Worksite-based cardiovascular risk screening and management: a feasibility study

Abstract

Background

Established cardiovascular risk factors are highly prevalent and contribute substantially to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality because they remain uncontrolled in many Canadians. Worksite-based cardiovascular risk factor screening and management represent a largely untapped strategy for optimizing risk factor control.

Methods

In a 2-phase collaborative demonstration project between Alberta Health Services (AHS) and the Alberta Newsprint Company (ANC), ANC employees were offered cardiovascular risk factor screening and management. Screening was performed at the worksite by AHS nurses, who collected baseline history, performed automated blood pressure measurement and point-of-care testing for lipids and A1c, and calculated 10-year Framingham risk. Employees with a Framingham risk score of ≥10% and uncontrolled blood pressure, dyslipidemia, or smoking were offered 6 months of pharmacist case management to optimize their risk factor control.

Results

In total, 87 of 190 (46%) employees volunteered to undergo cardiovascular risk factor screening. Mean age was 44.5±11.9 years, 73 (83.9%) were male, 14 (16.1%) had hypertension, 4 (4.6%) had diabetes, 12 (13.8%) were current smokers, and 9 (10%) had dyslipidemia. Of 36 employees with an estimated Framingham risk score of ≥10%, 21 (58%) agreed to receive case management and 15 (42%) attended baseline and 6-month follow-up case management visits. Statistically significant reductions in left arm systolic blood pressure (−8.0±12.4 mmHg; p=0.03) and triglyceride levels (−0.8±1.4 mmol/L; p=0.04) occurred following case management.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of collaborative, worksite-based cardiovascular risk factor screening and management. Expansion of this type of partnership in a cost-effective manner is warranted.

Keywords:

• blood pressure
• dyslipidemia
• smoking
• pharmacist
• worksite

Background

Cardiovascular disease, which includes heart disease and stroke, is the second leading cause of mortality in Canada, accounting for 125,000 deaths or 35% of all fatalities in 2013.¹ The 4 most important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease are hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and smoking.^2,3 These risk factors are highly prevalent in Canadians – 23% have hypertension, 45% have dyslipidemia, 9% have diabetes, and 18% smoke.^4–6

Despite the widespread availability of proven efficacious treatments, cardiovascular risk factor control rates are unacceptably low. For example, 37% of Canadians with hypertension and 81% of Canadians with dyslipidemia are not controlled to target levels.^4,7 These care-gaps reflect a lost opportunity to improve health, prevent premature death and disability, and reduce unnecessary health care expenditures.

As traditional methods of controlling cardiovascular risk factors (largely consisting of patients seeing their health care provider to get screened and treated) have not fully optimized risk factor control, additional approaches are needed. Given that Canadian workers spend an average of 30 hours per week at work, worksite cardiovascular risk screening and management programs represent a promising option to improve risk factor detection and control in working-aged Canadians.⁸ In a recently performed cross-sectional survey of Canadian workers, 40% were unaware of having at least one uncontrolled cardiovascular risk factor.⁹ Further, individuals with uncontrolled risk were less likely than those with no risk factors to engage in healthy behaviors.⁹ This underscores the importance of identifying unrecognized risk in order that it can be appropriately managed.

The purpose of this report is to detail the results of a worksite-based collaboration between Alberta Health Services (AHS) and the Alberta Newsprint Company (ANC). The primary objective of this demonstration project was to examine the feasibility and usefulness of using embedded health care providers to perform cardiovascular risk factor screening and management onsite in the workplace.

Methods

Prior to study initiation, approval from University of Alberta research ethics board was obtained. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Setting

This worksite-based program was part of a larger, multipronged AHS initiative, termed the Vascular Risk Reduction Initiative, aimed at optimizing the screening and control of cardiovascular risk factors in Albertans by using novel means of health care service delivery. ANC is a newsprint producer based in Whitecourt, AB (estimated 2016 population of approximately 10,000). At the time this project was conducted, the company had 190 employees. AHS is Canada’s largest fully integrated health services provider, responsible for delivering care to the >4 million residents of the province of Alberta.

Screening

Cardiovascular risk factor screening was offered to all ANC employees. Two AHS nurses performed screening procedures onsite at the company pulp mill over a 5-week period. Screening took approximately 30 minutes per worker and consisted of collecting data on baseline demographics, history of cardiovascular risk factors or disease, family history, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and point-of-care A1c and lipids. Weight was measured to the nearest tenth of a kilogram with the subject wearing light clothing and no shoes. Blood pressure was measured using the previously validated Watch BP Office (Microlife, Taipei, Taiwan) automated device in both arms simultaneously using recommended techniques.^10,11 The first reading was discarded, and the mean of the latter 2 readings was calculated. DCA Vantage Analyzer (Siemens, Munich, Germany) and Cholestech LDX Analyzer (Alere, Waltham, MA, USA) devices were used to obtain A1c and lipid measurements. Ten-year cardiovascular disease risk and vascular age were estimated using the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Framingham Risk Score Calculator.

Hypertension was defined according to past history, use of medications, and/or a blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg (≥130/80 in participants with diabetes). Dyslipidemia was defined according to past history, use of medications, and/or a high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level (defined as ≥5.0 mmol/L in subjects with a Framingham risk estimate of <10%, ≥3.5 mmol/L for a risk estimate of 10–19%, and ≥2.0 mmol/L for a risk estimate of ≥20%). Diabetes was defined according to self-report, medication use, and/or an A1c ≥6.5%. Smoking was defined according to self-report.

Case management

Workers with uncontrolled blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and/or smoking status, and a calculated Framingham risk score ≥10% were offered case management to optimize their cardiovascular risk profiles over a 6-month time frame. Two local pharmacists with full prescribing privileges, as per pharmacists’ scope of practice in Alberta, performed case management. The case managers primarily focused on addressing uncontrolled blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and smoking. Management was based on contemporary guidelines and consisted of health behavior counseling and appropriate pharmacotherapy.¹⁰ Health behavior counseling followed the recommendations of the Canadian Hypertension Guidelines and included recommendations to reduce sodium intake towards 2 g/day, achievement/maintenance of a normal body weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m²), increase aerobic physical activity to 30–60 minutes per day on 4–7 days per week, and consumption of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet.¹⁰ Risk factor targets were as follows:

1. Blood pressure <140/90 mmHg (130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes)

2. An LDL cholesterol level of <2.0 mmol/L or a 50% decline

3. Nonsmoking status

Secondary outcomes included changes in A1c levels, body weight, BMI, and the 10-year total Framingham cardiovascular risk estimate. Changes in prescription medications were not tracked.

Analyses

Descriptive analyses were first performed, including calculation of means, standard deviations, and proportions. Changes in cardiovascular risk factors from baseline to follow-up were analyzed using paired Student’s t-tests for continuous variables and McNemar tests for dichotomous ones. p-Values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Analyses were conducted using Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA).

Results

In total, 87 workers received cardiovascular risk factor screening. Baseline characteristics of the study population, stratified by receipt of case management, are summarized in Table 1. Mean age was 44.5±11.9 years, 73 (83.9%) were male, 14 (16.1%) had hypertension, 4 (4.6%) had diabetes, 12 (13.8%) were current smokers, and 9 (10%) had dyslipidemia. Case-managed workers were older, more likely male, and had a greater cardiovascular risk factor burden.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Variables	Total population (N=87)	Non-case managed (n=65)	Case managed (n=21)
Age (years), mean ± SD	44.5±11.9	42±12.3	51.6±7.4
Male, n (%)	73 (83.9)	14 (100)	0 (0)
Ethnicity
Caucasian, n (%)	77 (90.6)	54 (87.1)	23 (100)
Asian, n (%)	4 (4.7)	4 (6.5)	0 (0)
Other, n (%)	4 (4.7)	4 (6.5)	0 (0)
Hypertension, n (%)	14 (16.1)	10 (15.6)	4 (17.4)
Type 2 diabetes, n (%)	4 (4.6)	1 (1.6)	3 (13.0)
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	9 (10.3)	5 (7.8)	4 (17.4)
Coronary artery disease, n (%)	2 (2.3)	2 (3.1)	0 (0)
Coronary angioplasty, n (%)	1 (1.2)	1 (1.6)	0 (0)
Coronary bypass, n (%)	2 (2.3)	2 (3.1)	0 (0)
Smoker, n (%)
Current	12 (13.8)	7 (10.9)	5 (21.7)
Past	21 (27.6)	18 (31.6)	3 (15.8)
Systolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD
Left arm	135.2±12.6	132.8±12.1	141.8±11.7
Right arm	137.0±12.7	134.1±12.0	144.7±11.3
Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD
Left arm	85.8±8.6	84.1±8.3	90.7±7.6
Right arm	86.5±9.8	84.2±8.9	92.7±9.7
Heart rate (beats/min), mean ±S D	71.3±12	69.4±11.6	76.5±11.8
Weight (kg), mean ± SD	90.3±16.5	88.0±15.9	96.6±16.6
BMI (kg/m^2), mean ± SD	29.1±4.0	28.7±3.8	30.3±4.5
Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean ± SD	4.9±1.1	4.8±1.2	5.1±1.1
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L), mean ± SD	1.2±0.4	1.2±0.5	1.1±0.2
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L), mean ± SD	2.7±0.9	2.7±0.9	2.9±0.9
Triglycerides (mmol/L), mean ± SD	2.0±1.5	1.8±1.4	2.8±1.7
10-year Framingham risk estimate
Total mean ± SD	12.6±11.4	9.0±9.1	22.8±11.2
High risk, n (%)	21 (24.1)	9 (14.1)	12 (52.2)
Moderate risk, n (%)	15 (17.2)	4 (6.3)	11 (47.8)
Low risk, n (%)	51 (58.6)	51 (79.7)	0 (0)
Vascular age, mean ± SD	52.7±15.3	48.0±14.0	65.8±10.6
A1c, mean ± SD	5.4±0.7	5.2±0.3	5.8±1.2

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

Thirty-six (41%) workers had an estimated Framingham risk score of ≥10% and were smokers or had uncontrolled blood pressure or lipids. Of these, 21 (58%) agreed to receive case management. These individuals had a mean 10-year Framingham risk score of 22.8%. Fifteen (42%) attended baseline and 6-month follow-up case management visits and, in these individuals, statistically significant reductions in left arm systolic blood pressure (−8.0±12.4 mmHg; p=0.03) and triglyceride (−0.8±1.4 mmHg; p=0.04) levels occurred after case management (Table 2). Of 5 smokers who agreed to case management, 4 did not complete case management and the remaining one quit smoking following case management. No substantial changes in BMI, A1c, or Framingham risk score were observed.

Table 2 Changes in cardiovascular risk factors and profile following case management

Variables	Baseline (n=15)	Follow-up (n=15)	Difference (p-value)
Systolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD
Left arm	141.4±12.3	133.4±11.7	−8.0±12.4 (0.03)
Right arm	143.8±12.4	136.0±12.8	−7.8±15.1 (0.07)
Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD
Left arm	89.6±6.6	88.7±9.3	−0.9±9.1 (0.70)
Right arm	92.6±10.2	89.5±9.6	−3.1±10.3 (0.26)
Controlled blood pressure, n (%)	3 (20)	5 (33)	2 (13) (0.61)
Heart rate (beats/min), mean ± SD	74.8±12.0	74.3±11.7	−0.5±11.8 (0.86)
BMI (kg/m^2), mean ± SD	30.1±4.2	29.9±5.2	−0.2±1.44 (0.65)
Smoker, n (%)	1 (6.7)	0 (0.0)	−1 (6.7) (n/a)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean ± SD	5.0±0.8	4.8±1.0	−0.2±0.82 (0.37)
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L), mean ± SD	1.1±0.3	1.1±0.2	−0.0±0.18 (0.87)
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L), mean ± SD	2.9±0.9	2.7±1.0	0.2±1.0 (0.91)
Triglycerides (mmol/L), mean ± SD	2.8±1.5	2.0±1.0	−0.8±1.4 (0.04)
Controlled dyslipidemia, n (%)	6 (40)	6 (40)	0 (0) (0.47)
10-year Framingham risk estimate
Total, mean ± SD	21.6±8.3	20.6±8.1	−1.0±0.1 (0.70)
Vascular age, mean ± SD	65.1±9.1	64.1±10.7	−0.9±5.52 (0.52)
A1c, mean ± SD	5.8±1.4	5.1±1.8	−0.7±0.02 (0.11)

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; n/a, not available; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

Discussion

In summary, the results of this pilot project confirm that worksite-based cardiovascular risk factor screening and management is both feasible and useful. In the screening phase of the program, >40% of the workers receiving screened were identified as having a moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk level. In the workers who received case management, improvements in cardiovascular risk factors, particularly blood pressure and triglycerides, were demonstrated.

The most novel aspect of this collaborative project is that it involved embedding AHS and community clinicians within the worksite to deliver care. This approach moves beyond the traditional “worksite wellness” program model that focuses on educational interventions alone. Traditional approaches have unsurprisingly had limited effectiveness because they do not involve use of the most effective and proven aspects of cardiovascular risk factor control, prescription of antihypertensive drugs and statins.^12–14 Embedding clinicians in the worksite greatly increases convenience for workers and also obviates the need for them to take time off to attend clinic appointments. Indeed, this type of care model has the potential to reach Canadians who do not typically seek medical care and who are less likely to be aware of having uncontrolled cardiovascular risk, such as younger individuals and males.¹⁵

Despite encouragement, only 15 subjects, or 42% of the high-risk patients, followed through with case management. This reflects known practical realities in engaging high-risk patients in their care and is highly likely to be found with replication of this project.

Limitations

The major limitations of this study are the relatively small sample size, lack of controls, and short duration of follow-up. The lack of a control group precludes adjustment for temporal trends. In addition, an economic assessment was not performed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this strategy. These limitations indicate the need to confirm the robustness of these results in larger sample sizes and over more sustained follow-up periods.

Conclusion

The results of this study verify the worksite-based cardiovascular risk factor screening and management is a viable strategy for identifying and reducing latent cardiovascular risk. These findings demonstrate how health service provid- ers and employers can collaborate to improve the health of workers. Future work should focus on expanding this pilot project in a cost-effective manner.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of the staff and workers of the ANC and the community pharmacists who participated in this project. This study was funded by AHS.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.