The evolving role of zoledronic acid in early breast cancer

Abstract

Most women with early breast cancer (BC) have an excellent prognosis and will remain disease-free for many years after treatment. However, bone-specific side effects of cancer therapies can have a negative effect on patients’ long-term bone health. The accelerated bone loss associated with BC therapies, especially endocrine therapy, can put women at risk for osteoporosis and fractures later in life. Recent treatment guidelines have now begun to address the need for bone-preserving measures to be included in adjuvant therapy regimens. Bisphosphonates have long been used to treat osteoporosis, as well as bone metastases in patients with advanced cancers. Furthermore, in the adjuvant BC setting, the intravenous bisphosphonate zoledronic acid has emerged to play an important role. Several large, randomized phase III trials involving a total of approximately 4,000 premenopausal and postmenopausal women with early BC demonstrated the bone-protective effects of adjuvant zoledronic acid (4 mg every 6 months). Additionally, these same trials also showed significant improvement in disease-free survival for patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid that was over and above the benefit achieved with endocrine therapy alone. The results of these zoledronic acid trials will be reviewed herein, and evidence supporting the antitumor effects of adjuvant zoledronic acid will be discussed.

Keywords:

• breast cancer
• bisphosphonate
• adjuvant therapy
• antitumor
• BMD
• fracture risk

Introduction

Improvements in screening and public awareness in industrialized nations have resulted in the majority of breast cancers being diagnosed at an early stage.¹ Because most patients with early breast cancer will survive for many years, managing the negative side effects of long-term cancer therapies is important for preserving patients’ quality of life (QOL). For example, known side effects of many breast cancer therapies include reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and diminished bone quality and microarchitecture, both of which contribute to increased risk of fracture in women with breast cancer.^2,3 Chemotherapy can have a direct negative effect on bone-producing cells (osteoblasts), and can also cause ovarian failure and premature menopause in premenopausal patients.^4,5 For example, a chart review of 130 postmenopausal patients who received chemotherapy for breast cancer demonstrated that their age-adjusted BMD was at least 0.5 standard deviations below those of the group that did not receive chemotherapy (a decrease that may be equated with a 40% increased risk of fracture).⁴ In premenopausal patients who developed chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure there was significant BMD loss in the spine at both 6 and 12 months compared with patients who did not lose ovarian function (p = 0.0001 for both).⁵

Because the majority of breast cancers are hormone responsive,⁶ endocrine therapy has become the treatment of choice in these patients. However, because endocrine therapy reduces estrogen levels, it is also associated with rapid bone loss in both pre- and postmenopausal women.^7–12 Several clinical trials in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer demonstrated significant increases in bone loss and fracture incidence in patients receiving both steroidal and nonsteroidal aromatase-inhibitor therapy.^7,8,10–12 For example, in the Arimidex^®, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial (N = 6186), patients receiving anastrozole experienced significantly more fractures (11%) compared with patients receiving tamoxifen (7.7%; p < 0.0001).¹⁰ The increased fracture rate may be explained by the rapid bone loss observed in patients receiving anastrozole in the bone substudy of this trial. Within 2 years of beginning therapy, patients receiving anastrozole had lost approximately 4% BMD at both the lumbar spine and total hip compared with baseline (p < 0.001 for both),⁸ and after 5 years the anastrozole group had lost 6.08% and 7.24% BMD at the lumbar spine and hip, respectively (p < 0.0001 for both compared with tamoxifen).¹³ Similarly, in the Breast International Group (BIG) 1–98 trial (N = 8010), postmenopausal women with early breast cancer receiving letrozole experienced significantly more fractures than patients receiving tamoxifen (5.7% versus 4.0%, respectively; p < 0.001).¹² In the Intergroup Exemestane Study (IES; N = 4724) after 2 to 3 years of tamoxifen therapy, patients receiving exemestane lost approximately 3% in lumbar spine BMD and fracture incidence was significantly higher compared with those who continued to receive tamoxifen (7.0% versus 4.9%; p = 0.003).^7,14 Results from these trials and others indicate that women with breast cancer receiving endocrine therapy are at increased risk for fracture.

Major determinants of a woman’s lifetime fracture risk include peak bone mass at maturity and rate of bone loss later in life.¹⁵ Therefore, not only does natural bone loss after menopause contribute to fracture risk, but any cancer therapy that prematurely decreases BMD can further increase a patient’s fracture risk. As a result, clinical guidelines have been developed for managing bone health issues in breast cancer patients. Early guidelines to address bone health issues in patients with breast cancer, like those used to guide treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis,^15,16 relied on BMD as the primary indicator of treatment (ie, T-score ≤ −2.5).¹⁷ However, newer recommendations have evolved that can be used to assess a patient’s fracture risk based on clinical risk factors with or without the addition of BMD measurements.^18–20

Therapy to prevent treatment-associated bone loss in women with breast cancer has evolved alongside improvements in endocrine therapy. Oral bisphosphonates have demonstrated some efficacy in this setting. In 1 small trial in premenopausal women with chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure (N = 73), oral clodronate slowed but did not prevent bone loss.²¹ Two small studies in postmenopausal women receiving anastrozole showed that weekly risedronate (N = 234) and monthly ibandronate (n = 50) increased BMD at the lumbar spine and hip in patients with osteopenia at baseline.^22,23 In the adjuvant therapy setting, zoledronic acid has demonstrated significant efficacy for prevention of treatment-associated bone loss in women with early breast cancer. In several large, phase III trials, which included a total of 3996 patients, zoledronic acid (4 mg every 6 months) improved BMD in pre- and postmenopausal women receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy for early breast cancer.^9,24–26 In addition to the bone health benefits of zoledronic acid, preclinical evidence and recent clinical data have revealed that zoledronic acid has significant antitumor activity that extends beyond bone (ie, induction of tumor cell apoptosis; inhibition of tumor cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation; synergy with chemotherapy; and activation of the immune system).^27–38 As evidenced by data from preclinical studies, zoledronic acid can interfere with many of the steps necessary for tumor metastasis, which may explain the clinical benefits observed with zoledronic acid in clinical trials (Figure 1).³⁹ This review will compare current and emerging guidelines for managing bone health in breast cancer survivors, examine the evidence for using zoledronic acid in preventing cancer treatment-induced bone loss (CTIBL), and review the recent results that demonstrate the antitumor effects of zoledronic acid in the clinical setting.

Figure 1 Antitumor effects of zoledronic acid that may contribute to improved disease-free survival in the adjuvant therapy setting. Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Mundy GR, et al. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2(8):584–593.³⁹ Copyright © 2002.

Assessing guidelines for managing bone health in women with breast cancer

Historically, clinical guidelines for managing bone health in women with breast cancer have relied on BMD measurements to guide pharmacologic intervention. For example, the 2003 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guidelines recommended bisphosphonate therapy only when BMD T-scores fall into the osteoporotic range (T-score ≤ −2.5).¹⁷ However, evidence from a variety of clinical trials has since clearly demonstrated that patients have significantly increased fracture risk long before becoming osteoporotic. In the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) study of healthy postmenopausal women between 50 and 104 years of age (N = 149,524; mean age 64.5 years), the majority of fractures (82%) occurred in women who had normal (T-score ≥ −1.0) or osteopenic BMD (T-score between −1.0 and −2.5).⁴⁰ This suggests that fracture risk increases long before a woman’s BMD reaches the clinical definition of osteoporosis (T score ≤ −2.5).

Beyond the influence of BMD on fracture risk, a number of clinical risk factors have been shown to contribute to fracture risk independently of BMD in postmenopausal women.⁴¹ In fact, a recent systematic review of published literature found that many of the clinical risk factors for fracture (with and without BMD) can be used to assess fracture risk and guide treatment decisions in women with breast cancer.²⁰ After critical review of the published literature, the authors recommended intervention with bisphosphonate therapy (eg, zoledronic acid 4 mg every 6 months) for women with breast cancer initiating or receiving aromatase inhibitor therapy who have any 2 of the following risk factors: T-score < −1.5, age > 65 years, low body mass index (BMI; < 20 kg/m²), family history of hip fracture, personal history of fragility fracture after age 50, oral corticosteroid use > 6 months, and smoking (Figure 2).²⁰ Recently, the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX^®), a Web-based algorithm, was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to evaluate patient fracture risk, and is based on individual patient models that integrate the risks associated with clinical risk factors and femoral-neck BMD.¹⁸ The FRAX computer algorithms give the 10-year probability of hip fracture or any major osteoporotic fracture (clinical spine, forearm, hip, or shoulder). This tool takes into consideration several independent risk factors to assess fracture risk and can be used with or without BMD evaluations. Because the FRAX tool was designed to evaluate fracture risk in healthy women, it does not include the risks associated with chemotherapy, ovarian suppression/ablation, or endocrine therapy, and therefore it will likely underestimate the fracture risk in patients with breast cancer. Therefore, overall fracture risk assessment may include the FRAX tool, but should also include cancer-specific guidelines that take into account the contribution of cancer therapies. Overall, these treatment recommendations and fracture risk evaluation tools emphasize the importance of a comprehensive fracture-risk assessment and may help to identify women who will benefit from early intervention, especially in the early breast cancer setting.

Figure 2 Management recommendations for patients with breast cancer receiving aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy, based on results from breast cancer trials in patients and healthy controls. ^aIf patients experience annual decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) of ≥5% (using the same imaging machine), secondary causes of bone loss such as vitamin D deficiency should be evaluated and bisphosphonate therapy considered. Use lowest T-score from 3 sites. Adapted from Hadji P, et al. Practical guidance for the management of aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(8):1407–1416²⁰ by permission of Oxford University Press.

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Zoledronic acid for preventing bone loss during cancer therapy

It is clear that a patient’s overall fracture risk is a function of both BMD and clinical risk factors, and preventing bone loss has been shown to reduce long-term fracture risk. In the setting of postmenopausal osteoporosis, bisphosphonates have long been used to prevent and reverse age-related bone loss. The nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate zoledronic acid inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and has been approved to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis and to prevent skeletal-related events (SREs) associated with bone metastases from advanced breast cancer and other solid tumors.^42,43

More recently, zoledronic acid (4 mg intravenously every 6 months) demonstrated significant bone-protective effects in the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group Trial 12 (ABCSG-12; N = 1803) in premenopausal women with early hormone-responsive breast cancer receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy. The bone substudy of ABCSG-12 (n = 404) focused on the effect of zoledronic acid on BMD during endocrine therapy.⁴⁴ Patients who received endocrine therapy alone (goserelin plus tamoxifen or goserelin plus anastrozole) had significant bone loss during 3 years of therapy, resulting in an overall 14.4% loss from baseline (p < 0.0001). In the same study, patients who received endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid maintained stable BMD during the 3 years of treatment. Furthermore, after a median follow-up of 60 months (2 years after completing therapy), patients who had received endocrine therapy alone still had BMD below baseline levels (Figure 3).⁹ In contrast, patients who had received endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid during the same period had significantly improved BMD compared with baseline, suggesting that zoledronic acid continues to improve BMD even after treatment completion.

Figure 3 Zoledronic acid improves bone mineral density (BMD) from baseline to 60 months during adjuvant endocrine therapy. Patients were randomly assigned to anastrozole or tamoxifen ± zoledronic acid (4 mg every 6 months) for 36 months, then no treatment from 36 to 60 months. P values were calculated using 2-sample t-tests for mean differences from baseline. Reprinted from Lancet Oncol, Vol 9, Gnant M, et al. Adjuvant endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid in premenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer: 5-year follow-up of the ABCSG-12 bone-mineral density substudy, p. 840–849.⁹ Copyright © 2008, with permission from Elsevier.

Several other phase III studies of zoledronic acid (4 mg intravenously every 6 months) have also demonstrated significant bone-protective effects during endocrine therapy for early breast cancer. The Zometa^®-Femara^® Adjuvant Synergy Trials (Z-FAST, ZO-FAST, and E-ZO-FAST) compared upfront versus delayed zoledronic acid in 2194 postmenopausal women with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant letrozole. Patients in the upfront group received zoledronic acid concurrently with letrozole, and those in the delayed group received zoledronic acid only after a postbaseline BMD T-score ≤ −2.0 or after experiencing a nontraumatic fracture. After a median follow-up of 36 months in the Z-FAST trial (N = 602), patients in the upfront zoledronic acid group had improved BMD compared with baseline, and those in the delayed group had lost BMD, resulting in a significant 6.7% difference in lumbar spine BMD between the upfront and delayed groups (p < 0.0001).⁴⁵ Similar bone-protective effects of upfront versus delayed zoledronic acid were seen after 36 months in the ZO-FAST trial (9.3% difference in lumbar spine BMD, p < 0.0001; N = 1065),⁴⁶ and after 12 months in the E-ZO-FAST trial (5.4% difference in lumbar spine BMD, p < 0.0001; N = 527).²⁶ Although these trials were not designed or powered to assess differences in fracture rates between groups, there was a trend toward fewer fractures for upfront versus delayed zoledronic acid (2.9% versus 3.7%; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.78; p = 0.34 for all 3 trials combined).

Chemotherapy-induced premature menopause can increase the rate of bone loss, decreasing BMD and increasing a patient’s long-term risk of osteoporosis and fracture.⁵ In 2 pilot studies (N = 120; N = 101), zoledronic acid prevented bone loss associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in premenopausal women.^47,48 In contrast with the established zoledronic acid dose (4 mg every 6 months) used in the adjuvant endocrine therapy setting (eg, ABCSG-12 and Z-FAST), the frequency of zoledronic acid dosing has not been standardized in the adjuvant chemotherapy setting. In 1 randomized phase II trial, 120 premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with stage II or III breast cancer received chemotherapy (epirubicin and docetaxel, both 75 mg/m²) plus concurrent zoledronic acid (4 mg every 3 weeks) or placebo for 1 year.⁴⁷ After 1 year, both premenopausal and postmenopausal patients who received zoledronic acid had maintained stable BMD at all sites tested. During the same period, patients who received chemotherapy without zoledronic acid had significant BMD loss at the hip (−4.5%; p < 0.0001) and nonsignificant BMD loss at the spine (−2.7%; p = 0.057). Overall, premenopausal patients had the greatest loss of BMD at both sites (−5.9%; p = 0.0004 at the hip, and −5.7%; p = 0.0167 at the spine). In another randomized, double-blinded, 1-year, phase III trial in 101 premenopausal women with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, zoledronic acid (4 mg every 3 months) also prevented bone loss.⁴⁸ After 1 year, the BMD of placebo-treated patients had significantly decreased by 4.4% at the lumbar spine (p = 0.0001), and by 2.1% at the total hip (p = 0.02) compared with baseline (Figure 4).⁴⁸ During the same period, zoledronic acid-treated patients maintained stable BMD compared with baseline (Figure 4).⁴⁸ Taken together, the available evidence indicates that zoledronic acid effectively prevents bone loss associated with breast cancer therapies in both premenopausal and postmenopausal patients.

Figure 4 Zoledronic acid prevents chemotherapy-associated bone loss in premenopausal women. Shown are percentage changes in lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) from baseline to 6 and 12 months. Patients were randomly assigned to chemotherapy plus zoledronic acid (4 mg every 3 months) or placebo for 12 months. ^ap < 0.001 (between group). P values were calculated using 2-sample t-tests for mean differences from baseline. Hershman DL, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(29):4739–4745.⁴⁸ Reprinted with permission. © 2008 American Society of Clinical Oncology. All rights reserved.

Emerging evidence for prevention of disease recurrence with adjuvant zoledronic acid

In addition to its bone-protective effects, zoledronic acid has also demonstrated antitumor properties in the adjuvant setting. In the main analysis of ABCSG-12 (N = 1803), premenopausal patients who received zoledronic acid had a 36% relative reduction in the risk of disease progression (HR = 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.46, 0.91; p = 0.01) compared with endocrine therapy alone (Figure 5).⁴⁹ Notably, reductions in disease recurrence were observed at all sites (ie, contralateral breast cancer, locoregional recurrence, visceral metastases, and bone metastases), and were not limited to bone. However, at 47.8 months’ median follow-up, the addition of zoledronic acid did not significantly reduce the risk of death (HR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.32, 1.11; p = 0.11); further follow-up is planned to determine whether differences in survival between groups will reach statistical significance at later timepoints. In the multivariate analyses, which estimate the effects of baseline variables (eg, age, tumor stage) on the relative risk of an event, zoledronic acid-treated patients had a significant 33% relative reduction in the risk of disease progression (HR = 0.67; p = 0.02) compared with no zoledronic acid. In the same analysis, the relative risk of disease progression was significantly increased by 1.5- to 2.1-fold for patients with ≥T2 or grade 3 or 4 tumors or lymph node involvement (p < 0.05 for all), although high progesterone-receptor expression was associated with significantly reduced risk of disease progression (HR = 0.50; p = 0.001).

Figure 5 Disease-free survival in premenopausal patients with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid. Kaplan-Meier plots of disease-free survival are shown for women with breast cancer who received adjuvant endocrine therapy with or without zoledronic acid (ZOL versus No ZOL). ZOL denotes anastrozole/goserelin and tamoxifen/goserelin plus zoledronic acid; No ZOL denotes anastrozole/goserelin and tamoxifen/goserelin without zoledronic acid. Adapted with permission from Gnant M, Mlineritsch B, Schippinger W, et al. Endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid in premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(7):679–691.⁴⁹ Copyright © 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.

Zoledronic acid also appears to have antitumor properties in postmenopausal patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy. In a 12-month integrated analysis of the Z-FAST and ZO-FAST trials (N = 1667), disease recurrence was significantly less frequent in patients who received upfront zoledronic acid compared with the delayed zoledronic acid group (0.84% versus 1.9%, respectively; p = 0.0401).²⁴ After longer follow-up (24 months), results from the integrated analysis demonstrated a significant 43% improvement in disease-free survival (DFS) with upfront zoledronic acid (HR = 0.573; p = 0.0183).⁵⁰ Similarly, at 36 months’ median follow-up in the ZO-FAST trial (N = 1065), upfront zoledronic acid significantly improved DFS by a relative 41% (HR = 0.588; p = 0.0314).⁴⁶ Taken together, the results from trials in both premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with early breast cancer indicate that adding zoledronic acid (4 mg every 6 months) to adjuvant endocrine therapy not only prevents therapy-associated bone loss, but can also significantly improve DFS.

Zoledronic acid (4 mg every 6 months) was well tolerated in patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy, with transient infusion-site reaction and mild flu-like symptoms (arthralgia and pyrexia) being the most common adverse events.^26,45,46,49 Among the 4 phase III trials, osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) was suspected in 6 of 3998 patients; however, only 1 case (<0.05%) has been confirmed by the ONJ Adjudication Committee.^26,45,46,49 In the same 4 trials, only 3 patients were suspected to have renal function impairment related to bisphosphonate treatment.^26,45,46,49 In the adjuvant therapy setting, adverse events related to bisphosphonate therapy are mild and easily manageable, and the risk of rare adverse events can be further reduced with preventive measures and proper patient surveillance.^51,52

Discussion

Historically, bisphosphonates have been used to treat patients with advanced breast cancer and bone metastases, and have been shown to reduce SREs in clinical trials.⁵³ For example, in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer, bisphosphonates reduced the proportion of patients who experienced SREs compared with placebo in phase III trials of pamidronate (N = 754; p < 0.001),⁵⁴ ibandronate (N = 466; p = 0.052),⁵⁵ and zoledronic acid (N = 228; p = 0.003).⁵⁶ However, the role of bisphosphonates may now expand to include protection of bone health in patients with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy. Recent clinical trials have shown that bisphosphonates can prevent aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss (AIBL) in postmenopausal patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy.^22,25,26,57 Likewise, premenopausal patients with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy can also benefit from the bone-protective effects of zoledronic acid.⁹

Recent evidence from clinical trials suggests that, in addition to its bone-preserving properties during adjuvant therapy, zoledronic acid’s antitumor properties may reduce disease recurrence when it is combined with adjuvant endocrine therapy. Although the mechanism of zoledronic acid-mediated inhibition of CTIBL depends on inhibition of osteoclastmediated bone resorption, the mechanisms underlying the significant improvements in DFS observed in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with early breast cancer are likely to be multifactorial. In ABCSG-12, patients receiving endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid experienced fewer disease events (disease recurrence or death) than those receiving endocrine therapy alone. In this setting, zoledronic acid not only reduced the number of patients with bone metastases, but also reduced distant recurrence, locoregional recurrence, and contralateral breast cancer.⁴⁹ Reductions in locoregional and distant recurrences (including bone) were also observed in postmenopausal patients who received upfront zoledronic acid combined with letrozole in the ZO-FAST study.⁴⁶ These data suggest that zoledronic acid may improve DFS by exerting antitumor effects both within and outside of bone.

Interestingly, improved DFS with bisphosphonate treatment has been previously reported.⁵⁸ The risk of bone metastases was reduced in patients with breast cancer who received oral clodronate for 2 years compared with no clodronate (N = 1069).⁵⁹ However, no statistically significant differences in overall survival, bone metastasis-free survival, or nonskeletal metastasis-free survival were seen when a meta-analysis of this and subsequent clodronate trials in the adjuvant setting was conducted (N = 1653).⁶⁰ Nonetheless, other phase III trials of bisphosphonates for early breast cancer are underway.

The possible mechanisms behind the antitumor effects of zoledronic acid may be provided in part by much of the preclinical study data demonstrating the antitumor properties of zoledronic acid including induction of tumor cell apoptosis, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, immune cell activation, and decreased adhesion of tumor cells to bone (Figure 1).^{29,39,61–64} Although the antitumor effects observed for in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies are very clear, the question that remains is how a compound that preferentially binds to bone exerts such broad-reaching antitumor effects in the clinic. A hypothesis proposed in 1889 by Stephen Paget that the bone microenvironment influences tumor growth (“seed and soil” hypothesis) may offer a partial explanation for improved DFS in zoledronic acid-treated patients. In the Z-FAST, ZO-FAST, and E-ZO-FAST trials, and in the bone substudy of ABCSG-12 in the adjuvant therapy setting,^9,25,26,57 zoledronic acid (4 mg every 6 months) effectively prevented AIBL, possibly rendering the bone microenvironment a less favorable “soil” for tumor growth. This idea is borne out by 4 phase I trials (N = 435) demonstrating that zoledronic acid-treated breast cancer patients had reduced micrometastases in their bone marrow.^65–68 For example, in 1 study (N = 45), zoledronic acid (4 mg monthly) significantly reduced the mean number of tumor cells in bone marrow at 24 months (p = 0.0026), with reductions in 71% of patients.⁶⁶ According to the seed-and-soil hypothesis, zoledronic acid in bone may thereby limit the future seeding of tumor cells to more distant sites. Because there appears to be a significant correlation between tumor cells in bone marrow and the risk of distant relapse,⁶⁹ the idea that reducing or eliminating bone marrow micrometastases will prevent distant disease recurrence seems plausible. However, further studies will be needed to define the precise antitumor mechanisms involved in the adjuvant therapy setting.

In summary, zoledronic acid has demonstrated considerable efficacy for preventing CTIBL in patients with early breast cancer. Additional evidence from some of these clinical trials indicates that adding zoledronic acid to adjuvant endocrine therapy can significantly improve DFS beyond what is achieved with endocrine therapy alone. Because of the favorable side-effect profile of zoledronic acid in the adjuvant setting and the significant bone health and survival benefits achieved, it is likely that zoledronic acid may become part of standard adjuvant therapy for early breast cancer. Although this review has focused on results from trials of zoledronic acid in patients with early breast cancer, several ongoing phase III clinical studies are examining the efficacy of zoledronic acid for preventing bone metastases in breast, lung, prostate, and other cancers (eg, AZURE, SUCCESS, NATAN, SWOG 0307, NSABP B-34, AZAC, study 2419, ZEUS, STAMPEDE, and RADAR). Results from these ongoing studies will likely continue to shape the role of zoledronic acid in the early cancer settings.

Acknowledgements

Financial support for medical editorial assistance was provided by Novartis Pharmaceuticals. I thank Michael Hobert, PhD, for his medical editorial assistance with this manuscript.

Disclosures

Michael Gnant has received research support from and/or served as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Pfizer, and has received lecture fees and honoraria for participation in advisory boards from AstraZeneca, Novartis, sanofi-aventis, Roche, Schering, Amgen, and Pfizer.