Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among workers at a private tertiary center in Angola

Abstract

Background

The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is increasing in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa. However, as there is a scarcity of data, little is known about CVD in Angola. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of prehypertension, hypertension, prediabetes, diabetes, overweight, and obesity among workers at a private tertiary center in Angola.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 781 workers of Clínica Girassol, a tertiary health care center in Angola, during the month of November 2013. Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical variables were analyzed.

Results

Of the 781 participants studied, 50.44% were males and 78.11% were under 40 years old. The prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension was 17.93% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.24%–20.74%) and 54.03% (95% CI: 50.58%–57.62%), respectively. Among hypertensive subjects, 83.57% (117) were unaware of the diagnosis. Hypertension was associated with age (≥40 years) (odds ratio [OR]: 6.21; 95% CI: 4.18–9.24; P<0.001) and with overweight and obesity (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.56–3.44; P<0.001). The prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes was 2.69% (95% CI: 1.54%–3.97%) and 7.94% (95% CI: 6.02%–9.99%), respectively. The prevalence of overweight was 34.44% (95% CI: 31.11%–37.90%) and 19.85% (95% CI: 17.03%–22.79%) for obesity. There was an association between overweight and obesity and the female sex (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.29–2.28; P<0.001). The prevalence of family history of CVD, smoking, and alcoholism was 52.24%, 4.87%, and 45.33%, respectively.

Conclusion

There was a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy workers at the private tertiary center in Angola.

Keywords:

• risk factors
• hypertension
• prehypertension
• diabetes mellitus
• obesity
• Angola

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.^1,2 About 17.3 million people died from CVD in 2008.² In recent years, some studies have demonstrated that CVD mortality increased in developing countries,^2,3 and these countries have the greatest absolute number of people with hypertension – the main risk factor for CVD. Additionally projections point to a 60% increase in the prevalence of hypertension in developing countries during the period of 2000–2025.⁴

In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of CVD has increased in the last 20 years.^5,6 From 1990 to 2010, the three risk factors that showed the highest perceptual increase in the region were the body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), and blood sugar changes.⁷ The deaths from CVD in this region presented a parallel increase; and it has been shown that in sub-Saharan Africa deaths due to CVD occur in younger people compared to the rest of the world.^3,8 However, the health system of most countries in the region do not have the preparedness to respond to this new reality.^9–11 In addition, sub-Saharan Africa remains the region of the world where there is scarcity of data on CVD.^8,12,13

In Angola, it was estimated that approximately 27,000 people died from CVD and diabetes mellitus (DM) during 2012.¹⁴ Little is known about the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the general population. In the few available studies, the prevalence of hypertension ranged from 23% to 45.2%;^15–17 and overweight and obesity 29.3% and 19.6%, respectively.¹⁷ The prevalence of DM was 2.8% and 5.7% in urban and rural population, respectively.^17,18

Economic changes, industrialization, and the urbanization, which Angola has experienced, are associated with the development of CVD.^19,20 The interaction of these factors with other determinants, such as the low level of education, ethnic factors, and health system failures, can increase the impact of CVD on public health;^11,14 whereas older problems such as infectious, maternal, and perinatal diseases still represent an important burden (leading to mortality) in the country.^8,14,21

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the main cardiovascular risk factors among workers of a private tertiary center in Angola.

Materials and methods

Design, location, and population of the study

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 781 workers (52.06% of 1,500) of Clínica Girassol during the month of November 2013. The Clínica Girassol is a private tertiary health care center of the Sonangol group, located in Luanda, Angola, with 1,500 workers, aged between 18 and 65 years old (about 75% under the age of 40 years), of different occupational categories, mostly nurses and physicians.

All subjects at work during the month of November 2013 were invited to participate and were included after a written informed consent form was signed.

Study variables

The assessment included a questionnaire, used by previously trained interviewers, with close-ended questions about age, sex, personal medical history, family history of CVD, smoking, and alcoholism. This was followed by the measurement of continuous variables of the study (such as weight, height, capillary glycemia, and BP). We took hypertension, DM, overweight, and obesity as dependent variables and the others as independent variables.

Weight was measured with an electronic digital Seca® scale (Seca, Hamburg, Germany) with a capacity of up to 150 kg and precision of 100 g. The scale was calibrated and certified by the manufacturer, and checked regularly by the clinical engineering service of the institution. Height was measured in centimeters using a stadiometer included in the scale, with maximum extension of 200 cm and precision of 0.1 cm. The BMI was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by height in square meters (BMI = weight [kg] ÷ height [m²]). Based on the BMI, the population was categorized into subgroups as follow: low weight (<18.5 kg/m²), ideal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m²), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m²), and obese (≥30 kg/m²) using the World Health Organization classification criteria.²² Obesity was classified as Grade I (BMI ≥30.00–34.99), Grade II (BMI ≥35.00–39.99), and Grade III (BMI ≥40.00).²²

The capillary blood sugar was measured with a Contour Next® (Bayer Vital, Leverkusen, Germany) instrument. Based on the time from the last food intake, capillary blood sugar was considered fasting glucose (if >8 hours after last meal) or capillary random glucose (if <8 hours after last meal). We considered DM for fasting blood sugar ≥126 mg/dL, or a random blood sugar ≥200 mg/dL, or previous diagnosis of DM with the use of medication, according to the guidelines of American Diabetes Association.²³ We considered impaired fasting glucose if fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL, but <126 mg/dL; and impaired glucose tolerance if random capillary blood glucose ≥140 mg/dL, but <200 mg/dL. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance were included in a single category of prediabetes.^23,24

BP was assessed according to Joint National Committee (JNC)-VII guidelines²⁵ by using an auscultatory method with an aneroid sphygmomanometer certified by the manufacturer, and the instrument was checked regularly by the clinical engineering service. BP was measured using an appropriately sized cuff for brachial circumference. The measurement was performed on the right arm, after a rest of at least 5 minutes, and in a calm environment. Based on the value of BP, the population was categorized into three subgroups: normotensives (BP <120/80 mmHg); prehypertensives (systolic BP [SBP] from 120 to 139 mmHg and/or diastolic BP [DBP] from 80 to 89 mmHg); and hypertensives (SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥90 mmHg).²⁵ We also considered as hypertensive all those with a previous diagnosis in use of medication, regardless of BP levels.

Statistical analysis

The software Epi info version 7.1.4 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA) was used as a database. Demographic characteristics of the sample were analyzed, and we calculated the prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, overweight, obesity, prediabetes, and DM in the general sample and also specifically by age and sex. To estimate the association between independent and dependent variables, we used the odds ratio (OR) as a risk measure, with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Frequency comparison between groups was performed by χ², and, a P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The analysis was performed using “OpenEpi”, an online software, version 3.03 (CDC).²⁶

Ethical implications

The study was approved by the Teaching Postgraduate, and Research Office, which is the committee responsible for ethical issues in the Clínica Girassol. The workers were free to choose to participate in the study or not, and they were included only after written informed consent was signed. The researchers guaranteed the preservation of participants’ confidential data, strict and impartial analysis of the results, and the participants diagnosed as diabetic or hypertensive were advised to have a clinical follow-up.

Results

A total of 781 workers were evaluated, and their demographic characteristics are presented in Table 1. There was no significant difference between sexes, most workers (78.11%) were aged under 40 years, and were Black Africans.

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study population

Characteristic	Absolute frequency	%
Age (years)
<20	1	0.1
20–30	280	35.9
31–40	330	42.3
41–50	121	15.5
51–60	41	5.2
>60	8	1.0
Total	781	100
Sex
Male	394	50.4
Female	387	49.6

Note: Clínica Girassol, Luanda, Angola, November 2013 (n=781).

Regarding BP 28.04% (n=219; 95% CI: 24.84%–31.37%) of participants had normal BP, 54.03% (n=422; 95% CI: 50.58%–57.62%) had prehypertension, and 17.93% (n=140; 95% CI: 15.24%–20.74%) had hypertension (Figure 1). Among hypertensive subjects, 83.57% (117) were unaware of their BP status until the time of this evaluation. Hypertension was associated with age (≥40 years) (OR: 6.21; 95% CI: 4.18–9.24; P<0.001) and with overweight and obesity (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.56–3.44; P<0.001), but there was no significant difference between men and women (19.29% vs 16.28%; χ² =1.01; P=0.27). In the sample, 89.37% (n=698; 95% CI: 87.20%–91.68%) had normal blood sugar; and the prevalence of DM and prediabetes was 2.69% (n=21; 95% CI: 1.54%–3.97%) and 7.94% (n=62; 95% CI: 6.02%–9.99%), respectively (Figure 2). Among diabetic patients, 90.48% were under treatment and 9.52% were unaware of the diagnosis. DM was associated with age (≥40 years) (OR: 4.13; 95% CI: 1.72–9.89; P<0.001), and individuals who were overweight and obese presented a no significant trend to higher prevalence of DM than those with ideal body weight (3.302% vs 1.961%; χ² =1.33; P=0.35). Regarding weight, 3.07% (n=24; 95% CI: 1.92%–4.35%) of participants were underweight, 34.44% (n=269; 95% CI: 31.11%–37.90%) overweight, and 19.85% (n=155; 95% CI: 17.03%–22.79%) were obese (Figure 3). Among 155 workers with obesity, 77.42% had Grade I, 16.13% Grade II, and 6.45% Grade III (Figure 4). Overweight and obesity was higher in women than men (60.98% vs 47.72%; χ²=13.32; P<0.001).

Figure 1 Blood pressure distribution among the study population.

Note: Clínica Girassol, Luanda, Angola, November 2013 (n=781).

Figure 2 Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in study population.

Note: Clínica Girassol, Luanda, Angola, November 2013 (n=781).

Figure 3 Distribution of the study population according to BMI.

Note: Clínica Girassol, Luanda, Angola, November 2013 (n=781).
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Figure 4 Distribution of obese subjects according to the grade. Grade I (BMI ≥30.00–34.99), grade II (BMI ≥35.00–39.99), and grade III (BMI ≥40.00).

Note: Clínica Girassol, Luanda, Angola, November 2013 (n=155).

Family history of CVD, active smoking, and alcoholic beverage consumption was reported by 52.24% (n=408; 95% CI: 48.78%–55.82%), 4.87% (n=38; 95% CI: 2.05%–6.53%), and 45.33% (n=354; 95% CI: 41.87%–48.91%) of workers, respectively. Table 2 presents the summary of the association between independent and dependent variables, in univariate analysis.

Table 2 Univariate analysis of the association between independent and dependent variables

Factor	OR	95% CI	P-value
Hypertension
Age (≥40 vs <40 years)	6.21	4.18–9.24	<0.001
Overweight and obesity	2.32	1.56–3.44	<0.001
Sex (male vs female)	1.23	0.85–1.78	0.27
Diabetes
Age (≥40 vs <40 years)	4.13	1.72–9.89	<0.001
Overweight and obesity	1.71	0.68–4.28	0.35
Overweight and obesity
Sex (female vs male)	1.71	1.29–2.28	<0.001

Note: Workers, Clínica Girassol, Luanda, Angola, 2013 (n=781). Values in bold are statistically significant.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Discussion

Blood pressure

In this study, we found a prehypertension prevalence of 54.03%, which is considerably high taking into account the average age of the study population. However, it is in concordance with other studies conducted among African populations, in Nigeria and Egypt, where the prevalence was 58.7% and 57.2%, respectively.^27,28 This is the first study that evaluated prehypertension in Angola. The high prevalence we found is of paramount importance since the rate of progression from prehypertension to hypertension in follow-up studies was 29% (in 4.1 years) in a Jamaican cohort²⁹ and 30.4% in 3 years of follow-up among postmenopausal women,³⁰ and can reach a high progression rate up to 13.9% per year.³¹ In addition, we highlight the value of racial factor and BMI, because the Black race was found to be a predictor of faster progression³² as well as a high BMI.³³

On the other hand, regardless of progression, prehypertension is itself a risk factor for coronary artery disease, end-stage renal disease, and cerebrovascular events.^34,35 In a meta-analysis of 20 cohort studies with 1,129,098 participants, prehypertension significantly increased mortality due to stroke.³⁶ We emphasize that in African populations, stroke occurs earlier than in rest of the world and is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality.⁸ So, a high prevalence, as we found, associated with low awareness and control, may be one of the factors that contribute to this finding.

The prevalence of hypertension was 17.93%, which is nearly the average (16.2%) prevalence of this condition in the region^6,37 and in line with that found in a study in Ethiopia (another country in this region).³⁸ However, it is relatively lower compared to that found in other studies carried out in Angola^15–18 and some other countries in the region such as South Africa, Nigeria, and Uganda.^27,39,40 This difference might be due to the younger population in this study (78.11% of them <40 years) compared to the other studies. The difference in prevalence compared to other countries, like South Africa, may be due to the actual differences in the prevalence of risk factors for hypertension.³⁹ There was no statistically significant difference between sexes in the occurrence of hypertension, which is in line with the results reported by other studies carried out in the region.^12,41

Among hypertensive subjects, 83.57% were unaware of their status, nearly 78.4% found in another study conducted in northern Angola, where among those who were aware, only 13.9% were under pharmacological treatment and of these, only about one-third had their BP controlled.¹⁶

Diabetes mellitus and prediabetes

The prevalence of DM (2.69%) was close to 2.9%, which is the rate estimated for the country’s population by the International Federation of Diabetes for the year 2013;⁴² but relatively lower than that found in previous studies in the country,^17,18 and in neighboring countries (3.5% in southern Congo and 3.9% in South Africa).^43,44 The occurrence of DM was significantly associated with age >40 years, which is in line with the results obtained from other studies.^18,43 The association with BMI was not statistically significant.

The prevalence of prediabetes (7.94%) was similar to that found in a study in Uganda.⁴⁵ It is worth remembering that the rate of progression from prediabetes to DM is 6.8% per year.⁴⁶ And among individuals categorized as prediabetic by both criteria (HbA_1c and fasting glucose), the cumulative risk of developing DM was 100% in a 5.6 years’ follow-up study.⁴⁷ In addition, prediabetes is itself associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality.⁴⁸

Overweight and obesity

In relation to BMI, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was 54.29%, which is relatively higher than that of previous studies,^15,17 suggesting a trend to increase in prevalence of weight-related problems. This is reinforced when we observe that in a study conducted approximately 10 years ago the prevalence of obesity was significantly lower than in the current (3.2% vs 20%), and there were no individuals with Grade III obesity.¹⁵ In this study, overweight and obesity were higher in women, which is in accordance with another study in the country,¹⁷ and the global trend;⁴⁹ and was associated with a higher rate of high BP, as is traditionally reported.⁵⁰

Other cardiovascular risk factors

In relation to other cardiovascular risk factors, the prevalence of smoking was lower (4.9% vs 7.2%) than that found among public workers in Luanda¹⁷ and below the 9.0% estimated for the population of the country for the year 2012.⁵¹ The prevalence was higher in men than in women, as found in other countries in the region.^52,53 The prevalence of alcohol consumption was in line with that of another study.¹⁵ Positive family history of CVD was reported by 52.24% of participants.

Conclusion

The present study shows a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy workers. This exposes the need for more studies to better measure the magnitude of the situation and guide the response planning to this problem.

Limitations

The main limitation of this study is the use of capillary blood glucose, as well as the consideration of glucose intolerance by random capillary blood glucose (and not 2-hour post 75 g of glucose). These options were adopted because they are more feasible approaches in resource-limited countries. Another limitation is related to the representativeness of the population. However, this is one among few existing studies in the country about the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factor among specific groups, and we believe that this study will serve as a starting point for national studies, which are now very necessary.

Author contributions

FCP and VM analyzed the data and wrote the paper. All authors contributed to conception and design of the study, performed the data collection, revised, and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely acknowledge the hospital board and workers of the Clínica Girassol, Luanda, Angola.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.