft tissue infection; q 24 h, every 24 hours.

Disclosure

No funding was received for this work. The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.