Comparison between anterior cervical discectomy with fusion and anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

Whether anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF) or anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion (ACCF) is superior in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively compare the efficacy and safety of ACDF and ACCF in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, SinoMed (Chinese BioMedical Literature Service System, People’s Republic of China), and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, People’s Republic of China) were systematically searched to identify all available studies comparing efficacy and safety between patients receiving ACDF and ACCF. The weighted mean difference (WMD) was pooled to compare the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores, visual analog scale scores, hospital stay, operation time, and blood loss. The risk ratio was pooled to compare the incidence of complications and fusion rate. Pooled estimates were calculated by using a fixed-effects model or a random-effects model according to the heterogeneity among studies.

Results

Eighteen studies (17 observational studies and one randomized controlled trial) were included in this meta-analysis. Our results suggest that hospital stay (WMD =−1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −2.29, −0.27; P=0.014), operation time (WMD =−26.9, 95% CI: −46.13, −7.67; P=0.006), blood loss (WMD =−119.36, 95% CI: −166.94, −71.77; P=0.000), and incidence of complications (risk ratio =0.51, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.80; P=0.003) in the ACDF group were significantly less than that in the ACCF group. However, other clinical outcomes, including post-Japanese Orthopaedic Association score (WMD =−0.27, 95% CI: −0.57, 0.03; P=0.075), visual analog scale score (WMD =0.03, 95% CI: −1.44, 1.50; P=0.970), and fusion rate (risk ratio =1.04, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.09; P=0.158), between the two groups were not significantly different.

Conclusion

Evidence from the meta-analysis of 18 studies demonstrated that surgical options of cervical spondylotic myelopathy using ACDF or ACCF seemed to have similar clinical outcomes. However, ACDF was found to be superior to ACCF in terms of hospital stay, operation time, blood loss, and incidence of complications.

Keywords:

• anterior cervical discectomy with fusion
• anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion
• cervical spondylotic myelopathy
• meta-analysis

Introduction

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common cause of neurologic morbidity, which can substantially decrease the quality of life.^1,2 CSM can lead to symptomatic compression of spinal cord and nerve roots,¹ and once CSM has been diagnosed, early surgical treatment should be performed to prevent further neurological deterioration.² CSM can be treated mainly by three surgical treatments, including anterior, posterior, or combined anterior and posterior surgical approach. The choice among anterior, posterior, and combined approaches for decompression is primarily based on the sagttial alignment of the spinal column, extent of disease, location of the compressive abnormality, presence of preoperative neck pain, and previous operations.³

Anterior approaches usually comprise of anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF) and anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion (ACCF), whereas the posterior approaches include laminectomy and laminoplasty.⁴ Usually, the anterior approaches are chosen by the surgeons to treat patients with 1- or 2-level involvement, whereas the posterior approaches are optimal for multilevel compression when the congenital stenosis or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament exists.^5,6 Among the anterior approaches, ACDF can decompress the anterior spinal cord, stabilize the spinal column, and is associated with a low prevalence of graft extrusion or migration. However, ACDF may not be favored for CSM because it is associated with several disadvantages, including risk of incomplete decompression, injury to the cord, limited visual exposure, and a high rate of pseudoarthrosis following an increased number of fusion surfaces.^3,7,8 ACCF has been proven to have relatively good fusion rates.^9–11 However, it can lead to a higher incidence of complications, including vertebral artery,^3,8 dural tears, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage.¹²

There have been two published systematic reviews/meta-analyses comparing ACDF versus ACCF in patients with CSM;^13,14 this study expanded on the previous studies with new aspects as follows. First, our study updated the previous meta-analysis with several newly published trials. Moreover, in the literature search process, we had no imposition on the language, whereas in the meta-analysis by Han et al, they restricted the language to English.¹⁴ Thus, our results would be applied more extensively. Third, we used a meta-analysis technique to assemble the results of eligible studies, and the pooled results were presented in the format of quantitative data; whereas in the systematic review by Jiang et al, they only described the previous relevant studies and did not give a quantitative analysis for these studies.¹³

Although studies comparing between ACDF and ACCF have been done, the optimal approach that provides better clinical effects in the treatment of CSM remains controversial. We therefore conducted this meta-analysis based on available studies to compare the efficacy and safety between ACDF and ACCF in patients with CSM.

Materials and methods

Literature search

We conducted this meta-analysis in accordance with the Preferred Reported Items For Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines.¹⁵ PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, SinoMed (Chinese BioMedical Literature Service System, People’s Republic of China), and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, People’s Republic of China) were systematically searched to identify studies that compared the efficacy and safety of ACDF and ACCF in the treatment of CSM. This search was conducted on May 12, 2015 and updated on July 27, 2015. No language limitation was imposed, but was just confined to human subjects. Search items were listed as follows: (“neck” [MeSH Terms] OR “neck” [All Fields] OR “cervical” [All Fields]) AND spondylotic [All Fields] AND (“spinal cord diseases” [MeSH Terms] OR (“spinal” [All Fields] AND “cord” [All Fields] AND “diseases” [All Fields]) OR “spinal cord diseases” [All Fields] OR “myelopathy” [All Fields] OR “bone marrow diseases” [MeSH Terms] OR (“bone” [All Fields] AND “marrow” [All Fields] AND “diseases” [All Fields]) OR “bone marrow diseases” [All Fields]) AND anterior [All Fields] AND (“neck” [MeSH Terms] OR “neck” [All Fields] OR “cervical” [All Fields]) AND corpectomy [All Fields] AND (“Nucl Eng Des/Fusion” [Journal] OR “fusion” [All Fields] OR “FUSION” [Journal] OR “fusion” [All Fields]) AND anterior [All Fields] AND (“neck” [MeSH Terms] OR “neck” [All Fields] OR “cervical” [All Fields]) AND (“diskectomy” [MeSH Terms] OR “diskectomy” [All Fields] OR “discectomy” [All Fields]) AND (“Nucl Eng Des/Fusion” [Journal] OR “fusion” [All Fields] OR “FUSION” [Journal] OR “fusion” [All Fields]). In addition, the reference lists of eligible studies and reviews were also manually searched until no potential articles were found.

Study selection

Studies were included in this meta-analysis if they met the following inclusive criteria: 1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort, or case-control studies that compared ACDF and ACCF in the treatment of CSM; 2) provided sufficient information regarding the clinical outcomes, preoperative/postoperative parameters, or complications; and 3) the study must have a mean follow-up time of more than 6 months. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) mean follow-up for patients was less than 6 months and 2) did not provide available data for meta-analysis. Furthermore, reviews, letters, and animal studies were excluded from the final analysis. As this is a meta-analysis study, no ethics approval was required.

Data extraction and quality assessment

Two independent investigators extracted the following data from the included studies: the name of first author, publication year, country, sample size, follow-up time, patients’ age and sex, the total number of patients in the ACDF and ACCF groups, duration of hospital stay, duration of operation time, blood loss, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score before and after the operation, fusion rate, and complication rate.

We used the modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale to conduct the quality assessment to the risk of bias in observational study.¹⁶ The scale consists of three items describing patients’ selection, comparability of ACDF and ACCF groups, and assessment of the outcomes of interest. The full score was 9, and studies with a quality score more than or equal to 6 were considered to be of high quality. The quality of an RCT was evaluated by the Jadad scale¹⁷ in the following domains: randomization (0–2 points), blinding (0–2 points), and dropouts and withdrawals (0–1 point). The quality scale ranged from 0 to 5 points. If the score was more than 2 points, then the quality of study was considered as high.¹⁸

Statistical analysis

We compared the effects of ACDF and ACCF in CSM patients on the data from the included studies. For continuous variables (ie, duration of hospital stay, duration of operative time, blood loss, JOA score, and visual analog scale (VAS) score), the mean value and standard deviation were extracted from the included studies. Thereafter, the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated. For dichotomous variables (ie, incidence of complications, fusion rate), the number of events and total number of patients were extracted from the included studies. Thereafter, they were expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% CIs. Finally, the WMD and RR of each study were pooled by using a fixed-effects model (Mantel–Haenszel method)¹⁹ or random-effects model (DerSimonian–Laird method).²⁰ When significant heterogeneity was observed, the random-effects model was used to pool the data; otherwise, the fixed-effects model was used. Heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed by using the I² statistic and Cochrane Q chi-square test, in which I²>50% or P<0.10 was considered as a significant statistical heterogeneity.²¹ The Hirabayashi’s improvement rate of JOA score was calculated according to the formula: Improvement rate = (postoperative JOA score–preoperative JOA score)/(17–preoperative JOA score)*100. Begg’s and Egger’s tests were conducted to evaluate the presence of publication bias.^22,23 A P-value less than 0.05 was judged as statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 12.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA).

Results

Study selection

Based on the inclusion criteria, we initially identified a total of 487 articles from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SinoMed, and CNKI databases. Of these, 216 were excluded because of duplicate publications. Then, after screening the title/abstract and full texts, 230 and 23 articles were excluded, respectively, because they did not provide available or unrelated data for this meta-analysis (reviews, letters, case reports, or not relevant for our topic). Eventually, 18 studies with a total of 1,246 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis.^7,24–40 The flow chart of the search strategy is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Eligibility of studies for inclusion in meta-analysis.

Abbreviations: SinoMed, Chinese BioMedical Literature Service System; CNKI, China National Knowledge Infrastructure.

Description of these included studies

The main characteristics of the 18 studies included in this meta-analysis are described in Table 1. All of them were published in peer-reviewed journals between 2007 and 2014, of which six studies were published in international English journals^7,24–28 and 12 were in Chinese core journals.^29–40 All the studies included were cohort or case-control studies except one in which the study was conducted with an RCT design.³⁵ The sample size ranged from 31 to 218. Among the 18 studies, 15 were conducted in People’s Republic of China,^{25–27,29–40} two in South Korea,^7,24 and one in the USA.²⁸

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in the trials included in the meta-analysis

Study	Country	Surgeries	Case number	Age (years)	Follow-up (months)	NOS score
Oh et al^Citation7	South Korea	ACDF	14	52.64	24.9	8
		ACCF	17	55.12	27.33
Song et al^Citation24	South Korea	ACDF	25	50.3±7.5	87.3±21.7	9
		ACCF	15	54.1±9.8	94.3±25.3
Li et al^Citation25	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	47	NR	79.6±20.5	7
		ACCF	42	NR	79.6±20.5
Guo et al^Citation26	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	43	52.7±9.4	37.7±7.2	8
		ACCF	24	55.2±10.1	37.3±7.3
Liu et al^Citation27	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	69	46.1±6.8	26.8	8
		ACCF	39	47.8±6.4	26.4
Uribe et al^Citation28	USA	ACDF	42	46.2	27.6	8
		ACCF	38	50	26.4
Yu et al^Citation29	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	20	52.75±7.81	6	7
		ACCF	20	53.10±8.98	6
Xu et al^Citation30	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	22	32–68	18±4.25	8
		ACCF	15	38–71	18±4.25
Huang et al^Citation31	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	18	45–68	12–15	7
		ACCF	15	49–70	12–15
Sun et al^Citation32	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	24	35–70	13–34	7
		ACCF	16	35–70	13–34
Zhang et al^Citation33	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	87	52.64±11.4	24.9±24	8
		ACCF	69	55.12±12.2	27.33±20
Chen^Citation34	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	23	58.3±7.3	18.4±5.3	8
		ACCF	21	58.6±7.4	18.4±5.3
Liu et al^Citation35	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	27	56.5±9.2	13.6±1.2	3 (Jadad score)
		ACCF	27	54.4±10.9	14.1±1.4
Hou et al^Citation36	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	27	50.43±6.50	13–34	7
		ACCF	38	50.43±6.50	13–34
Huang et al^Citation37	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	23	NR	13–36	7
		ACCF	21	NR	13–36
Zhang et al^Citation38	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	15	50–64	12	7
		ACCF	17	52–68	12
Qi et al^Citation39	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	124	53.8±8.5	18–60	8
		ACCF	94	54.36±7.82	18–60
Jia et al^Citation40	People’s Republic of China	ACDF	31	48.83±8.12	28.96±13.21	8
		ACCF	36	49.12±7.65	26.81±11.02

Note: Age and follow-up data are expressed as either mean ± SD or as a range.

Abbreviations: ACDF, anterior cervical discectomy with fusion; ACCF, anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion; NR, not reported; NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale; SD, standard deviation.

Among the 18 studies included for meta-analysis, three studies were three-arm trials.^26,27,38 In these trials, patients were divided into three groups: ACDF, ACCF, and combination of ACDF and ACCF. Since the data for the efficacy and safety comparison were provided separately, we then extracted the data from the ACDF and ACCF groups. The Newcastle– Ottawa Scale score for 17 observational studies^{7,24–34,36–40} ranged from 7 to 9, and the Jadad score for one RCT³⁵ was 3. This indicated that all the included studies were of high quality.

Preoperative JOA score and postoperative JOA score

Data of JOA score were available from 12 studies.^7,24,25,27, ^{29,31,32,35,36,38–40} Pooled estimates indicated that patients who underwent ACDF had a 4.05 point increase of JOA score (WMD =4.05, 95% CI: 3.40, 4.71; P=0.000) at the final follow-up as compared to that at the preoperative stage. And patients who underwent ACCF had a 4.14 point increase of JOA score (WMD =4.14, 95% CI: 3.25, 5.03; P=0.000) at the final follow-up, as compared to that at the preoperative stage. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the preoperative JOA score (WMD =0.02, 95% CI: −0.18, 0.22; P=0.838) (Figure 2) and postoperative JOA score (WMD =−0.27, 95% CI: −0.57, 0.03; P=0.075) (Figure 3). Hirabayashi’s improvement rates for ACDF and ACCF were 58.5% and 59.4%, respectively.

Figure 2 Comparison of anterior cervical discectomy with fusion or anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy in terms of preoperative JOA and VAS scores.

Abbreviations: WMD, weighted mean difference; JOA, Japanese Orthopaedic Association; VAS, visual analog scale; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 3 Comparison of anterior cervical discectomy with fusion or anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy in terms of postoperative JOA and VAS scores.

Note: Weights are from random-effects analysis.
Abbreviations: WMD, weighted mean difference; JOA, Japanese Orthopaedic Association; VAS, visual analog scale; CI, confidence interval.

VAS score

Two studies reported the data of VAS score.^7,24 The pooled results showed that the VAS score decreased by 2.94 points in the ACDF group (WMD =−2.94, 95% CI: −4.32, −1.56; P=0.000) and 1.53 points in the ACCF group (WMD =−1.53, 95% CI: −4.42, 1.36; P=0.300). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the preoperative VAS score (WMD =1.39, 95% CI: −0.01, 2.79; P=0.052) (Figure 2) and postoperative VAS score (WMD =0.03, 95% CI: −1.44, 1.50; P=0.970) (Figure 3).

Hospital stay

Seven studies with a total number of 425 patients (34.1% of 1,246 patients) reported the data of hospital stay.^{7,24,31,33–35,40} The aggregated results suggest that patients who underwent ACDF had 1.33 days less of hospital stay as compared to those who were treated with ACCF (WMD =−1.33, 95% CI: −2.29, −0.27; P=0.014) (Figure 4). There was statistical heterogeneity between the individual studies (P=0.078, I²=47.1%).

Figure 4 Comparison of anterior cervical discectomy with fusion or anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy in terms of hospital stay.

Note: Weights are from random-effects analysis.
Abbreviations: WMD, weighted mean difference; CI, confidence interval.

We performed subgroup analysis according to the region. The pooled results revealed that South Korea patients who received ACDF had 5.60 days less of hospital stay as compared to those with ACCF (WMD =−5.60, 95% CI: −9.00, −2.19; P=0.001), whereas Chinese patients had 0.88 days less of hospital stay as compared to those with ACCF (WMD =−0.88, 95% CI: −1.49, −0.28; P=0.000). There was statistical heterogeneity between the two studies from South Korea (P=0.099, I²=63.3%), and no heterogeneity between the five studies from People’s Republic of China (P=0.831, I²=0.0%).

The Egger’s test (P=0.205) and Begg’s test (P=0.108) revealed no publication bias.

Operation time

Fifteen studies provided the data of operation time.^{7,24,26–29,31–38,40} The pooled estimates revealed that patients who received ACDF had 26.9 minutes less of operating time, as compared to those who were treated with ACCF (WMD =−26.9, 95% CI: −46.13, −7.67; P=0.006) (Figure 5). There was statistical heterogeneity between the individual studies (P=0.000, I²=95.9%).

Figure 5 Comparison of anterior cervical discectomy with fusion or anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy in terms of operation time.

Note: Weights are from random-effects analysis.
Abbreviations: WMD, weighted mean difference; CI, confidence interval.

We performed subgroup analysis according to the region. The pooled results revealed that South Korea patients who received ACDF had 72.56 minutes less of operating time as compared to those with ACCF (WMD =−72.56, 95% CI: −92.83, −52.29; P=0.000), whereas Chinese patients had 26.69 minutes less of operating time (WMD =−26.69, 95% CI: −41.16, −12.22; P=0.000). There was no heterogeneity between the two studies from South Korea (P=0.589, I²=0.0%) and statistical heterogeneity between the 12 studies from People’s Republic of China (P=0.000, I²=91.3%). Since only one study reported the data of blood loss in the USA, we did not perform the subgroup analysis.

Egger’s test (P=0.89) and Begg’s test (P=0.33) revealed no publication bias.

Blood loss

Sixteen studies reported the data of blood loss.^{7,24,26–38,40} Pooling these studies using a random-effects model showed that patients in the ACDF group had 119.36 mL less of blood loss than those in the ACCF group (WMD =−119.36, 95% CI: −166.94, −71.77; P=0.000) (Figure 6). There was significant heterogeneity between individual studies (P=0.000, I²=98.2%).

Figure 6 Comparison of anterior cervical discectomy with fusion or anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy in terms of blood loss.

Note: Weights are from random-effects analysis.
Abbreviations: WMD, weighted mean difference; CI, confidence interval.

We performed subgroup analysis according to the region. The pooled results revealed that South Korea patients who received ACDF had 425.48 mL less of blood loss as compared to those with ACCF (WMD =−425.48, 95% CI: −633.17, −217.79; P=0.000), whereas Chinese patients had 95.61 mL less of blood loss (WMD =−95.61, 95% CI: −125.06, −66.17; P=0.000). There was no heterogeneity between the two studies from South Korea (P=0.700, I²=0.0%), and statistical heterogeneity between the 13 studies from People’s Republic of China (P=0.000, I²=93.3%).

Egger’s test (P=0.8) and Begg’s test (P=0.48) revealed no publication bias.

Fusion rate

Ten studies with a total number of 677 patients (54.3% of 1,246 patients) presented the data of fusion rate.^{7,24,26–29,33,34,37,40} Among them, five reported a 100% of fusion rate in both ACDF and ACCF groups.^{7,29,33,34,40} The pooled results suggest that there was no significant difference in fusion rate between the two groups (RR =1.04, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.09; P=0.158) (Figure 7).

Figure 7 Comparison of anterior cervical discectomy with fusion or anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy in terms of fusion rate and complication rate.

Note: Weights are from random-effects analysis.
Abbreviations: RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval.

No evidence of potential publication bias was found according to Begg’s test and Egger’s test (Egger’s test, P=0.917; Begg’s test, P=0.789).

Complication rate

Twelve studies with a total number of 867 patients (69.6% of 1,246 patients) reported the data of complication.^{24,26–29,32,34–37,39,40} Common complications, including donor site pain, graft dislodgment, C5 palsy, titanium mesh subsidence, dysphagia, hoarseness, hematoma, pseudoarthrosis, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and infection, were reported in these studies. The pooled analysis indicated that there was a significant difference of complication rate between the ACDF and ACCF groups (RR =0.51, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.80; P=0.003) (Figure 7). Moreover, the incidences of donor site pain (RR =0.21, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.72; P=0.012), graft dislodgment (RR =0.25, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.73; P=0.012), C5 palsy (RR =0.31, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.98; P=0.047), and titanium mesh subsidence (RR =0.30, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.89; P=0.03) were lower in the ACDF group than that in the ACCF group (Table 2).

Table 2 Summary of the RR of complications in patients with CSM

Complications	RR	95% CI	P-value
Donor site pain	0.21	0.06, 0.72	0.012
Graft dislodgment	0.25	0.09, 0.73	0.012
C5 palsy	0.31	0.10, 0.98	0.047
Titanium mesh subsidence	0.30	0.10, 0.89	0.030
Dysphagia	1.07	0.61, 1.87	0.810
Hoarseness	0.91	0.39, 2.14	0.835
Hematoma	0.66	0.20, 2.20	0.502
Pseudoarthrosis	1.08	0.28, 4.20	0.911
CSF leaks	1.75	0.48, 6.36	0.398
Infection	0.47	0.13, 1.78	0.266

Abbreviations: RR, risk ratio; CSM, cervical spondylotic myelopathy; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CI, confidence interval.

We performed subgroup analysis according to the region. Pooled results of ten Chinese studies showed that ACDF had a lower complication rate than that of ACCF (RR =0.44, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.60; P=0.000).^{26,27,29,32,34–37,39,40} Egger’s test (P=0.8) and Begg’s test (P=0.48) revealed no publication bias.

Discussion

The present study is a meta-analysis of studies with the objective of comparing the efficacy and safety between ACDF and ACCF in the treatment of CSM patients. Our study showed that ACDF had similar clinical outcomes with ACCF, including JOA score, VAS score, and fusion rate. However, there were significantly shorter operation time, shorter hospital stay, less blood loss, and lower complication rate in the ACDF group as compared to the ACCF group. Our study indicates that ACDF seems to be superior to ACCF in terms of safety outcomes.

Neural function outcome endpoints are important for evaluating the index for surgical treatment for CSM. In this meta-analysis, both ACDF and ACCF groups showed significant improvement on postoperative JOA and VAS scores. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in preoperative and postoperative JOA scores, indicating that patients with ACDF treatment may achieve similar neural function outcomes as those with ACCF. And there was no strong difference in the efficacy between ACDF and ACCF in the treatment of CSM.

In this meta-analysis, we found that patients treating with ACDF had obviously shorter operation time than those treating with ACCF. And this result was observed in most of the included studies. However, in two studies that conducted by Liu et al²⁷ and Uribe et al,²⁸ the results revealed that operation time was significantly higher in the ACDF group than that in the ACCF group. According to the previously published studies, ACCF was associated with excision of the anterior midline trough in the vertebra body down to the posterior longitudinal ligament, with removal of upper and lower adjacent discs while ACDF was involved in the elimination of the affected intervertebral disc tissue.^7,41 Therefore, as compared with ACDF, ACCF was a complex procedure performed and technically more challenging and consuming time. Thus, it is not surprising to observe a longer operation time in the ACCF group than that in the ACDF group.

Our results were consistent with a previous study verifying that ACDF has a shorter hospital stay and less blood loss compared to ACCF in the treatment of CSM.²⁴ These could be explained by the fact that ACCF was associated with a more serious spinal cord injury than ACDF, and ACDF was also commonly regarded to be with less intraoperative blood loss; thus, patients undergoing ACDF would recover faster than those receiving ACCF.^26,42,43

Among the 18 studies included in this meta-analysis, five^{7,29,33,34,40} reported a complete fusion in both ACDF and ACCF groups. However, in the remaining studies, the fusion rate of ACDF or ACCF in the treatment of CSM remains controversial. Song et al²⁴ studied 40 patients with CSM who underwent the anterior surgical treatment. They found that the fusion rate of ACDF (88%) was lower than ACCF (93.3%); however, the difference was not significant.²⁴ The authors thought that the fusion may not be affected by the development of pseudoarthrosis.⁴⁴ Contrary to the result, Uribe et al²⁸ found a slightly higher fusion rate after ACDF (97.6%) than ACCF (92.1%). The authors attributed these findings to the higher fusion rate in the ACDF group since the fusion rate of ACCF (92.1%) was comparable to other previous researches.^45,46 Furthermore, the authors believed that the higher fusion rate of ACDF in their study was owing to the strict adherence to surgical principles of anterior cervical fusion, including preserve of the end plates, avoiding over-distraction, use of local autograft and supplemental autograft from sternal manubrium, and use of cages instead of allograft.²⁸

Two similar systematic reviews/meta-analyses have been published comparing ACDF with ACCF.^13,14 However, there were several different outcomes between theirs and ours. First, in this meta-analysis, we found that patients who received ACDF had 26.9 minutes less of operation time as compared to those receiving ACCF (WMD =−26.9, 95% CI: −46.13, −7.67; P=0.006) whereas in the study by Han et al,¹⁴ operation time between the two groups was not significant (WMD =−9.34, 95% CI: −42.99, 24.31; P=0.59). Since our results were calculated based on 15 studies with 901 patients, whereas the studies by Han et al were based on six studies with 446 patients, we thought that our results would be more reliable and credible. Second, in this study, ACDF had lower incidences of several complications than ACCF, including donor site pain (RR =0.21, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.72; P=0.012), graft dislodgment (RR =0.25, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.73; P=0.012), C5 palsy (RR =0.31, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.98; P=0.047), and titanium mesh subsidence (RR =0.30, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.89; P=0.03); whereas, in the study by Han et al, only the incidence of graft-related complication was found to be lower in the ACDF group than that in the ACCF group (RR =0.23, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.64; P=0.005).¹⁴ Since the records of postoperative complications were variable among these studies (some reporting all complications and some reporting only the major complications), further studies are needed to identify the complication issue.

There are some potential limitations in this meta-analysis that should be taken into account. First, we admit that our study was performed based on 18 trials, and most of the trials had a relatively small sample size. As compared to larger trials, smaller trials were more likely to overestimate the treatment effect. Thus, our conclusion should be interpreted with caution. Second, we acknowledge that all these included studies except one were observational studies rather than RCT. RCT is regarded as the most efficient and high-level evidence for clinical research, whereas observational studies have a relatively low-level clinical evidence, and would result in selection bias. Despite an RCT providing an unbiased comparison of the surgical effect, it is difficult to perform the ACDF and ACCF procedures by using a randomized controlled design because of ethical problems. Third, it should be noticed that, among the 18 studies, 15 were from People’s Republic of China, which would have a potential impact on the credibility and reliability of our results. Therefore, surgeons around the world should interpret our results with caution when applying them in the clinical practice.

In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggested that there were no significant differences between ACDF and ACCF in terms of JOA score, VAS score, and fusion rate. However, as compared to ACCF, ACDF had a shorter operation time, shorter hospital stay, less blood loss, as well as lower complication rate. Therefore, ACDF may be a safer alternative to ACCF for the surgical treatment of CSM patients. However, owing to the limitations in this study, more studies with high quality, larger sample size, and long-term follow-up are still needed to confirm our results.

Acknowledgments

The study was funded by the Capital Health Development Special Scientific Research Projects (2014 2 2023), Beijing, People’s Republic of China.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.