A Voyage From 3D to 4D Printing in Nanomedicine and Healthcare: Part I

Abstract

The transition from 3D to 4D printing has revolutionized various domains of healthcare, pharmaceuticals, design and architecture, and coating processes. The evolution from 3D printing to 4D printing has added a fourth dimension as a time-dependent response. This review discusses the significance, demands, various types of smart materials/biomaterials, as well as bioinks and printers used in 4D printing technology. This review also provides insights into the limitations of the bioprinting process and bioinks used in various bioprinting technologies and the challenges that come with these limitations. A brief discussion on the future potential of the fundamentals and capabilities of 4D printing is also discussed.

Graphical abstract

Keywords::

• 3D printing
• 4D printing
• bioprinting
• shape memory materials
• stimuli-responsive materials

Financial & competing interests disclosure

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.