https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2307-5569
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the effects of azelnidipine-carboxyl methyl cellulose (AZL-CMC) gel and carboxyl methyl cellulose 2% gel (CMC) on the healing of full-thickness skin wounds of diabetic rats.
Methods
Fifteen Sprague Dawley male rats were studied. The rats were divided into three groups: AZL-CMC gel-treated, CMC 2% gel-treated, and control group. Wounds were assessed by wound area measurement every 3 days and histopathology samples were collected at 4, 7 and 12 days post wounding to evaluate the healing process using stereological study. Mann–Whitney U-test repeated measurement and non-parametric one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data using SPSS, version 18.
Results
Numerical density of the fibroblasts of the AZL-CMC gel treated group was 59.17±2.69 (×104/mm3) and higher than the control 22.64±1.34 (×104/mm3) and CMC 2%-treated groups 40.80±5.27 (×104/mm3), respectively, P<0.001. The volume density of the collagen bundles and LV of the vessels were 83.1±4.46 and 42.16±5.78, respectively, in the AZL-CMC treated group, and higher compared to the control (53.96±5.07, 9.9±2.49) and the CMC 2%-treated (65.88±2.13, 18.1±2.20) groups (P <0.001).
Conclusion
The healing of AZL-CMC gel-treated wound was better than the control wounds, grossly. Wound healing processes and wound closure in the intervention group began sooner and was completed more quickly. The quantitative and qualitative parameters showed the significant wound healing effect of the AZL-CMC gel-treated group.
Introduction
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are the most common wounds in diabetic patients.Citation1 The likelihood of a diabetic person to have foot ulcers throughout his life is 15–25%.Citation2 Approximately, 50–70% of all the limb amputations are due to diabetic wounds and it has been reported that in every 30 s, one leg is amputated due to diabetic wound worldwide.Citation1
Full-thickness wounds are described with complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis in addition to deeper structures.Citation3 High levels of blood glucose can damage the nerve fiber through various mechanisms, including increased levels of reactive oxygen species and their unwanted effects, like the activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors,Citation4 nitric oxide blockage, and increased concentrations of the matrix metalloproteinase. Moreover, vascular disease and ischemia usually reduce the healing capacity.Citation5–Citation7
Some studies have shown that Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) have beneficial effects in other conditions than HTN (Hypertension), such as wound healing, and in animal model studiesdiltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine, and azelnidipine have been proposed to play potential roles.Citation8,Citation9
Evidence has shown that CCBs have antioxidant properties which increase collagen accumulation and fibroblast proliferation by promotion of nitric oxide (NO) production; they are known to have vasodilatory properties, increasing blood flow to the wound area and stimulating the production of the growth factor. The improvement of insulin sensitivity by CCB in various diabetic models has been reported.Citation10,Citation11
Keratinocytes functionally express several types of calcium channels;Citation12 also, tissue collagenases, such as matrix metalloproteinase, are expressed more abundantly at tissue injury sites and their action depends on the associated inflammatory cytokines and intracellular calcium levels.Citation11 By acting on the voltage gated Ca2+ channels, nifedipine and amlodipine altered intracellular calcium and had antioxidant activity in some in vitro studies.Citation13 Further azelnidipine accelerates wound healing, improves NO levels in the wound fluid, and increases the density of the collagen fibers, numerical density of the fibroblasts, and length density of the vessels.Citation7
Azelnidipine could reduce the expression of the subunits of NADPH oxidase, a key class of enzymes in superoxide production, or NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS generation, and it may be possible that the improvement of insulin resistance by azelnidipine is caused by the change in the muscle blood flow.Citation10
Extracellular calcium contents and calcium influx into the keratinocytes also regulate the barrier recoveryCitation12 and the restoration of the barrier function in order to prevent further damage, or infection seems to be one of the main reasons for skin wound healing.Citation3
In addition to growth factors, stem cells, nanoparticles, platelet-rich plasma and other wound treatments,Citation14 wound healing treatment requires the use of a wide range of dressing materials: films, foams, hydrogels, hydrocolloids, and impregnated coverings containing antimicrobial agents, enzymes, and various biologically active substances.Citation15,Citation16 Hydrogels take advantage of a hydrophilic material that absorbs a certain amount of exudate but keeps a moist environment.Citation17
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a water-soluble semi-synthetic, ether derivative of cellulose which can be cross-linked to make biodegradable hydrogel, and it has been used in drug carriers for wound care due to its ability to absorb a significant amount of water and good biocompatibility.Citation18,Citation19
We, therefore, aimed to assess the efficacy of treatment with a combination of azelnidipine and CMC gel dressing to improve the wound closure, with macroscopic and microscopic aspects of cutaneous wound healing in an experimental diabetes model.
Materials and Methods
Experimental and Diabetic Animals
Thirty male 2-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 200–250 g were selected for this study. The animals were kept in controlled temperature condition (25 C) with 12 h light-dark cycles for at least 6 days before use and free access to water and food (except for the times of fasting necessary for biochemical assays). The present study was in accordance with the standards of the National Society of Medical Research (“Principles of Laboratory Animal Care”) and “The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals” (NIH publication No. 86-23, revised 1985), and the ARRIVE guideline for reporting animal research.Citation20 The rats were free of all pathogens listed in the FELASA (Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations) recommendationsCitation21 and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of AJA University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran (No: IR.AJAUMS.MED.REC.1393).
After 12 hrs of fasting, 30 rats received a single dose (60 mg/kg) of intra-peritoneal Streptozotocin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) dissolved in sterile citrate buffer (0.05mol/L sodium citrate, pH 4.5). Five days later, after an overnight fasting, 1 mL blood sample was taken from each rat’s tail vein. The samples were centrifuged, and plasma glucose levels measured by a glucose analyzer (Easy GlucoInfopia Co., Ltd., Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). The rats with plasma glucose level higher than 280 mg/dL were considered to be diabeticCitation22 and used for the next steps of the experiment. Fifteen non-diabetic rats were excluded and fifteen rats were included randomly in the study groups. The rats were divided into three groups: AZL-CMC Gel-treated (experimental group), CMC 2% Gel-treated (Positive Placebo) and Control group (Negative Placebo). We used only male rats to reduce female rat hormonal effect bias on wound healing.
Preparation of AZL-CMC Gel and CMC 2% Gel
AZL-CMC Gel was supplied by MNPCRC (Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran). In order to facilitate the application of the agent, we provided 4% AZL-CMC Gel by dissolving 4g AZL in 2cc ethanol (70%) and then transferring the solution into 2% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (2 g CMC dissolved in 98cc distilled water). The gel base (vehicle) was also supplied by creating 2% CMC gel without the AZL component.
Wound Healing Activity
The dorsum of the waist of the Sprague Dawley rats’ skin was shaved before starting the excision wound healing experiments. Animals were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal Ketamine (sigma Aldrich, United States of America, 80 mg/kg) and Xylazine (sigma Aldrich, United States of America, 3 mg/kg).
One full-thickness excisional wound (circular area of about 150 mm2 and 2 mm depth) was created along with the markings about 14 mm in diameter. All wounds were photographed during the wound healing period on the days of operation, 3, 6, 9 and 12.
The wound area was calculated using Adobe Photoshop CS software (version 5). Electrocardiogram (ECG) paper was used for reference scale.Citation23 The unhealed area (%) was calculated as:
Tissue Preparation and Processing
Incisional biopsy (4×4 mm) of the wounds and normal skin was performed in 6 O’clock area of wounds on the 4th day and 12 O’clock area of wounds on the 7th day for histopathologic study. The rats were euthanized by ether overdose 12 days after wounding, respectively. The end of the study was set according to a prior pilot study (day 12). After day 12, full thickness skin biopsies (1.5×1.5 cm) were taken from the epithelialized wound sites and fixed in buffered formaldehyde (pH=7.2), for histopathological analysis.
Nine pieces were chosen for stereological analysis. The pieces were embedded in a cylindrical paraffin block to obtain isotropic systematic random sections. The volume density of the collagen fibers, length density of the vessels, and numerical density of the fibroblasts were studied by stereological methods.Citation24
Also, the samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome method at a magnification of ×100–400. The authors used the Abramov’s histological scoring system and Stacie Scardno’s study.Citation23,Citation25 The study was blinded to the histologist who performed the histopathological review.
Statistical Analysis
The results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) in the text and figures. The relative wound area and histopathological analysis were performed using the non-parametric test, repeated measurement one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann–Whitney U-test. Differences were considered statistically significant in the case of P<0.05. Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 18.0 for windows.
Results
Area of the Wounds
The differences between the three groups regarding the primary wound areas were not significant. The rate of wound closure in the AZL-CMC Gel treated group was significantly higher in comparison to the control and CMC 2% treated groups (P <0.05). Also, the rate of wound closure in the CMC 2% treated wounds was higher than the control group wounds (P <0.05). (, ).
Figure 1 Wound closure rate.
Table 1 Wound Surface Area in Diabetic Rats
Histologic Results
Fibroblast Population
Numerical density of the fibroblasts (Nv) in the dermis of the AZL-CMC Gel treated group was significantly higher than that of the control and CMC 2% treated groups. Mean ± SD of numerical density of the fibroblasts in the AZL-CMC-treated groups was reported as 59.17±2.69 (×104/mm3) and higher than the controls (22.64±1.34 (×104/mm3), P<0.001) and CMC 2%-treated group. (40.80±5.27 (×104/mm3), P<0.001) ().
Table 2 Effect of AZL-CMC Gel on Wound Healing in Stereological Study. Control, CMC Treated and AZL-CMC-Treated Wounded Rats
Volume Density of the Collagen Bundles
The Mean ± SD of the volume density of the collagen bundles (%) was 83.1±4.46 in the AZL-CMC treated group and higher compared to the control (53.96±5.07) and the CMC 2%-treated (65.88±2.13) groups, which were both statistically significant (P <0.001) ().
Length Density of the Vessels
LV of the vessels was significantly increased in the wound tissues of AZL-CMC-treated compared with CMC 2%-treated and control groups (P<0.001) ().
Histopathology Results
Histopathology results according to Abramov’s histological scoring system and Scardno’s study showed anti-inflammatory, anti-hemorrhagic and anti-necrotic and neovascularization, collagen fiber arrangement effects of AZL-CMC gel-treated better than the control group which lead to early healing of skin wounds in diabetic rats. ( and ).
Figure 2 (A) AZL-CMC treated wound, day 12, arrow shows collagen deposition in the ulcer (score 3), Masson’s trichrome 100×. (B) Control wound, day 12, arrow shows sparse collagen deposition in the ulcer (score 1), Masson’s trichrome 100×. (C) AZL-CMC treated wound, day 12, complete epithelialization (score 3) and matured granulation tissue (score 3) H & E 400×. (D) Control wound, day 12, ulcer with partial epithelialization (score 1), H & E 100×.
Figure 3 Effect of AZL-CMC gel on wound healing in histopathologic study.
Discussion
The present study demonstrated that Azelnidipine increased the wound healing speed in diabetic rats, and the rate of wound closure, numerical density of the fibroblasts, volume density of the collagen bundles and LV of vessels in AZL-CMC Gel treated group were significantly higher in comparison to the control and CMC 2% treated groups. We also studied and described the histopathologic characteristic of the AZL-CMC Gel treated wounds by using Abramov’s histological scoring system.
Our study histopathology results showed anti-inflammatory, anti-hemorrhagic and anti-necrotic effects of AZL-CMC gel which can be one of the most important characteristics of wound treatment.
It has been reported that CCBs can attenuate the oxidative stress, and azelnidipine further improves the glucose intolerance and glucose uptake and reduces in situ superoxide production in the skeletal muscle. Azelnidipine can reduce the expression of the subunits of NADPH oxidase, a key enzyme in superoxide production, or NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS generation.Citation26,Citation27 This is why we chose AZL to examine our hypothesis about the wound healing capacity of this calcium channel blocker.
However, azelnidipine modulates the intracellular signaling of insulin and Angiotensin II by blockage of calcium channel. These intracellular actions of AZL seem to be, at least partly, mediated by the inhibition of oxidative stress.
Probably, the improvement of insulin resistance by azelnidipine is caused by the change in the muscle blood flow. As we showed in this study, the LV of the vessels was significantly increased in the wound tissue of the AZL-CMC-treated group which can also explain the insulin resistance reduction beside the other functions of AZL.
AZL increases the wound fluid nitrite level to the values similar to those in non-DM animals. However, AZL does not change the decreased plasma NO level in diabetic rats.Citation9
Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of nitric oxide for successful wound healing. In diabetes, NO synthesis reduces in the wound.Citation28 Bagheri et al. studied 44 male rats and hypothesized that azelnidipine (AZL) with antioxidant properties would enhance wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by restoring NO synthesis. Similar to our article, they evaluated the wound area and wound closure rate. The volume density of the collagen fibers, numerical density of the fibroblasts, length density of the vessels and plasma and wound fluid nitrite were estimated. They showed AZL accelerated the wound healing rate and also improved the wound fluid NO level toward normal value in diabetic rats. The volume density of the collagen fibers, numerical density of the fibroblasts, and length density of the vessels were increased in the AZL-treated rats compared with the control group. Compared with the control group, wound fluid nitrite level was significantly increased in the AZL-treated rats.Citation9 We did not measure the wound fluid NO level, but we focused on the histopathology results analysis and AZL anti-inflammatory action.
Wound dressings have to be multifunctional: to facilitate debridement, stimulate the regeneration of healthy tissue, prevent bacterial contamination, and at the same time maintain a moist environment and prevent the formation of contractures.Citation15,Citation18 We used AZL-CMC Gel, which is a synthetic mediator, with an underlying gelatinous substance (CMC 2%).
Zekavat et al.Citation23 evaluated hydroalcoholic extract-based carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) gel of Punica granatum peel (PCMC) and CMC effects on the healing of full-thickness skin wounds, which was also investigated in our study. Forty-two rats were studied. The results showed that wound healing took significantly longer in the wounds treated with normal saline than those treated with PCMC and CMC gel; also, wound healing took a significantly shorter time in the wounds treated with CMC than those treated with PCMC in both diabetic and nondiabetic rats, and as we had the same outcome by using the CMC hydrogel, the rate of wound closure in the group treated with the CMC 2% was higher than the control group.
In the same line, Ashkani Esfahani et al.’s study investigated the effects of verapamil on the wound healing process in rat models according to stereological parameters. Accordingly, wound closure rate was faster in the verapamil-treated group. The volume density of the collagen bundles, numerical density of the fibroblasts, mean diameter, and volume densities of the vessels in the verapamil group were significantly higher than those in the rats in the control and base groups; this confirmed our achievements that numerical density of the fibroblasts and length density of the vessels in the dermis of the AZL-CMC Gel treated group were significantly higher than those of the control and CMC 2% treated groups.Citation8
Bhaskar et al. in 2005 showed that the two calcium channel blockers, i.e. nifedipine and amlodipine, would enhance the normal healing, as evidenced by increase in the tensile strength of 10-day-old granulation tissues. There was a significant change in neither hydroxyproline level nor collagen or glycosaminoglycan content in the granulation tissue. However, the lysyloxidase level was increased significantly. We did not measure it in our experiment, but in Bhashkar’s observation, like our experiment, the tensile strength increased; a also, we showed that the Mean ± SD of volume density of the collagen bundles was 83.1±4.46 in the AZL-CMC treated group and higher compared to the control and CMC 2%-treated groups, which were both statistically significant. The drugs were also able to overcome steroid depressed wound healing, which makes the same condition as streptozotocin induced diabetes in the rats in our study.Citation29
As another article which represents the same results as ours, Hemmati. et al. evaluated the wound-healing activity of calcium channel blocker (amlodipine) and amlodipine with phenytoin combination on excisional cutaneous wound models in rabbits. The results indicated a significant difference between the days needed for complete healing in both treatment groups. Like our study, they showed that wound closure rate in the AZL-CMC Gel treated group was significantly higher in comparison to the control and CMC 2% treated groups.
Our study had some strengths and limitations. The authors acknowledge that only 3 days were studied for histopathology, and the NO level was not detected in the wounds. This is the first time that we used a combined histology criteria and stereological study for wound healing, so it may help the other wound researchers to do better wound study. This experimental study, regarding the effects of these topical gels, is still on its beginning steps; therefore, we suggest further studies on the effects of other doses of AZL-CMC Gel on the healing process of chronic, burn and diabetic wounds.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Dr Nasrin Shokrpour for the editorial assistance in the Research Consulting Center (RCC) of Shiraz University of Medical Science and improvement of the use of English in the manuscript.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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